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 2011
NPC Natural Product Communications Vol. 6
No. 10
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil from Corsican 1479 - 1482
Mentha aquatica - Combined Analysis by GC(RI), GC-MS
and 13C NMR Spectroscopy
Sylvain Sutour, Félix Tomi*, Pascale Bradesi and Joseph Casanova

Université de Corse-CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Equipe Chimie et Biomasse, Route des Sanguinaires,
20000 Ajaccio, France

felix.tomi@univ-corse.fr

Received: May 10th, 2011; Accepted: June 6th, 2011

The essential oil (EO) of M. aquatica L. growing wild in Corsica was isolated by dry vapor distillation and submitted to combined analysis
by column chromatography over silica gel, GC(RI), GC-MS and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The composition was dominated by oxygenated
monoterpenes and characterized by the occurrence of menthofuran (50.7%) as the major component. In parallel, seven laboratory-distilled oil
samples isolated from individual plants collected in Corsica were analyzed by GC(RI) and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Only quantitative
differences were observed between the samples. Beside the usual terpenes, various p-menthane lactones (mintlactone, isomintlactone,
hydroxymintlactone, menthofurolactone and epimenthofurolactone) have been identified in all the oil samples.

Keywords: Mentha aquatica L., essential oil composition, menthofuran, 13C NMR, p-menthane lactone.

The genus Mentha L. (Labiatae family) includes 18 species
and various hybrids with several species being cultivated
for essential oil production [1a]. In Corsica, mints are
represented by four species (M. aquatica, M. pulegium, M.
requienii and M. suaveolens). M. aquatica L., commonly
known as water mint, wild mint or marsh mint, is called
“pedi rossu”. It grows in wet places, banks of rivers,
marshes, and sometimes directly in water [1b].
The composition of the essential oil (EO) of M. aquatica
has been investigated. Various compositions have been
reported depending on the countries of harvest. According
to the literature, three types of oils may be distinguished.
The first group contains samples where menthofuran is by
far the major component: oils from Germany, 70-89%
[2a]; Ethiopia, 70.5% [2b]; USA, 66.4% [2c]; Italy, 38.4-
59.7% [2d,3a,3b]; Japan, 45.5% [3c]; and Croatia, 42.8%
[3d]. Other oil samples exhibited menthofuran (8.1-23.2%)
and cineole (14.2-27.2%) as major components: for
instance, oils from the Netherlands) [3e], Yugoslavia [4a]
and Iran [4b]. Finally, a third group emerged, containing
oil samples with various compositions dominated either by
cineole (55.3%, Turkey) [5]; menthone (77.8%, Brazil)
[6], or piperitenone oxide and -caryophyllene (25.7% and
22.4%, respectively, Iran) [7a]. In addition, limonene
and terpinen-4-ol, as well as germacrene D, (Z)- and
(E)--caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, -elemol and
viridiflorol were present in substantial amounts in some
samples [3b,3d,4a]. Moreover, -elemol and viridiflorol
(14.8 and 9.1%, respectively) have been reported as major
components of a Japanese sample [3c]. In parallel, various
combinations of menthofurane with sesquiterpenes
have been reported for Turkish oils: menthofurane/
-caryophyllenne (11.4-32.8%/9.6-20.2%); menthofurane/
elemol (11.1-34.2% /11.6-24.4%), as well as -
caryophyllene/viridiflorol (15.0-19.1%/15.7-26.7%) [7b].
Despite a different chemical composition, EOs from
Ethiopia [2b], Yugoslavia [4a] and Turkey [5] have shown
fair antibacterial activity, mostly against Gram+ bacteria.
The menthofuran/cineole-rich oil from Yugoslavia showed
significant fungistatic and fungicidal activity [4a]. The
Ethiopian menthofuran-rich EO possessed a good radical
scavenging activity [2b]. M. aquatica oil containing
sesquiterpene alcohols showed effective inhibition of
acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and a potent
inhibitory activity [8a]. Viridiflorol from the essential oil
has been isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation with
binding to the GABA-benzodiazepine site [8b].
In continuation of our previous studies on Corsican mints
[8c,8d], the aim of the present study was to characterize
M. aquatica growing wild in Corsica. An oil sample
isolated by dry-vapor distillation (pilot plant, commercial)
and seven individual samples isolated by water distillation
(laboratory scale) have been investigated using a
combination of various chromatographic and spectroscopic
techniques.
Aerial parts of M. aquatica produced by dry vapor
distillation give an almost colorless essential oil. The bulk
sample was analyzed by GC in combination with
Retention Indices (RI), by GC-MS and by 13C NMR
1480 Natural Product Communications Vol. 6 (10) 2011 Sutour et al.

spectroscopy (Table 1). Various compounds were an irregular monoterpene, rarely found in essential oils,
identified by comparison i) of their mass spectral data with was identified by 13C NMR spectroscopy in the more polar
those of reference compounds compiled in computerized fraction (F2-3) of the CC and quantified in the EO by
libraries [9a-9c]; ii) of their RIs with those of either comparison of its retention indices on both columns.
authentic compounds or literature data (Table 1); and iii) Interestingly, fraction F2-3 contained also five p-menthane
of their 13C NMR spectroscopic data with those of lactones, identified by 13C NMR spectroscopy by
authentic compounds compiled in our laboratory-made comparison of their spectral data with those reported in the
library, following a method developed by our group literature: mintlactone (23.5%), iso-mintlactone (2.5%),
[10-12]. Although all the major components were menthofurolactone (0.6%), epi-menthofurolactone (0.8%)
identified and allowed the classification of that oil among and hydroxymintlactone (3.1%) [13a,13b]. Their relative
the menthofuran-rich oils, various minor components contents in fraction F2 and in the EO were assessed
remained either unidentified or only suspected by MS with through their retention indices on apolar and polar GC
poor library fit. Therefore, the bulk sample was submitted columns (Table 1). Despite the similarity of the structures
to repeated column chromatography (CC) and all the of each pair of epimers, the number of overlapped signals
chromatographic fractions were analyzed by GC(RI) and in the 13C NMR spectrum of fraction F2-3 of the CC was
13
C NMR spectroscopy. In total 35 components (31 very low (only one overlap for each epimer). Although
monoterpenes and 4 sesquiterpenes), accounting for 97.0% these lactones, except hydroxymintlactone, have been
of the EO, were identified (Table 1). The composition of previously identified in an EO from M. piperita L.
the EO was dominated by oxygenated monoterpenes [13a,13b], it is the first time that they were identified in an
(74.6%), whereas monoterpene hydrocarbons (14.6%) and EO from M. aquatica and it could be supposed that they
sesquiterpenes (8.5%) were minor compounds. are volatile compounds produced by the plant. Indeed, the
Menthofuran (50.7%) was by far the major component of distilled oil samples had been stored in the refrigerator in
the EO while 1,8-cineole (5.9 %), limonene (5.3 %) and closed vials and analyzed 1-3 days after distillation.
borneol (3.5%) occurred in lesser amounts. The identified However, it is not possible to ascertain that the five
sesquiterpenes were viridiflorol (3.5%), (E)-- lactones are not (or are in part) artefacts resulting from the
caryophyllene (2.9%) and germacrene D (2.0%). Lyratol, oxidation of menthofuran. Indeed, it has been

Table 1: Volatile components of the leaf oil from Corsican Mentha aquatica.
N° Constituents Ri lit RI a RI p %a identification
1 -Pinene 932a 931 1026 2.2 RI, MS, 13C NMR
2 Camphene 948a 945 1071 2.4 13
RI, MS, C NMR
3 Sabinene 965a 966 1124 0.9 RI, MS, 13C NMR
4 -Pinene 970b 971 1114 1.6 RI, MS, 13C NMR
5 Myrcene 983a 981 1163 0.9 RI, MS, 13C NMR
6 p-Cymene 1015a 1012 1273 0.3 RI, MS, 13C NMR
7 Limonene 1022a 1021 1205 5.3* RI, MS, 13C NMR
8 1.8-Cineole 1017a 1021 1213 5.9* RI, MS, 13C NMR
9 (Z)--Ocimene 1026b 1025 1235 0.7 RI, 13
C NMR
10 -Terpinene 1053a 1049 1247 0.3 RI, 13
C NMR
11 trans-Sabinene hydrate 1059c 1053 1461 0.2 RI, 13
C NMR
12 Linalool 1086a 1083 1545 RI, 13
C NMR
.
13 cis-Sabinene hydrate 1091d 1083 1545 RI, 13
C NMR
14 trans-Verbenol 1124e 1128 1677 tr RI, 13
C NMR
15 Menthone 1136f 1134 1466 2.6 RI, MS, 13C NMR
16 Lyratol 1138g 1139 1776 tr RI, 13
C NMR
17 Isomenthone 1146f 1144 1495 1.3 RI, MS, 13C NMR
18 Menthofuran* 1150f 1152 1490 50.7 13
RI, MS, C NMR
19 Neomenthol* 1156f 1152 1599 tr RI, 13
C NMR
20 Borneol* 1164h 1152 1704 3.5 RI, MS, 13C NMR
21 Menthol 1166e 1158 1639 1.7 RI, 13
C NMR
22 Terpinen-4-ol 1170a 1163 1601 0.4 RI, MS, 13C NMR
23 -Terpineol 1177a 1172 1699 0.6 RI, MS, 13C NMR
24 Pulegone 1214b 1215 1649 2.3 RI, MS, 13C NMR
25 Bornyl acetate 1269b 1269 1580 0.5 RI, MS, 13C NMR
13
26 Menthofurolactone 0.3 RI, C NMR
1314/1316i 1315/1317 nd 13
27 epi-Menthofurolactone 0.3 RI, C NMR
28 cis-Jasmone 1378j 1366 1946 0.2 13
RI, MS, C NMR
29 (E)--caryophyllene 1421 k
1420 1596 2.9 RI, 13
C NMR
30 Mintlactone 1449i 1453 2323 1.6 RI, 13
C NMR
31 Germacrene D 1479k 1478 1711 2.0 RI, MS, 13C NMR
32 Isomintlactone 1502i 1487 nd 0.3 RI, 13
C NMR
13
33 Hydroxy-mintlactone # 1514 nd 0.3 RI, C NMR
34 Viridiflorol 1580b 1584 2089 3.5 13
RI, MS, C NMR
35 -Cadinol 1643 b
1639 2234 0.1 RI, 13
C NMR
Total : 97.0
Order of elution and percentages are given on apolar column (BP-1), except for compounds with an asterisk (*), percentage on BP-20; RIlitt: retention indices from literature; RIa,
RIp: retention indices measured on apolar and polar columns, respectively; tr, traces. a: ref [14a], b: ref [14b], c: ref [14c], d: ref [14d], e: ref [14e], f: ref [15a], g: ref [15b], h: ref [15c],
i
: ref [13a], j: ref [15d], k: ref [15e]. #RI not available. 13C NMR (italic): compound identified in a fraction of chromatography.
Essential oil of Mentha aquatica Natural Product Communications Vol. 6 (10) 2011 1481

7
1
1,8-cineole (0.1-11.6%) was in the same range as those of
6 2 oils from Germany, the USA and some samples from Italy
5
4
3 OH
(2.1-11.9%), but less than that in the oils from Croatia and
8
O O O O
Italy (16.2-21.6%). Corsican oils cannot be classified
10

9
among the sesquiterpene-rich oils like those of Croatia,
O O O O

30 32 26/27 33 Italy, former-Yugoslavia, Iran and Japan. In the present

30 = Mintlactone, 32 = Isomintlactone, 26/27 = Menthofurolactone/ work, the combination of various chromatographic and
epi-Menthofurolactone, 33 = Hydroxymintlactone spectroscopic techniques allowed the identification of
Figure 1: p-Menthane lactones in Mentha aquatica EOs. minor components such as lyratol, an irregular
monoterpene, and five p-menthane lactones (mintlactone,
Table 2: Composition of the essential oil (EO) of M. aquatica from isomintlactone, menthofurolactone, epi-menthofurolactone
different locations in Corsica.
and hydroxy-mintlactone) reported for the first time in M.
Constituents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
aquatica essential oils.
-Pinene 1.8 0.9 2.4 1.6 1.9 0.7 0.7
Camphene 3.4 1.5 3.6 2.1 2.0 0.7 0.7
-Pinene 0.6 0.5 1.3 1.0 1.7 0.5 0.5 Experimental
Limonene* 6.4 5.1 2.8 4.0 4.2 3.6 1.7
1,8-Cineole* 3.5 3.6 5.1 5.2 11.6 tr 0.1 Plant material and essential oil extraction: The EO of M.
cis-Sabinene hydrate
1.6 1.6 1.7 1.2 0.7 1.3 1.1 aquatica was supplied by the society “U Mandriolu”
Linalool
Menthone 4.2 4.5 5.6 3.8 2.0 4.1 4.3 (Corsica, France). Aerial parts were collected during the
Isomenthone - 1.1 0.3 1.2 - 2.4 0.7 vegetative stage (May 2006) in the surrounds of Sarrola
Menthofuran 47.5 55.7 57.7 58.8 59.2 67.0 72.9 Carcopino, near Ajaccio (Corsica, France). They were
Borneol 8.4 5.5 9.4 4.0 0.3 1.5 0.6
Menthol 0.5 3.3 1.2 2.4 0.4 4.7 5.9 dried for one day at room temperature, away from direct
Pulegone 1.7 2.6 1.1 1.6 3.1 0.7 0.7 sunlight, and submitted to dry-vapor distillation in a pilot
(E)--Caryophyllene 2.6 1.6 0.5 2.0 - 2.5 1.3 plant. The EO was stored in the dark, at 4°C. In parallel, 7
Mintlactone 0.1 1.1 0.3 0.7 2.8 tr 0.1
Germacrene D 3.2 1.7 0.5 1.4 0.8 1.5 0.6 individual samples of M. aquatica were collected during
Viridiflorol 4.8 1.9 0.6 2.0 - 2.0 1.2 June 2007. They were dried for one day and then
Total 90.3 92.2 94.1 93.0 90.7 93.2 93.1 submitted to water-distillation (3 h), using a Clevenger-
Order of elution and percentages of components are given on apolar column type apparatus. The mint was identified as Mentha
(BP-1) except for compounds with an asterisk (*), percentage on BP-20.
aquatica L. by Mrs Laetitia Hugot, Office de
demonstrated that auto-oxidation of menthofuran occurred l’Environnement de la Corse.
at room temperature (several months) leading to the five p-
menthane lactones [13a]. This point was verified in our Chromatographic fractionation of the EO: An oil sample
laboratory. The five lactones were identified in fraction F1 (2.00 g) was chromatographed on a silica gel column
of the CC containing terpene hydrocarbons and (200–500 μm, 32 g) and 2 fractions (F1, 1.400 g and F2,
menthofuran kept a few weeks in the laboratory at room 0.550 g) were eluted with n-pentane and diethyl oxide,
temperature, in contact with air. respectively. A part of the fraction F2 (0.450 g) was
chromatographed once again on a silica gel column (35–70
In addition, seven oil samples were isolated from μm, 100 g) and 3 fractions (F2.1 - F2.3 = 0.160, 0.170 and
individual plants by water-distillation (yield w/w: 0.25- 0.104 g) were eluted with a gradient of solvents of
0.43%). The chemical compositions of the seven increasing polarity (n-pentane/diethyl oxide 98/2 to 0/100).
laboratory-distilled samples were close to that of the
vapor-distilled EO (pilot plant). These samples were GC, GC-MS and 13C NMR analysis: The equipment and
characterized by the occurrence of menthofuran (47.5- experimental conditions for GC, GC-MS and 13C NMR
72.9%) as the major component, associated with 1,8- spectroscopic analysis were similar to those reported
cineole (up to 11.6%), borneol (up to 12.6%) and earlier [15f]. Identification of the individual components
menthone (up to 5.6%). Three sesquiterpenes were present was based: i) on comparison of their GC retention indices,
in appreciable amounts: (E)--caryophyllene (up to 2.6%), ii) on computer matching with a laboratory-made and
germacrene D (up to 3.2%) and viridiflorol (up to 4.8%). commercial mass spectral libraries, iii) on comparison of
The five p-menthane lactones were also detected, as very the signals in the 13C NMR spectra of the mixtures with
minor components, in the seven laboratory-distilled EO those of reference spectra [10-12]. Five compounds
samples. Only quantitative variations occurred: (Figure 1), were identified by computer matching of the
13
mintlactone (tr-2.8%), iso-mintlactone (0.1-0.6%), C NMR chemical shift values with those reported in the
menthofurolactone (0.1-0.5%), epi-menthofurolactone literature [13a,13b].
(0.1-0.5%) and hydroxymintlactone (tr-0.4%).
Acknowledgements – The authors are indebted to the
“Collectivité Territoriale de Corse” for a research grant
In conclusion, the chemical composition of the EOs
(SS), to Mr P.A. Alessandri (“U Mandriolu”) for the gift of
isolated from M. aquatica was characterized by high
the collective oil sample, and to Mr J.M. Desjobert (CPN-
amounts of menthofuran like in Italy [3a-3c], Croatia [3d],
Lab, University of Corsica) for recording the MS.
Germany [2a], USA [2c] and Ethiopia [2b]. The content of
1482 Natural Product Communications Vol. 6 (10) 2011 Sutour et al.

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 Natural Product Communications Vol. 6 (10) 2011
Published online (www.naturalproduct.us)

Chemical Composition and Anticandidal Properties of the Essential Oil Isolated from Aerial parts of
Cotula cinerea: A Rare and Threatened Medicinal Plant in Morocco
Leila El Bouzidi, Abdelaziz Abbad, Karine Fattarsi, Lahcen Hassani, David Leach, Mohammed Markouk,
Laurent Legendre and Khalid Bekkouche 1491
Characterization and Comparison of Volatile Constituents of Juice and Peel from Clementine, Mandarin
and their Hybrids
Toussaint Barboni, Julien Paolini, Pierre Tomi, Fançois Luro, Alain Muselli and Jean Costa 1495
Characterization of Essential Oil and Effects on Growth of Verbena gratissima Plants Treated with Homeopathic
Phosphorus
Fúlvia M. Santos, Lucila E. F. Monfort, Daniel M. Castro, José E. B. P. Pinto, Michele Leonardi and Luisa Pistelli 1499
Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oils of Pistacia lentiscus Used in Moroccan Folkloric Medicine
Fatima Zohra Mharti, Badiaa Lyoussi and Abdelfattah Abdellaoui 1505
Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of the Essential Oils from Thymus satureioides
and Thymus pallidus
Ghalbane Ichrak, Belaqziz Rim, Ait Said Loubna, Oufdou Khalid, Romane Abderrahmane and El Messoussi Said 1507
Essential Oil Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Rosmarinus tournefortii from Algeria
Mansouria Souria Bendeddouche, Hachemi Benhassaini, Zouaoui Hazem and Abderrahmane Romane 1511
Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil of Moroccan Juniperus phoenicea
Bahri Fouad, Romane Abderrahmane, Arjouni Youssef, Harrak Rajae and M. Ahmed El Alaoui El Fels 1515
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil of Cupressus atlantica
My Youssef Arjouni, Fouad Bahri, Abderrahmane Romane and My Ahmed El Alaoui El Fels 1519
Isolation of the Volatile Oil from Satureja thymbra by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction: Chemical
Composition and Biological Activity
Alessandra Piras, Viviana Cocco, Danilo Falconieri, Silvia Porcedda, Bruno Marongiu, Andrea Maxia,
Maria Assunta Frau, Maria J. Gonçalves, Carlos Cavaleiro and Ligia Salgueiro 1523
Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of the Volatile Extracts of Achillea millefolium
Danilo Falconieri, Alessandra Piras, Silvia Porcedda, Bruno Marongiu, Maria J. Gonçalves, Célia Cabral,
Carlos Cavaleiro and Ligia Salgueiro 1527
Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oils of Pinus patula
Ismail Amri, Hamrouni Lamia, Samia Gargouri, Mohsen Hanana, Mariem Mahfoudhi, Tarek Fezzani,
Ferjani Ezzeddine and Bassem Jamoussi 1531
Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Leaf and Root Volatile Oils of Morinda lucida
Sunday O. Okoh, Olayinka T. Asekun, Oluwole B. Familoni and Anthony J. Afolayan 1537
Anti-inflammatory Activity of Pistacia lentiscus Essential Oil: Involvement of IL-6 and TNF-α
Andrea Maxia, Cinzia Sanna, Maria Assunta Frau, Alessandra Piras, Manvendra Singh Karchuli and Veena Kasture 1543
Essential Oil of Myrtus communis Inhibits Inflammation in Rats by Reducing Serum IL-6 and TNF–α
Andrea Maxia, Maria Assunta Frau, Danilo Falconieri, Manvendra Singh Karchuli and Sanjay Kasture 1545

Review/Account
Drugs from the Cloudforest: The Search for New Medicines from Monteverde, Costa Rica
William N. Setzer 1549
Effect of Salt, Drought and Metal Stress on Essential Oil Yield and Quality in Plants
Shreyasee Biswas, Monika Koul and Ashok Kumar Bhatnagar 1559
 Natural Product Communications
2011
Volume 6, Number 10
Contents
Original Paper Page

Vitexin Inhibits Polyubiquitin Synthesis by the Ubiquitin-conjugating Enzyme E2-25K

Kimberli M. Helms, Randall C. Wilson, Ifedayo V. Ogungbe, William N. Setzer and Pamela D. Twigg 1411
Variability of Total Flavonoid, Polyphenol and Tannin Contents in Some Lythrum salicaria Populations
Tímea Bencsik, Györgyi Horváth and Nóra Papp 1417
Peptidyl-tRNA Hydrolase Screening Combined with Molecular Docking Reveals the Antibiotic Potential of
Syzygium johnsonii Bark Extract
Sarah M. Harris, Hana McFeeters, Ifedayo V. Ogungbe, Luis R. Cruz-Vera, William N. Setzer, Betsy R. Jackes and
Robert L. McFeeters 1421
Betalain: A Particular Class of Antioxidant Pigment
Hasna El Gharras 1425
Evaluation of in vivo and in vitro Biological Activities of Different Extracts of Cuscuta arvensis
Ufuk Koca, Esra Küpeli-Akkol and Nazim Sekeroglu 1433
In Vitro Anti-inflammatory and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity of Tephrosia purpurea Shoot Extract
Shivraj H. Nile and Chandrahasy N. Khobragade 1437
In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory and In Vitro Antioxidant Activities of Moroccan Medicinal Plants
Mina Moussaid, Abd Elaziz Elamrani, Nourdinne Bourhim and Mohamed Benaissa 1441
In Vitro Effect of Wheat Bran (Triticum aestivum) Extract on Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis Crystallization
Khaled Sekkoum, Abdelkrim Cheriti and Safia Taleb 1445
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Withania frutescens
Laila El Bouzidi, Mustapha Larhsini, Mohamed Markouk, Abdelaziz Abbad, Lahcen Hassani and Khalid Bekkouche 1447
Analytical Evaluation of Three Wild Growing Omani Medicinal Plants
Muhammad Asif Hanif, Ahmed Yahya Al-Maskri, Zeyana Mohammed Hamed Al-Mahruqi, Jamal Nasser Al-sabahi,
Ahlam Al-Azkawi and Masoud Yahya Al-Maskari 1451
Ethnobotanical Study of Some Aromatic and Medicinal Plants in the Middle Atlas Mountains of Morocco
Mohammed El Midaoui, Abdelwahed Maataoui, Mohamed Benbella, Abdelhadi Ait Houssa and Nadia Labazi 1455
Traditional Uses of Medicinal Plants for Respiratory Diseases in Transylvania
Nóra Papp, Sámuel Bartha, Gyöngyvér Boris and Lajos Balogh 1459
Perilla frutescens: Interesting New Medicinal and Melliferous Plant in Italy
Cinzia Barbieri and Paola Ferrazzi 1461
Benefits of Environmental Conditions for Growing Coriander in Banat Region, Serbia
Milica Acimovic, Snezana Oljaca, Goran Jacimovic, Slobodan Drazic and Slavoljub Tasic 1465
Selenium Concentrations of Selected Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Turkey
Faruk Ozkutlu, Nazım Sekeroglu, Ufuk Koca and Gizem Yazıcı 1469
Lead Concentrations of Herbs Used in Van Herby Cheese
Murat Tuncturk, Ruveyde Tuncturk, Nazım Sekeroglu, Mehmet M. Ertus and Fevzi Ozgokce 1473
Histological Study of Some Echium vulgare, Pulmonaria officinalis and Symphytum officinale Populations
Nóra Papp, Tímea Bencsik, Kitti Németh, Kinga Gyergyák, Alexandra Sulc and Ágnes Farkas 1475
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil from Corsican Mentha aquatica - Combined Analysis by
GC(RI), GC-MS and 13C NMR Spectroscopy
Sylvain Sutour, Félix Tomi, Pascale Bradesi and Joseph Casanova 1479
Chemical Polymorphism of Essential Oils from Populations of Laurus nobilis Grown on Tunisia, Algeria
and France
Hanen Marzouki, Abdelhamid Khaldi, Bruno Marongiu, Alessandra Piras and Fethia Harzallah-Skhiri 1483
Essential Oil from Ocimum basilicum (Omani Basil): A Desert Crop
Ahmed Yahya Al-Maskri, Muhammad Asif Hanif, Masoud Yahya Al-Maskari, Alfie Susan Abraham,
Jamal Nasser Al-sabahi and Omar Al-Mantheri 1487

Continued inside backcover