P-ISSN 0974-6846 E-ISSN 0974-5645

Indian Journal of Science and

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 ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846
Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(37), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i37/91845, October 2016 ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645

Optimization of Leachate Treatment with Granular

Biomedia: Feldspar and Zeolite
Zawawi Daud1*, Mahmoud Hijab Abubakar1, Aeslina Abdul Kadir1, AbAziz Abdul Latiff1,
Halizah Awang2, Azhar Abdul Halim3, Aminaton Marto4
1
Team of Research in Integrated Solid Waste Management (TRISM), Faculty of Civil and Environment
Engineering, UniversitiTun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia; zawawi@uthm.edu.my,
hijabmahmoud@yahoo.com, aeslina@uthm.edu.my, aziz@uthm.edu.my
2
Faculty of Technical and Vocational Education, UniversitiTun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor,
Malaysia; halizah@uthm.edu.my
3
School of Environmental and Natural Resources, Faculty of Science and Technology,
UniversitiKebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor; azharhalim@ukm.edu.my
4
Faculty of Civil Engineering, UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia; aminaton@utm.my

Abstract
Background/Objectives: Landfills generate leachate having an elevated concentration of contaminants and hazardous
to health and the ecosystem. Feldspar and zeolite mixture was investigated for minimizing COD and ammonia from
the leachate. Methods/Statistical Analysis: All adsorbent media were sieved to a particle size between 2.00 and
3.35 mm. The optimum shaking speed, mixing ratio, and pH were determined. Raw leachate Sample used in the study
was collected from the influent of the detention pond at the SimpangRenggam Municipal landfill in Johor (Malaysia).
Findings: Results of the leachate characteristics indicated a non-biodegradable leachate with a high concentration
of COD (1763 mg/L), ammonia nitrogen (573 mg/L) and BOD5/COD ratio (0.09). The optimum condition for shaking
speed was 150 rpm, the optimum mix ratio of zeolite and feldspar was 20:20, and the optimum pH was 6–6.5.
Applications/Improvements: The mixed media produced encouraging results for leachate treatment. It will significantly
be applicable in reducing zeolite usage conventionally and consequently decreasing the operational cost in leachate
treatments.

Keywords: Ammonia, COD, Feldspar, Leachate, Optimization, Zeolite

1. Introduction levels of dissolved contaminants and can directly enter

Sanitary landfills are engineered waste management
processes in landfills that are built with layers of solid
waste deposits and covered with soil or other types of
covering materials1. Landfills constitute a problem in
waste disposal because they produce leachate. Leachate
is generated from the biochemical reaction that occurs
within the waste deposit as it undergoes physical,
biological, and chemical decomposition under aerobic
and anaerobic conditions. It usually contains dissolved
contaminants, volatile organic acids, toxic heavy elements,
and high concentrations of organic matter, Chemical
Oxygen Demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen, and
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)2–6. It contains high
an environment without prior treatment; consequently, it
can contaminate soil and water bodies and therefore pose
a critical threat to the environment and to public health
eventually7–10.
Almost all conventional leachate treatments
involve high-technology processes. Such processes are
considered to contribute to high initial and operational
cost, generation of waste residue, and less adaptability to
a wide variety of pollutants, among others11,12. Although
much research has been conducted on adsorption via
conventional media, such as zeolite, especially for the
treatment of stabilized leachate, few studies have focused
on the application of zeolite and feldspar mixture as
substitute for conventional media in landfill leachate

* Author for correspondence

 Optimization of Leachate Treatment with Granular Biomedia: Feldspar and Zeolite

treatment. In the present study, granular mixed media are Table 1. Composition of zeolite
experimentally investigated to determine the optimum and feldspar
parameters for the minimization of COD and ammonia Formula Zeolite(%) Feldspar(%)
nitrogen from a stabilized leachate through the partial SiO 58.80 49.20
2
replacement of zeolite with feldspar. Al O 9.33 14.20
2 3
Fe O 1.16 1.37
2 3

2. Materials and Methods KO

2.1 Sampling
The leachate sample was collected manually at
SimpangRenggam municipal landfill in Johor, located
at a latitude of 10 53’41.64” north and longitude of 1030
22’34.68” east in Kluang district13. The landfill has been
managed by the government for many years, and it
receives about 250 tons of waste every day14. Raw leachate
samples were collected from the influent of the detention
pond using clean 20-liter high-density polyethylene
plastic containers, transported to a wastewater research
laboratory, and stored at 4°C in a cold room at University
Tun Hussein onn Malaysia (UTHM) to maintain its
initial characteristics. All chemical analyses for leachate
characterization were performed within the following 24
hours in accordance with the Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater15. All chemical
analyses for leachate characterization were of analytical
grade.
2.2 Media
The two media types used in this study were zeolite
and feldspar. Natural zeolite (Mechastone brand) was
purchased from Pt. AnugerahalamSdn. Bhd., Parit Raja,
Johor Malaysia at a price of about 0.4RM per kilogram.
The feldspar was purchased from CCS Corporation
SdnBhd, Selangor, Malaysia at an average price of 0.12RM
per kilogram. The chemical composition of the media was
determined via X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry (XRF)
(Model Bruker S4 pioneer). The density of the media was
determined conventionally (dry weight/volume). The
feldspar and zeolite were sieved to obtain particle sizes
between 2.00 and 2.35 mm. Tables 1 show the general
properties of the media. At the beginning of this study,
one parameter was studied, with all the other parameters
kept constant.
2
3.69 9.53
CaO 2.35 0.61
MgO 0.57 0.62
Na O 0.73 2.56
2
C 1.0 0.1
2.3 Optimum Shaking Speed
Optimum batch experiments were conducted in series
of 250 ml conical flasks containing 100 ml raw leachate,
and 5 cm3 of the media were introduced into each flask.
The flasks were shaken for a fixed time of 105 minutes,
pH 7, and at an ambient temperature using an orbital
shaker (model Daiki). The optimum shaking speed was
determined by varying the shaking speeds from 50 rpm
to 200 rpm. The samples were filtered using 0.45 µm filter
paper. They were analyzed for ammoniacal nitrogen and
COD, which are the major contaminants in leachate. The
ammoniacal nitrogen in mg/L was determined using
an ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer (Model HACH
DR6000), and the COD was assessed via the closed reflux
titrimetric method15. The rotational speed of the sample
group that showed the maximum removal of ammonia
and COD was selected as the optimum.
2.4 Optimum Mixing Ratio
In this experiment, the optimum mix ratio between
zeolite and feldspar was determined for the removal of
ammoniacal nitrogen and COD. The optimum shaking
speed obtained in the previous experiment was used. A
total mixture of 40 cm3 in each conical flask was shaken.
The sequence of the media mix ratios used were 5 :
35, 10 : 30, 15 : 25, 20 : 20, 25 : 15, 30 : 10, and 35 : 5 for
zeolite to feldspar (Z:F). Subsequently, the optimum mix
ratio between the combined two media was obtained by
plotting the mix ratio against removal percentages. The
mix ratio that showed sufficient removal percentage was
selected as the optimum.

2 Vol 9 (37) | October 2016 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology
 Zawawi Daud, Mahmoud Hijab Abubakar, Aeslina Abdul Kadir, AbAziz Abdul Latiff, Halizah Awang, Azhar Abdul Halim,
Aminaton Marto

2.5 Optimum Solution pH

The optimum pH in the removal of COD and ammonia
was determined by adjusting the leachate pH from 4 to 9.
The pH adjustment was conducted using 97% H2SO4 and
1M NaOH. After every adjustment to a particular pH, the
experiment was conducted at a predetermined optimum
shaking speed and optimum mixing ratio. The optimum
pH was then selected based on the pH that yielded the
maximum removal of COD and ammonia.

3. Results and Discussion

Figure 1. COD removal at the determined optimum
3.1 Chemical Analysis of Leachate shaking speeds.
Numerous published studies describe the variations of
leachate quality from different landfills2. Table 1.0 presents
the leachate characteristics investigated in this study. The
table suggests that leachate has a high amount of COD
and ammonia nitrogen. The average values of BOD5
and COD are 164 and 1763 mg/L, respectively, and that
the biodegradability ratio (BOD5/COD) of raw leachate
ranges from 0.06 to 0.15 with an average of 0.09 (see Table
2). The data on the BOD5 and COD indicate that it is a
stabilized leachate2,3,14. The results are also consistent with
findings from past studies14 on stabilized leachate.

3.2 Effect of Shaking Speed

The COD and ammonia nitrogen percentage removal in
the sample is shown in Figures 1 and 2, respectively, after
shaking at 50 rpm to 200 rpm on an orbital shaker. The
optimum removal by zeolite and feldspar is at 150 rpm
(see Figure 1). Ammonia nitrogen removal is optimized
at 150 rpm similarly using feldspar and zeolite as depicted
in Figure 2 for a single medium.
Figure 2. Ammonia nitrogen removal at the
determined optimum shaking speeds.
3.3 Media Mix Ratio
Figures 3 and 4 exhibit the percentage removal for COD
and ammonia nitrogen, respectively, in the sample after
mixing feldspar with zeolite and shaking at various speeds
to obtain the optimum mix ratio. Based on the figures, at

Table 2. Characteristics of leachate obtained from the SimpangRenggam landfill

Parameter Minimum Maximum Average *Malaysia
Concentration Concentration Leachate Discharge
in Sample in Sample Standard (mg/L)
COD (mg/L) 1682 1844 1763 400
BOD5 at 20 °C (mg/L) 114 270 164 20
Ammonia Nitrogen (mg/L) 649 541 573 5
SS (mg/L) 585 671 633 50
Color (Platinum-Cobalt unit, Pt-Co) 4615 4721 4676 100
BOD5/COD 0.06 0.15 0.09
pH 7.85 8.26 8.11 6.0–9.0
*Acceptable condition for discharging leachate as stated in the 2009 Environmental Quality Regulations, second schedule (regulation 13)

Vol 9 (37) | October 2016 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology 3
 Optimization of Leachate Treatment with Granular Biomedia: Feldspar and Zeolite
the initial ratio of 5:35, the removal is higher given that
the composition of the media is more of the conventional
media, which decreases with further replacement. The
optimum conditions are adequate at a ratio of 20:20
(feldspar: zeolite by volume) and 150 rpm for COD
and ammonia nitrogen removal. Hence, the ratio 20:20
is adopted to achieve some media replacement of the
conventional media. Considerably, the ratio achieves
a significant replacement of the conventional media
without detriment to pollutant removal.
Figure 3. Mix ratio between feldspar and zeolite and
in COD removal.
Figure 4. Mix ratio between feldspar zeolite in
ammonia nitrogen removal.
3.4 pH
Figure 5 shows the removal of COD and ammonia at
different pH values. Obviously, the pH range that shows
the maximum removal occurs at pH 6 (35%) and pH
6.5 (29%) for COD and ammoniacal nitrogen removal,
respectively. The results indicate that the optimum pH
ranges from 6–6.5.
4 Vol 9 (37) | October 2016 | www.indjst.org
Figure 5. Optimum pH for COD and ammonia
removal using feldspar and zeolite mixture.
4. Conclusions
The ability of the mixture of zeolite and feldspar to
minimize COD and ammonia nitrogen from a stabilized
landfill leachate is investigated. The results indicate that
the optimum mixing ratio for zeolite and feldspar in the
treatment of COD and ammonia nitrogen is 20:20 and
that the optimum shaking speed of the mixed media is
150 rpm. The optimum pH ranges from 6–6.5.
The research outcomes of this study contribute to
the existing literature on alternative media for leachate
treatment, especially in developing countries. Further
research is still in progress at the UTHM to determine
other factors that may influence the field of study.
5. Acknowledgement
The authors acknowledge the research grant provided by
the Office for Research, Innovation, Commercialization
and Consultancy Management (ORICC) of the
UniversitiTun Hussein Onn Malaysia.
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