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Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Activities of Boesenbergia

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 Volume 7. Issue 7. Pages 815-970. 2012
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 2012
NPC Natural Product Communications Vol. 7
No. 7
Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Activities of 909 - 912
Boesenbergia rotunda
Rungrat Jitvaropasa, Suphaket Saenthaweesuka, Nuntiya Somparna, Amornnat Thuppiaa,
Seewaboon Sireeratawonga and Waranyoo Phoolcharoenb*
a
Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Khlong Luang,
Pathum Thani, 12120 Thailand
b
Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

Waranyoo.P@chula.ac.th

Received: January 13th, 2012; Accepted: February 13th, 2012

The ethanolic extract of Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf. was studied for its wound-healing potential. Since wound healing is interrelated with microbial
infection and reactive oxygen species (ROS), this study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of B. rotunda. The antimicrobial
activity of B. rotunda was studied against six bacterial and two yeast strains using disc diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum
microbicidal concentration (MMC). The B. rotunda extract displayed potential antimicrobial and antifungal activities by inhibiting the Gram-positive bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), S. epidermidis, and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), and the yeasts Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MIC and MMC values varied from 0.04 to 25 mg/mL and from 0.16 to 25 mg/mL, respectively. The antioxidant activity of B.
rotunda was evaluated by measuring the Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The FRAP and DPPH values
were 22.2 µM /ug and 76.3 mg/mL, respectively. In the wound-healing studies, the topical application of the B. rotunda extract indicated a significantly increased
percentage of wound contraction on day 12 compared with the control group. Histological studies showed the complete epidermis and found collagen fibers
and hair follicles in the dermis. The results of the present study support the continued and expanded utilization of B. rotunda in Thai folk medicine.

Keywords: Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Wound healing, Boesenbergia rotunda.

Over 80% of the world’s population depends upon traditional
medicine to treat various skin problems, including wound infections
[1a]. The ethnomedical use of plant preparations in rural areas for
treating wounds is reported for plants from South Africa [1b],
Turkey, [2], Vietnam [3], and Thailand [4]. In Thailand, most of the
population still depends on crude extracts from plants for medicinal
purposes. Many Thai herbs are commonly used for wound healing,
such as Centella asiatica [5], Garcinia mangostana, Aloe vera [6],
and Boesenbergia rotunda [7].
B. rotunda, previously known as Boesenbergia or Kaempferia
pandurata Schult, is a member of the ginger family
(Zingiberaceae). In Thailand, B. rotunda, or “Krachai” in Thai, is
commercially cultivated and distributed in the provinces of
Kanchanaburi, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Sawan, and Ratchaburi.
Fresh B. rotunda rhizomes have a characteristic aroma and a
slightly pungent taste and are used for cooking in traditional
medicine to promote health. It is a folk medicinal plant that is used
for both its aphrodisiac properties and for treating dyspepsia. The
extract of B. rotunda was reported to contain various chalcones [8],
flavonoids [9a], flavones [9b], and essential oils. Pinostrobin, a
flavanone from fingerroot, can elevate the enzymatic activity of
quinone reductase (an antioxidant enzyme) by 500,000 units per
gram [9c]. Moreover, B. rotunda was demonstrated to possess
antimicrobial [9d], antimutagenic [10], and anti-inflammatory
activities [11a], as well as analgesic and antipyretic effects [11b].
Because B. rotunda is an ethnomedicinal plant that is popularly
used in Thailand, this study examines its wound-healing properties
and other related activities, including antioxidant and antimicrobial
effects. Previous studies have shown that many medicinal plants
that accelerate wound healing also contain antioxidant and
antimicrobial activities [12,13]. The objective of this study is to
investigate the ethanolic extract of B. rotunda for antimicrobial,
antioxidant, and wound-healing activities.
Phytochemical screening revealed that the B. rotunda extract
contained flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds, but
lacked tannins and saponins. The B. rotunda extract was screened
for its possible antioxidant activity through two methods, DPPH and
FRAP assays. The FRAP and DPPH values were 22.2 µM/µg and
76.3 mg/mL, respectively. The DPPH free-radical scavenging
activity of the B. rotunda extract was not as strong as the potent
antioxidants, vitamin E (14.8 mg/mL) and butylated hydroxytoluene
(BHT; 19.7 mg/mL) [14a,b]. However, these results indicate that
the B. rotunda ethanolic extract exhibited moderate antioxidant
activity toward scavenging free radicals. The antimicrobial activity
of B. rotunda extract was evaluated using the disc diffusion method.
Clear zones were produced by B. rotunda extract on Gram-positive
bacteria and yeasts (data not shown), and the MIC and MMC values
were determined (Table 1). Good activity was observed against the
three Gram-positive bacteria, moderate activity against the two
yeasts, but the extract was inactive against the Gram-negative
bacteria.
To examine the wound healing activity of the B. rotunda extract,
the plant extract was used in the treatment of wounds on rats by
excision and linear incision wound models. For the linear incision
wound model (Figure 1), there was no difference between the
animals treated with 10% and 20% plant extract compared with
those treated with pure petroleum gel or the reference drug
Terramycin. The histological results showed that the epithelium
tissue on the epidermis fully recovered, and scar tissue appeared on
the dermis. Moreover, the collagen fiber found around the wound
area was similar in all groups.
910 Natural Product Communications Vol. 7 (7) 2012 Jitvaropas et al.

Table 1: MIC and MMC values for B. rotunda extract. interactions mediated by humoral messengers and function [15].
MIC MMC When a wound is exposed to the environment, it is more likely to be
B. rotunda Gentamycin B. rotunda Gentamycin
(mg/mL) (µg/mL) (mg/mL) (µg/mL) invaded by various microorganisms, which attack through the skin
Gram-positive bacteria and delay the natural wound-healing process [16]. Our results
S. aureus 0.31 0.62 0.312 5 demonstrate the antibacterial activity of B. rotunda against Gram-
S. epidermidis 0.16 1.25 0.312 1.25 positive bacteria and yeasts. These results confirmed that the
B. subtilis 0.04 1.25 0.156 1.25
Gram- negative bacteria
compounds in the crude extract are responsible for the effective
E. coli >40 2.5 >40 2.5 antimicrobial activity. Compared with some other medicinal plants,
K. pneumoniae >40 1.25 >40 2.5 B. rotunda has relatively strong antimicrobial activity [17,18]. The
P. aeruginosa >40 0.62 >40 0.62 use of B. rotunda for various skin infections is supported by this
Amphotericin B Amphotericin B work, as it showed commendable activity against all the test
Yeasts (µg/mL) (µg/mL)
C. albicans 2.5 0.62 5 1.25
organisms. External application of the extract on the wound
S. cerevisiae 2.5 0.31 2.5 0.31 prevented the microbes from invading it, resulting in the protection
of the wound against infection.
The percent contraction, which signifies the progression of the
healing of the wound, on the excision wound model is shown in Moreover, molecular oxygen plays a central role in the pathogenesis
Figure 2. The contraction between wounds treated with the B. and therapy of the wound. The overproduction of reactive oxygen
rotunda plant extract and wounds treated with Terramycin was species (ROS) results in oxidative stress, thereby causing
comparable. The percent contraction of the wound treated with the cytotoxicity and delayed wound healing. Therefore, eliminating
plant extract was significantly higher than that of the group treated ROS could be an important strategy to heal chronic wounds [19].
with pure petroleum gel on day 12. Using either 10% or 20% of the Previous studies found that potent antioxidants, such as vitamin E
B. rotunda extract did not produce any significant difference in and BHT, were able to accelerate the wound-healing process
percent contraction. For the histological evaluation of the excision [20,21a]. The antioxidant activity of B. rotunda was confirmed by
wound model (Figure 3), fully recovered epidermis was observed both FRAP and DPPH assays. Although not as potent as vitamin E
on day 8 for the wounds of the groups treated with 10% plant and BHT (Table 2), the DPPH value of B. rotunda is comparable to
extract, 20% plant extract, and Terramycin, but not for the group antioxidants from other medicinal plants [21b,c]. This result
treated with pure petroleum gel. Active fibroblasts and angiogenesis confirms that B. rotunda possesses antioxidant activity.
were found in the dermis. Moreover, the group with wounds treated
with the B. rotunda extract possessed more collagen fibers than any The crude extract of B. rotunda significantly stimulated wound
of the other groups on day 8. The microanatomy of the wounds had contraction, compared with pure petroleum gel (Figure 2). Our
a similar appearance in all groups on day 14. These results confirm results confirmed both the antibacterial activity of B. rotunda
that the B. rotunda extract accelerates the wound-healing process. against various skin pathogens, as well as its antioxidant activity.
The external application of the B. rotunda extract could prevent the
A wound is the disruption of the cellular and anatomic continuity microbes from invading the wound, which results in the protection
of tissue [14c]. All wounds disrupt the local environment and of the wound against infection. Simultaneously, the use of the
the homeostasis within the tissue, which results in bleeding, extract captured the free radicals released from the cells
the contraction of vessels, coagulation, the activation of tissuen surrounding the wound, which is an inherent cytoprotective
complement, and other inflammatory responses [14d]. Normally, mechanism. Therefore, the synergistic effect of both antimicrobial
the response to tissue injury is a timely and orderly healing process and antioxidant activities may have accelerated the wound-healing
that results in sustained restoration of anatomic and functional process. In conclusion, this study confirms the antioxidant,
integrity [14e]. However, wound repair is not a simple process and antimicrobial, and wound-healing activities of the ethanolic extract
can be complicated by processes such as cell-cell and cell-matrix

Figure 1: Histopathological view of linear wound healing and epidermal/dermal re-modeling in the terramycin (A, B), Pure petroleum gel (C, D), 10% B. rotunda extract (E, F) and
20% B. rotunda extract (G, H) treated animals. The result showed 10X and 40X magnification. C: collagen, ---- : scar tissue,
: fibroblast cells
Wound healing activity of Boesenbergia rotunda
100
Vasaline
10% EE
80 20% EE
% Wound Contraction Terramycin
60
40
20
0
0 4 8 12
Days
Figure 2: Percentage of wound contraction and period of epithelization in excision
wound model comparing between the groups treated with 10% and 20% B. rotunda
extract, terramycin, and pure petroleum gel.
of B. rotunda. These results support the ethnomedicinal use of B.
rotunda in Thailand.
Experimental
Extract preparation and phytochemical screening: Rhizomes of B.
rotunda were collected from Pathumthani. The collected plant
material (rhizomes) was washed thoroughly in water, cut into small
pieces and soaked in 95% ethanol at a ratio of 1:1 for one night at
room temperature. After extraction, the samples were filtered
through Whatman No. 1 filters, and dried using a lyophilizer. The
extract was kept at -80oC. The ethanolic extract and the fractions
isolated from it were screened for various phytoconstituents
according to the methods described by Harborne [21d].
Determination of ferric reducing/antioxidant power: The total
antioxidant potential of the sample was determined using the ferric
reducing ability of the plasma FRAP assay as a measure of
antioxidant power. The FRAP assay measures the change in
absorbance at 593 nm due to the formation of a blue-colored FeII-
tripyridyltriazine compound from the colorless oxidized FeIII
formed by the action of electron-donating antioxidants. Briefly, the
plant extract was diluted to a ratio of 1:10 in 100% ethanol, added
into FRAP reagent, and incubated for 5 minutes at room
temperature. The absorbance at 593 nm was was determined. The
experiments were performed in triplicate.
DPPH radical scavenging test: The DPPH radical-scavenging
activity test was applied following the method described previously
[21e]. Briefly, 0.08 mM DPPH was prepared in 100% ethanol. DPPH
solution, tris buffer solution, and 80% ethanol were mixed in order
Figure 3: Histopathological view of excision wound healing and epidermal/dermal re-modeling in the terramycin, pure petroleum gel, and B. rotunda extract
administered animals on days 8 and 14. The result showed 40X magnification. C: collagen,
Natural Product Communications Vol. 7 (7) 2012 911
to obtain a 1:1:1 ratio for 1.8 mL. Then, the plant extract (0.6 mL)
was added and incubated for 30 minutes in the dark. Absorbance
measurements commenced immediately. The absorbance at 525 nm
was determined. The experiments were performed in triplicate.
Disc diffusion method: The Gram-positive bacteria used were
Staphylococus aureus ATCC 25923, S. epidermidis, and Bacillus
subtilis ATCC 6633. The Gram-negative bacteria used were Esch.
coli ATCC 2592, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa. The fungi Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae were also used in this study. The
turbidity of bacterial suspensions was adjusted to 0.5 McFarland
turbidity. The basic 0.5 McFarland standard contains approximately
1 x 108 cfu/mL. Bacteria were cultured in Mueller-Hinton broth
(MHB; Difco, Becton Dickinson), whereas fungi were cultured in
Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (SDB: Difco, Becton Dickinson).
Fungal suspensions were evenly swab-inoculated on surfaces of
Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA; Difco, Becton Dickinson) and
Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA), respectively. Each sterile blank
disc (Difco, Becton Dickinson) (6 mm in diameter) was
impregnated with 20 µL (6 mg/disc) of the extract and dried at 25°C
aseptically. After complete drying, the discs (in triplicate) were
placed on the surfaces of agar plates that were preinoculated with
test bacterial cultures and incubated at 37°C for 18-24 h. Dimethyl
sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as the negative control. Gentamycin 10
µg/disc and amphotericin B 30 µg/disc were used as positive
controls for bacteria and fungi, respectively. The size of the zones
of inhibition was measured using a Pakimeter (Vernier, Mitutoyo),
and the antimicrobial activity was expressed in terms of the average
diameter of the zone of inhibition in mm. The absence of a zone of
inhibition (≤ 6 mm) was interpreted as the absence of activity.
Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): For
MIC determination, 0.5 McFarland turbidity of bacterial culture,
diluted 200 times, was added to a 96-well culture plate. Different
concentrations of crude extract were added. For the negative
control, 2% DMSO was used. The plate was shaken at 130 rpm at
37°C overnight, and then, 20 µL of 1 mg/mL resazurin was added to
each well. The color change was then assessed visually. Any color
changes from purple to pink or colorless were recorded as positive.
Determination of minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC):
MMC was determined by sub-culturing the test dilution on to a
fresh drug-free solid medium and incubating for a further 18-48 h.
The highest dilution that yielded no single bacterial or yeast colony
: epidermis, : fibroblast
912 Natural Product Communications Vol. 7 (7) 2012 Jitvaropas et al.

on a solid medium was taken as the MMC. Three independent
experiments were performed for all data.
Wound healing activity test by using excision and linear incision
wound models: Male Sprague Dawley rats were purchased from the
National Laboratory Animal Center, Salaya, Mahidol University,
Bangkok. The animals were left for 1 week under room conditions
for acclimatization. The animals were housed in standard
environmental conditions with a temperature of 25 ±1ºC, humidity
60% and a 12 h light and 12 h dark cycle. The study was carried out
following the guidelines of the principles of laboratory animal care.
The animals were anesthetized by diethyl ether. The paravertebral
of the animals was shaved and sterilized with 70% ethanol. For the
excision wound model, a 4 mm diameter wound was made with a
Punch biopsy instrument. For the linear incision wound model, two
linear-paravertebral incisions of 5 cm in length were made with a
sterile blade through the full thickness of the skin at a distance of
1.5 cm from the midline of each side of the vertebral column. The
wounds were surgically closed. The animals were divided into 4
groups with 5 animals per group. In this study, the extract was
mixed with pure petroleum gel to a final concentration of 10% and
20%, w/w. The plant extracts, terramycin ointment (the positive
control), and the vehicle (pure petroleum gel) were topically applied
once a day for 9 days. All the sutures were removed on the 9th post-
wound day. On day 10, all the animals were killed with diethyl
ether anesthesia. One linear-paravertebral incised skin sample was
measured; the other incised skin sample was sent for
histopathological examination.

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 Natural Product Communications Vol. 7 (7) 2012
Published online (www.naturalproduct.us)

Antihyperglycemic agents from Ammannia multiflora

Harish C. Upadhyay, Natasha Jaiswal, Akhilesh K. Tamrakar, Arvind K. Srivastava, Namita Gupta and Santosh K. Srivastava 899
Free Radical Scavenging Activities of Naturally Occurring and Synthetic Analogues of Sea Urchin Naphthazarin Pigments
Natalia K. Utkina and Natalia D. Pokhilo 901
Drynariae Rhizoma Increases Immune Response in Mice
Hyo-Jin An, Gil-Goo Lee and Kyung-Tae Lee 905
Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Activities of Boesenbergia rotunda
Rungrat Jitvaropas, Suphaket Saenthaweesuk, Nuntiya Somparn, Amornnat Thuppia, Seewaboon Sireeratawong and
Waranyoo Phoolcharoen 909
Revisit to (Z)-Civetone Synthesis
Hisahiro Hagiwara, Teppei Adachi, Tomomi Nakamura, Takashi Hoshi and Toshio Suzuki 913
Search for Bioactive Compounds from Cantharellus cibarius
Włodzimierz Maria Daniewski, Witold Danikiewicz, W. Marek Gołębiewski, Mirosław Gucma, Agnieszka Łysik, Jacek Grodner and
Elżbieta Przybysz 917
Fatty Acid Composition of Juniperus Species (Juniperus Section) Native to Turkey
Ayşegül Güvenç, Nurgün Küçükboyacı and Ahmet Ceyhan Gören 919
c-AMP Dependent Protein Kinase A Inhibitory Activity of Six Algal Extracts from South Eastern Australia and Their
Fatty Acid Composition
Ana Zivanovic and Danielle Skropeta 923
Quantitative and Physical Evaluation of Patchouli Essential Oils Obtained from Different Sources of Pogostemon cablin
Norma Hussin, Luigi Mondello, Rosaria Costa, Paola Dugo, Nik Idris Nik Yusoff, Mohd Ambar Yarmo, Ahmad Ab.Wahab and
Mamot Said 927
Essential Oil Composition of Prasium majus from Croatia
Igor Jerković, Marko Šuste, Željan Maleš and Kroata Hazler Pilepić 931
Composition and Antipathogenic Activities of the Twig Essential Oil of Chamaecyparis formosensis from Taiwan
Chen-Lung Ho, Kuo-Feng Hua, Kuan-Ping Hsu, Eugene I-Chen Wang and Yu-Chang Su 933
In vitro Antimicrobial Properties and Chemical Composition of Santolina chamaecyparissus Essential Oil from Algeria
Samah Djeddi, Khadidja Djebile, Ghania Hadjbourega, Zoubida Achour, Catherine Argyropoulou and Helen Skaltsa 937
Chemical Composition and in vitro Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of the Flowers of Tridax procumbens
Rajesh K. Joshi and Vijaylaxmi Badakar 941
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil of Heracleum rigens
Nataraj Jagannath, Hanumanthaiah Ramakrishnaiah, Venkatarangaiah Krishna and Prameela Javarayi Gowda 943
Chemical Composition and in vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Anti-acetylcholinesterase Properties of the Flower Oil of
Ferula lutea
Mansour Znati, Aymen Jabrane, Hafedh Hajlaoui, Fethia Harzallah-Skhiri Jalloul Bouajila, Joseph Casanova and Hichem Ben Jannet 947
Determination of Antioxidant Properties of 26 Chilean Honeys and a Mathematical Association Study with their Volatile
Profile
Elizabeth Sánchez, Marisa Piovano, Erika Valdés, Manuel E. Young, Cristian A. Acevedo and Mauricio Osorio 951
Chemical Constituents and Antioxidant and Biological Activities of the Essential Oil from Leaves of Solanum spirale
Sukanya Keawsa-ard, Boonsom Liawruangrath, Saisunee Liawruangrath, Aphiwat Teerawutgulrag and Stephen G. Pyne 955

Review/Account
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition within the Lycorine Series of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids
Jerald J. Nair and Johannes van Staden 959
Alkaloids Produced by Endophytic Fungi: A Review
Yanyan Zhang, Ting Han, Qianliang Ming, Lingshang Wu, Khalid Rahman and Luping Qin 963
 Natural Product Communications
2012
Volume 7, Number 7
Contents
Original Paper Page

Chemical Constituents of Blumea balsamifera of Indonesia and Their Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitory Activity
Azis Saifudin, Ken Tanaka, Shigetoshi Kadota and Yasuhiro Tezuka 815
A New Sesquiterpene from an Endophytic Aspergillus versicolor Strain
Xiang-Hong Liu, Feng-Ping Miao, Xiao-Dong Li, Xiu-Li Yin and Nai-Yun Ji 819
Skin Permeation of Cacalol, Cacalone and 6-epi-Cacalone Sesquiterpenes from a Nanoemulsion
María Luisa Garduño-Ramírez, Beatriz Clares, Valeri Domínguez-Villegas, Concepción Peraire, María Adolfina Ruiz,
María Luisa García and Ana C. Calpena 821
Compounds with Antiproliferative Activity on Five Human Cancer Cell Lines from South Korean Carpesium triste
Hyung-In Moon 825
Biogenetic-type Synthesis of 2-Hydroxy-4,4,7-trimethyl-1(4H)-naphthalenone, a Modified Apocarotenoid from
Ipomoea pes-caprae
Kamalesh P. Pai Fondekar, Shashikumar K. Paknikar, Savia Torres and Shrivallabh P. Kamat 827
Ixoroid: A New Triterpenoid from the Flowers of Ixora coccinea
Muhammad Ali Versiani, Ambreen Ikram, Salman Khalid, Shaheen Faizi, and Iftikhar Ahmed Tahiri 831
Distinguishing Between R- and S-Antcin C and Their Cytotoxicity
Ting-Yu Lin, Shih-Chang Chien, Yueh-Hsiung Kuo and Sheng-Yang Wang 835
Chemical Investigation of Saponins from Twelve Annual Medicago Species and their Bioassay with the Brine Shrimp
Artemia salina
Aldo Tava and Luciano Pecetti 837
Inhibition of cPLA2 and sPLA2 Activities in Primary Cultures of Rat Cortical Neurons by Centella asiatica Water Extract
Patrícia P. Defillipo, André H. Raposo, Alessandra G. Fedoce, Aline S. Ferreira, Hudson C. Polonini, Wagner F. Gattaz and
Nádia R. B. Raposo 841
Triterpene Glycosides from the Sea Cucumber Eupentacta fraudatrix. Structure and Cytotoxic Action of
Cucumariosides A2, A7, A9, A10, A11, A13 and A14, Seven New Minor Non-Sulfated Tetraosides and an Aglycone with an
Uncommon 18-Hydroxy Group
Alexandra S. Silchenko, Anatoly I. Kalinovsky, Sergey A. Avilov, Pelageya V. Andryjaschenko, Pavel S. Dmitrenok,
Ekaterina A. Martyyas and Vladimir I. Kalinin 845
Two New Asterosaponins from the Far Eastern Starfish Lethasterias fusca
Natalia V. Ivanchina, Anatoly I. Kalinovsky, Alla A. Kicha, Timofey V. Malyarenko, Pavel S. Dmitrenok, Svetlana P. Ermakova and
Valentin A. Stonik 853
Corylucinine, a new Alkaloid from Corydalis cava (Fumariaceae), and its Cholinesterase Activity
Zdeněk Novák, Jakub Chlebek, Lubomír Opletal, Pavel Jiroš, Kateřina Macáková, Jiří Kuneš and Lucie Cahlíková 859
Improved Method for Isolation of Lycopsamine from Roots of Comfrey (Symphytum officinale)
Damjan Janeš, Boštjan Kalamar and Samo Kreft 861
Trigonelline and other Betaines in Species of Laminariales
Gerald Blunden, Michael D. Guiry, Louis D. Druehl, Kazuhiro Kogame and Hiroshi Kawai 863
Anticomplement and Antimicrobial Activities of Flavonoids from Entada phaseoloides
Ke Li, Shihua Xing, Mengyue Wang, Ying Peng, Yuqiong Dong and Xiaobo Li 867
Antioxidant Compounds from Algerian Convolvulus tricolor (Convolvulaceae) Seed Husks
Nassira Kacem, Anne-Emmanuelle Hay, Andrew Marston, Amar Zellagui, Salah Rhouati and Kurt Hostettmann 873
Quality Control and Analytical Test Method for Taxus baccata Tincture Preparation
Pamela Vignolini, Beatrice Gehrmann, Matthias Friedrich Melzig, Leonardo Borsacchi, Arianna Scardigli and Annalisa Romani 875
Chalcones in Bioactive Argentine Propolis Collected in Arid Environments
Eliana Solórzano, Nancy Vera, Soledad Cuello, Roxana Ordoñez, Catiana Zampini, Luis Maldonado, Enrique Bedascarrasbure and
María I. Isla 879
Inhibitory Effect of Hexahydrocurcumin on Human Platelet Aggregation
Huei-Ping Dong, Rei-Cheng Yang, I-Chun Chunag, Li-Ju Huang, Hsing-Tan Li, Hsin-Liang Chen and Chung-Yi Chen 883
Biotransformation of Salvianolic acid B by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cucumerinum and Its Two Degradation Routes
Shidong Kan, Huimin Lin, Ji’an Li, Lei Shao and Daijie Chen 885
Phytopathogenic Fungal Inhibitors from Celery Seeds
Tao Liu, Fu-Guang Liu, Hui-Qin Xie and Qing Mu 889
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Sulphur Containing Chromene Derivatives
Tuba Şerbetçi, Seher Birteksöz, Soizic Prado, Sylvie Michel and François Tillequin 891
Effect of Polyamines on Shoot Multiplication and Furanocoumarin Production in Ruta graveolens Cultures
Renuka Diwan and Nutan Malpathak 895

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