Special course for reservoir simulation using Eclipse

Introduction to Reservoir Simulation

Wei Yan
Center for Energy Resources Engineering, Dept. of Chemistry, DTU
October 2020

1
Contents
 Overview

 Inside reservoir simulators

 Mathematical model (equations)
 Numerical methods (discretization, linearization, linear solver)
 A simplified black oil (water flooding) model

 Reservoir simulation with Eclipse (E100)

 Input file
 Run simulation and visualize results
 Simulation examples

2
 Reservoir simulation and its purpose

 Numerical simulation of a real petroleum reservoir using digital

computers

 Predict future performance of a reservoir and find ways and means

of increasing ultimate recovery
 History matching/performance prediction
 Planning of recovery strategies (best EOR scheme? How and when?)
 Sensitivity studies/identification of critical parameters
 Study of recovery mechanism

3
 How a reservoir simulator is developed?

 Mathematical model: express the physical systems in terms of

appropriate mathematical equations
 Assumptions always needed

 Numerical model: approximate the original set of equations in a

form that is suitable to solution by a digital computer
 Discretization
 Linearization
 Solving large sparse linear systems

 Computer model: write program to solve the equations of the

numerical model
 practical concerns: OS, language, efficiency, input/output, restart file,
debugging

4
 Types of reservoir simulators
— in terms of dimensionality

 0-D material balance

 1-D horizontal vertical

areal cross-section
 2-D

full three-dimensional geometry radial geometry

 3-D

5
 Types of reservoir simulators
— in terms of representation of fluid properties
 Black oil simulator (Eclipse/E100)
 Three components: gas, oil and water
 Properties as functions of pressure and solution gas oil ratio calculated by
interpolating table values. V  V   rb 
Bo    RC  f ( p , R )
o dg
 Oil FVF Bo Vo STC o s  stb 

Vg   cf 
Gas FVF Bg Bg    RC  f ( pg )  scf 

Vg   
STC

[Vw ]RC  rb 
Water FVF Bw Bw   f ( pw )

Vw STC  stb 

V   scf 
Rs   dg   f ( po )  stb 
 Solution GOR Rs  Vo  STC

 Simulation of processes where the mass transport between the fluid phases is
of minor importance

6
 Types of reservoir simulators
— in terms of representation of fluid properties

 Compositional simulator (E300)

 Multicomponent
 Phase equilibrium and properties calculated by EOS and other correlations
 SRK (1972)

 PR (1976, 1978)

 Characterized oil

 Viscosity by LBC…

 Simulation of processes where compositional effects are of major importance

 Depletion of volatile/gas condensate reservoirs

 Injection of non-equilibrium gas for miscible or near-miscible displacement

7
 Equations in reservoir simulators
 Mass conservation equation (continuity equation)
 Darcy’s law
 Equations/correlations for fluid properties

 A set of partial differential equations (PDEs) resulted

 Two-phase incompressible, immiscible flow in non-deformable porous media
(e.g. waterflooding)

 
  k (t P  g D)  qˆs (pressure equation)

Sw
  ut f w  D   kgf wo (  w  o )  qˆs ( f w,well  f w ) (saturation equation)
t

How are they derived?

8
 Mass Conservation (Continuity) Equation
 Mass conservation [ flowin]  [ flow out]  [injection]  [accumulation]
 for a component, in mass or mole, amount or rate

mi
 In 3D differential form:    m i  qi 
t
mi mass of component i in a unit volume (mass density)
m i mass flux of component i
qi source strength (mass flow rate per unit volume, “+” for source and “-” for sink)

 flow through a porous media (np phases)

  p   np  
np np n
 mi   jij s j
m i    jij u j     s 
j ij j     
   
j ij j   qi
u
j 1 j 1 t  j 1   j 1 
 porosity (the fraction not occupied by solid matrix)
sj saturation (volume fraction)

uj phase velocity vector (superficial velocity, not interstitial velocity)
j phase density
ij mass fraction of component i in phase j 9
 Mass Conservation Equations for a Black
Oil Simulator
 Black oil simulator
 Water only presents in water phase
 Oil only presents in oil phase (oil phase has two components: oil and dissolved
gas)
 Gas presents in both gas phase and oil phase
( w sw ) 
Water :    (  wu w )  q w Subscripts w, o, g stand for
t
water, oil and gas,
(o so ) 
Oil :    ( ouo )  qo dg stands for dissolved gas
t
[ (  dg so   g sg )]  
Gas :    (  dg uo   g u g )  qg
t
i  ij  j is not phase density, the oil phase density o  o  dg

Densities can be calculated using formation factors, gas/oil ratio and component densities
at the standard conditions
 wSTC  oSTC Rs  gSTC  gSTC
w   o   dg   g 
Bw Bo BBo g

10
 Further Simplification
 Two-phase incompressible, immiscible flow in non-deformable porous
media (further simplification)
 Waterflooding

non  deformable: constant

immiscible : ρo  ρo
( w sw ) sw 

   (  wu w )  q w incompressible : constant ρo and ρw     uw  qˆ w
Water :
t t
(o so ) (1  sw ) 

   ( ouo )  qo     uo  qˆo
Oil :
t t

qˆ w  qw /  w and qˆo  qo / o source strength terms, volumetric flow rate per unit volume,
dimension 1/[time]

11
 Darcy’s Law
 Henry Darcy (1856)
the relationship between the flow rate through porous media and head gradient
Q K (h1  h2 )
 h1=P1/ρg+z1
A L
Q volumetric flow rate A cross-sectional area
K hydraulic conductivity h head
L
 Petroleum engineering
Q k ( P1  gz1 )  ( P2  gz2 )

A  L
μ viscosity h2=P2/ρg+z2

k absolute permeability, property of the rock, K=kρg/μ

If the seepage velocity (Q/A) is in cm/sec, viscosity in centipoise and pressure gradient in
atm/cm then the unit of k is Darcy
1 Darcy  9.869x10-9 cm2  9.869x10-13 m 2 1 mD  10-3 Darcy  9.869x10-16 m 2

12
 Darcy’s Law
 3D single phase flow
 k x  P D 
 
  x  g 
u   P  gD 
k 
u x    x 
 u    k y  P  g D 
D depth, downwards positive  y     y y 
u z    
 
  z   g  

k absolute permeability tensor k P D
   x z  
k x 
k   ky 

Isotropic: kx  k y  kz
 k z  Anisotropic: otherwise

 3D multiphase flow
u j   rj Pj   j gD   k  j Pj  g , j D 
 kk
j
krj the relative permeability of phase j, a function of phase saturation(s);
for water/oil two-phase flow: k rw  f ( s w ) k ro  f ( so )
 j  krj /  j mobility of phase j
g , j  krj  j g /  j gravity mobility of phase j

13
 Relative Permeability and Fractional Flow
Function

1.0 1,0
water

Fractional flow function

0.8 0,8
Relative permeability

oil
0.6 0,6

0.4 0,4

0.2 0,2
swi 1-sor swi 1-sor
0.0 0,0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
Water saturation Water saturation
Typical relative permeability curves for
oil/water two-phase flow A “S” shaped fractional flow function
krw ( sw ) /  w
f w ( sw ) 
krw ( sw ) /  w  kro ( sw ) / o
mobility o  kro (sw ) / o w  krw ( sw ) /  w

14
 Derivation of the Governing Equations
 Two-phase immiscible, incompressible flow through non-deformable porous
media
sw  
    uw  qˆ w (1) uw  k (wPw  gwD) (3)
t 
uo  k (oPo  goD) (4)
(1  sw ) 
    uo  qˆo (2)
Pc  Po  Pw  f ( sw )
t (5)
 Further assume no capillary effect
 
uw  k (wP  gwD) (6) uo  k (oP  go D) (7)
 The governing pressure equation
Add (1) and (2)   ut  qˆ s (8)

where total velocity uw  uw  uo and total source strength qˆ s  qˆ w  qˆo


Add (6) and (7) ut  k (t P  g D) (velocity equation) (9)

Substitute (9) to (8)   k (t P  g D)  qˆs (pressure equation) (10)

15
 Derivation of the Governing Equations
 The governing saturation equation np

Define a fractional flow function f j   j / t   j /   j

j 1

The fractional flow function of water f w  w / t  w /(w  o )

The relationship between water velocity and total velocity
 
(uw  kgwD)  kwP  kt f wP  f w (ut  kg D)
 
or uw  f wut  kgfwo (  w  o )D (11)
s 
Substitute (11) into (1)  w     f wut  kgfwo (  w  o )D  qˆ w
t
sw  
  ut  f w  f w  ut  D  kgfwo (  w  o )  kgfwo (  w  o )  D   qˆ w
t

Notice that   ut  qˆ s and   D  0
sw 
  ut  f w  D  kgfwo (  w  o )  qˆ s ( f w, well  f w ) (saturation equation) (12)
t
sw f
For 1-D without gravity U w  0
t x (Buckley-Leverett solution) (13)
U  u /  and qˆs ( f w,well  f w ) is dropped for it only appears at the boundary (well) 16
 Discretization—Finite Difference
Approximation
finite difference quotient
u( x, y, t ) u( x  x, y, t )  u( x, y, t ) u( x  x, y, t )  u( x, y, t )
 lim  (forward-difference quotient)
x x 0 x x
u( x, y, t ) x  2u
From Taylor’s series u( x  x, y, t )  u( x, y, t )  x  ( x, y, t ) x  x*  x  x
x 2 x 2

u( x, y, t ) u( x  x, y, t )  u( x, y, t ) x  u *
2
u( x  x, y, t )  u( x, y, t )
  ( x , y, t )   O(x)
x x 2 x 2
x
The error is of the order of Δx
Other finite difference quotients
u ( x, y , t ) u ( x, y , t )  u ( x  x, y , t ) x  2
u *
Backward   ( x , y, t )
x x 2 x 2
Centered u( x, y, t )  u( x  x, y, t )  u( x  x, y, t )  x  u3 ( x* , y, t )
2 3

x 2x 6 x
Centered second-difference quotient
 2u u( x  x, y, t )  2u( x, y, t )  u( x  x, y, t ) x 2  4u *
  ( x , y, t )
x 2 x 2 12 x 4

17
 Discretization in Time—Implicit/Explicit
Scheme
The dependent variables in PDEs encountered in reservoir simulation (pressure, saturation) are
functions of space and time. Discretization of these variables must be performed both in spatial
coordinate and in time coordinate. If backward difference is used for time derivative, the
resulting difference scheme is called “implicit scheme”; if forward difference is used for time
derivative, the scheme is called “explicit scheme”. Implicit schemes are generally more stable
than explicit schemes. Explicit schemes are easier to implement.
u  2u
For a simple parabolic problem  0
t x 2
Explicit scheme Implicit scheme

t n 1
 u u  2u  u
n n n n t uin1  uin uin11  2uin1  uin11
u
i
 i i 1 i i 1
0  0
t x t x
tn+1 tn+1

tn tn

xi-1 xi xi+1 x xi-1 xi xi+1 x

18
 Discretization in Time—Implicit/Explicit
Scheme
u u
For a simple first-order hyperbolic problem  0
t x
Explicit scheme Implicit scheme

t uin1  uin uin  uin1 t uin1  uin uin1  uin11

 0  0
t x t x
tn+1 tn+1

tn tn

xi-1 xi xi+1 x xi-1 xi xi+1 x

For a “full” black oil model, the pressure equation is in parabolic form;
For 2-phase immiscible/incompressible model,
the pressure equation is in elliptic form (without an explicit time coordinate, but the
coefficients are dependent on time):   k (t P  g D)  qˆs
and the saturation equation is in hyperbolic form: sw f
U w  0
t x 19
 IMPES Method
 IMPES=IMplicit in Pressure and Explicit in Saturation
 Less numerical dispersion compared with the fully implicit method
 Solution of pressure equation
 The discretized form of the pressure equation (seven-point stencil)
Tz ,k 1/ 2 Pi , j ,k 1  Ty , j 1/ 2 Pi , j 1,k  Tx,i 1/ 2 Pi 1, j ,k
 Pi , j ,k (Tz ,k 1/ 2  Ty , j 1/ 2  Tx,i 1/ 2  Tz ,k 1/ 2  Ty , j 1/ 2  Tx,i 1/ 2 )
Tz ,k 1/ 2 Pi , j ,k 1  Ty , j 1/ 2 Pi , j 1,k  Tx,i 1/ 2 Pi 1, j ,k 
Gz ,k 1/ 2 Di , j ,k 1  Di , j ,k (Gz ,k 1/ 2  Gz ,k 1/ 2 )  Gz ,k 1/ 2 Di , j ,k 1  qs ,i , j ,k
Interblock transmissiblity
2y j zk 2xi zk 2xi y j
Tx,i 1/ 2  Ty , j 1/ 2  Tz ,k 1/ 2 
xi xi 1 y j y j 1 zi zi 1
  
(k x t )i (k x t )i 1 (k y t )i (k y t )i 1 (k z t ) k (k z t ) k 1
2xi y j
Interblockgravity transmissiblity Gz ,k 1/ 2 
zi zi 1

(k z g ) k (k z g ) k 1
Saturation from the previous time step is used to estimate the coefficients in the equation
20
 IMPES Method
 Solution of pressure
 Boundary conditions (both at the reservoir boundary and at the wells)
X X X  P1 
  
X X X X  P2 
  P3 
For a 2D reservoir shown below (the 
X X X X
 
 X X X X  P4 
rightmost grid blocks (6, 12, 18 and 24) 
 X X X X  P5 
 
 X  P6 
have a well with an unknown pressure), 
X X X
 
X X X X  P7 
discretization results in a large sparse 

X X X X X  P8 
 
linear system of equations.  X X X X X  P9 
 X X X X X  P10 
  
 X X X X X  P11 
 X X X X X  P12 
 
 X X X X  P13   B
  
 X X X X X  P14 
1 2 3 4 5 6  X X X X X  P15 
  
 X X X X X  P16 
7 8 9 10 11 12  X X X X X  P17 
  
 X X X X X  P18 
13 14 15 16 17 18  X X X  P19 
  
 X X X X  P20 
19 20 21 22 23 24 
X X X X
 
  P21 
 X X X X  P22 
  
 X X X X  P23 
 X X X X P24 
 
  
 X X X X X  Pwell 

21
 IMPES Method
sw f ( s )
 Solution of the saturation equation U w w  0
t x
 Nature of the saturation equation: Buckley-Leverett solution (1942)
 The rate of advance of a point of constant saturation is given by
 dx  df (s )
  U w w
 dt  sw dsw
 Solution is self-similar for uniform initial condition

sw ( x,0)  sw,initial x0 sw (0, t )  sw,injection t  0

 Solution consists of rarefaction waves, constant states and shocks (front)

1.0 1.0
1.0
Fractional flow function

0.8 0.8 1-sor

Each saturation 0.8 1-sor
0.6
propagates with

Saturation
0.6
Saturation

0.6
t 2t 4t
velocity dfw/dsw 0.4
0.4
0.4 swi
swi 0.2
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
swi 1-sor
0.0 Distance x Wave velocity (x/Ut)
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Water saturation

22
 IMPES Method
 Solution of the saturation equation
 Upstream and downstream scheme
 The backward difference in distance is referred to as “upstream” scheme and the
forward difference as “downstream” scheme.
 The “downstream” scheme is always unstable.

Upstream scheme Downstream scheme

t n 1 n 1
sw i  sw i f ( s )  f w ( swi 1 ) sw i  sw i f ( s )  f w ( sw i )
n n n n n n
t
 U w wi 0  U w wi 1 0
t x t x
tn+1 tn+1

tn tn

xi-1 xi xi+1 x xi-1 xi xi+1 x

Fluid flow direction
Stable ! Unstable !
23
 IMPES Method
 Solution of the saturation equation
 Numerical dispersion: artificial dispersion caused by the truncation
error
 By analyzing the linearized form of the saturation equation
sw s
 Uf w w  0
t x
It can be found that solving the difference equation
n 1
sw i  sw i s  swi 1
n n n

 Uf w wi 0
t x
is equivalent to solving the diffusion-convection problem
sw sw  2 sw
 Uf w  Dnum 2
t x x
where Dnum  Uf wx[1   ] and   Uf wt / x
24
 IMPES Method
 Solution of the saturation equation
 Numerical dispersion: artificial dispersion caused by the truncation
error
sw sw  2 sw
 Uf w  Dnum 2 Dnum  Uf wx[1   ]   Uf wt / x
t x x
1.0
Analytical solution
0.8 1-sor 100 grid blocks
50 grid blocks
Saturation

0.6

0.4
swi
0.2

0.0
Distance x 25
 Input data for reservoir simulation
 Geological data
 Geometry
 Porosity
 Absolute permeability
 PVT data
 Black oil description (formation factors, solution GOR and viscosities)
 EOS description
 Petrophysical data
 Relative permeability
 Capillary pressure
 Initial conditions
 Oil-water contact
 Gas-oil contact
 Pressure
 Well data
 Location, perforation and skin factor
 Operation conditions

26
 ECL input file: *.data
 A text file consists of several sections. Each section is introduced by a
keyword.

 Keywords in the input file (including section-header keywords) are

each of up to 8 characters in length and must start from column 1.

 Required sections
 RUNSPEC: Title, problem dimensions, switches, phases present,
components…

RUNSPEC =======================================

Section header keywords Characters after column 8 are taken as comments

27
Cont’d
 Required sections
 GRID: Geometry of computational grid, rock properties (porosity,
permeability, etc.)

 PROPS: Tables of properties of reservoir rock and fluids as functions of

fluid pressures, saturations and compositions (density, viscosity, relative
permeability, capillary pressure, etc.)

 SOLUTION: Initial conditions in reservoir: fluid contacts, directly

specified by user for grid blocks…

 SUMMARY (optional): data to be written to the summary file.

 SCHEDULE: operations to be simulated (production/injection controls

and constraints) and the times to output reports…

28
Cont’d

Keyword (a keyword in RUNSPEC section)

DIMENS
124 50 1 /
Keyword data

Keyword (a global keyword)

INCLUDE
.\INCLUDE\PERM.DATA /
“/” is to terminate a data record

DXV
124*5 /
“m*n” repeats the value n by m times
-- SG Krg Krow Pc

“--” is used to indicate comments

29
Some common keywords
 RUNSPEC section
METRIC metric units used
OIL the run contains oil; oil phase exists or could exist
GAS the run contains gas
WATER the run contains water
DISGAS the run contains dissolved gas in live oil. For oil with constant Rs and
pressure always above bubble pressure, it can be treated as dead oil.

DIMENS specify dimensions of the grid Nx, Ny, Nz

124 50 1 /

30
Some common keywords
 GRID section
DXV x direction block sizes(each value to the blocks having the same x-index)
124*5 /

DZ z direction block sizes (to all the grid blocks) x cycles fastest
6200*5 /

PORO porosity for all the blocks

6200*0.2 /

PERMX permeability
6200*10/

COPY copies data from one array to another

PERMX PERMY/
PERMX PERMZ/
/
31
Some common keywords
 PROPS section
SWOF water/oil relative permeabilities and capillary pressure
-- SW Krw Krow Pcow
0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1.25
0.5000 0.1250 0.1250 0.11264
1.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0/

-- Units: kg /m^3 kg /m^3 kg /m^3

DENSITY fluid density at surface conditions
838.7707 1000.0000 1.1507
/

-- Units: bar rm3 /sm3 /bar cp /bar

--PVTW
-- Water PVT Properties
201.01325 1.0355 4.687e-005 0.27049 6.8268585e-005
/

32
-- Column Properties are:
-- 'Pressure' 'Gas FVF' 'Gas Visc'
-- Units: bar rm3 /sm3 cp
PVDG
--
-- Dry Gas PVT Properties (No Vapourised Oil)
--
1.0133 1.2937 0.0103
11.9760 0.1045 0.0118
25.1450 0.0488 0.0126
42.3819 0.0284 0.0132
59.6189 0.0199 0.0138
76.8558 0.0152 0.0144
94.0928 0.0123 0.0150
111.3297 0.0103 0.0157
128.5667 0.0089 0.0166
145.8036 0.0078 0.0174
163.0406 0.0070 0.0184
181.6565 0.0063 0.0195
187.8153 0.0062 0.0199
/

33
-- Column Properties are:
-- 'Oil GOR' 'PSAT' 'Oil FVF' 'Oil Visc'
-- Units: sm3 /sm3 bar rm3 /sm3 cp
PVTO
--
-- Live Oil PVT Properties (Dissolved Gas)
--
0.0000 1.0133 1.0966 1.5091
111.3297 1.0892 1.6394
187.8153 1.0849 1.7225 / -- Column Properties are:
8.8712 11.9760 1.1341 0.4786 -- 'Pressure' 'Oil FVF' 'Oil Visc'
111.3297 1.1161 0.5539 -- Units: bar rm3 /sm3 cp
187.8153 1.1053 0.6078 / PVDO
100.6719 128.5667 1.4182 0.2916 -- Dead Oil PVT Properties
187.8153 1.3978 0.3244 / 187.8153 1.5687 0.2326
153.5772 187.8153 1.5687 0.2326 194.9081 1.5655 0.2358
194.9081 1.5655 0.2358 / /
/
34
Some common keywords
 SOLUTION section
Pressure Grid block pressures
6200*201.013 /

 SUMMARY section
FGOR Field gas oil ratio
FOPR Field oil production rate
FOPT Field oil production total
FWCT Field water cut total
FWPR Field water production rate
FWPT Field water production total
FPR Field pressure
FOEW Oil production from wells/OIP(initial)

WBHP Well bottom hole pressure

INJE/

35
 Some common keywords
 SCHEDULE section

WELSPECS introduce a new well

COMPDAT well completion specification data
WCONPROD control data for production wells
WCONINJE control data for injection wells

TSTEP advances the simulator to new report time(s)

15*200 /

Look up keywords in Eclipse Reference Manual!

36
 Simulation Example
 First SPE Comparative Solution Project (A.S. Odeh, 1981)
 Areal and cross-section views
Gas injection
Gas injection well 100 MM SCF/D Oil production well
J=1 I=1
21 2
3 3 Φ H, ft. kx ky klink sw so
4 4 8325 ft
y 5 5 x
6 6 Layer1 .3 20 500 500 .12 .88 8335 ft
7 7 50
8 8
9 9
10 10 Layer2 .3 30 50 50 .12 .88 8360 ft

25

Layer3 .3 50 200 200 .12 .88 8400 ft

1000 ft.
8425 ft
I=J=1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Oil production well
1000 ft.

Reservoir and grid system Diagonal cross section

 PVT properties of oil, gas and water

 Relative permeability data of oil and gas (water is immobile)
37
 Simulation Example
 First SPE Comparative Solution Project (A.S. Odeh, 1981)
 Data and constraints
 Initial reservoir pressure, psia at 8,400 ft 4,800
 Gas injection rate, MMscf/D 100
 Maximum oil production rate, STB/D 20,000
 Minimum oil rate, STB/D 1,000
 Minimum flowing bottomhole pressure, psi 1,000
 Rock compressibility, 1/psi 3x10-6
 Porosity value of 0.3 was measured at a base pressure of 14.7 psi
 Wellbore radius, ft 0.25
 Skin 0
 Capillary pressure 0
 Reservoir temperature, F 200
 Gas specific gravity 0.792
 Runs are terminated either at the end of 10 years or when
GOR>20,000 scf/STB or when the oil production rate<1,000 STB/D;
whichever occurs first terminates the run

38
 Simulation Example
 Simulation results

Oil rate vs. time Well pressures vs. time

39
 Simulation Example
 Simulation results

GOR vs. time Pressure vs. time for producing well Cell 10,10,3

40
 Simulation Example
 Simulation results

Gas saturation vs. time for producing well Cell 10,10,3 Pressure vs. time for injection well Cell 1,1,1

41
 Simulation Example
 Simulation results

First layer Second layer Third layer

Gas saturation profiles at the end of the simulation (10 years)

42
 Exercise problem
Injector Producer

2-D reservoir
Grid blocks: 124x50x1
Dimensions: 620mx250mx5m
Porosity: 0.2

Simulations:
• homogeneous/ heterogeneous permeability
• Water injection
• Depletion

43
 Office: manages simulations
E100 black oil simulator can visualize results

E300 compositional simulator

ECL manual

44
Select a data file (*.data) to run the simulation, the results will be created in
the same folder.

45
46
Data types in ECL output files
 Vector Data
A set of numbers which can be used for constructing line graphs, for
example field oil production (FOPR) at each time step.

 Grid Data
Grid geometry defined by corner point data, read from an ECLIPSE
GRID file or EGRID file.

 Solution Data
An array of solution variables which are defined for each cell at a report
step, e.g. pressure, saturations, etc. Solution data are read from
ECLIPSE Restart files or User Data files. Additional data defining well
positions and completions may be associated with solution data. The
ECLIPSE INIT file also contains grid property data which can be
handled as solution data, for example porosity.

47
click

48
The summary results is stored in *.smpec. The name is the same as the input file name.
Select one and read in all the vector data.

49
Use OPEN|GRID to select a grid file and the corresponding solution data will also
be opened

50
51
52
We have learned…
 Basis for formulating governing equations in reservoir simulation: mass
conservation equation and Darcy’s law

 How to derive the governing equations for immiscible and incompressible flow
through porous media

 Important concepts: IMPES method, implicit/explicit scheme,

upstream/downstream scheme, Buckley-Leverett solution, front, numerical
dispersion

 Basics about Eclipse simulation

53