I.

OBJECTIVES

1. To generate a model of a transmission line based on its physical attributes

2. To provide physical parameters of different types of transmission lines
3. To calculate for the characteristic impedance and percentage difference of different types
of transmission lines

II. DISCUSSION

Any point on the transmission line's voltage to current ratio corresponds to a specific
impedance value. Visualizing an infinite transmission line, which eliminates the need for load
reflections is one of the ways to understand characteristic impedance. It is represented by the
symbol “Zo” and it is measured in ohms.

A parallel wire transmission line is a type of communication transmission line used for
transmitting electrical signals over long distances. Two parallel wires are joined together and
spaced apart by a dielectric separator. The conductors are usually coated with an insulating
material to prevent them from touching each other and causing a short circuit. The insulator can
be made of various materials, such as polyethylene, Teflon, or air. The characteristic impedance
of a parallel wire transmission line depends on the distance between the wires, the diameter of
the wires, and the dielectric constant of the insulator. Parallel wire transmission lines are
commonly used in radio frequency and microwave applications.

Two concentric conductors, an inner conductor and an outer conductor, separated by an

insulating substance, make up a coaxial transmission line. These characteristics make coaxial
lines ideal for connecting antennas to receivers and transmitters as well as connecting
single-ended circuits in far spaced locations. The dielectric can be made of various materials,
such as polyethylene, Teflon, or air. It is usually around 50-75 ohms for most applications.

Parallel wire transmission lines and coaxial transmission lines have some similarities, but
also some key differences. When a signal travels a very long way across a twisted pair of wires,
its strength decreases. Transmission degrades as a result. Coaxial cables support longer cable
lengths while being more expensive since they are better insulated. Radio applications up to 100
MHz often employ parallel wire transmission lines. In this frequency range, parallel wireline is
preferable to coaxial line because of its lower cost and lower loss.
III. PROCEDURES/ALGORITHM

Data and Result Preparation:

1.) The students must design a model of a transmission line using the physical attributes
researched from the internet.
2.) The parameters of the transmission line must be determined through data and results.
3.) The characteristic impedanceof the line must be determined through data and results.
4.) The students must measure and calculate the Zo impedance of the line.
5.) Through the progress of the experiment, one must compare the results gathered from the
data.
Utilizing MULTISIM:
1.) Create a blank VI, and get a numeric control in the front panel (minimum of 4)
2.) Label it according to the required name:
- Spacing
- Diameter of the conductor
- Dielectric constant
- Characteristic Impedance
3.) At the block diagram, utilize the palette and drag the numeric constant consider the
following (two divided, one multiply, one square root and one logarithm base 10
function).
4.) Use a connecting wires to connect them according to the formula.
5.) Click the clean up diagram when the required output has been set.

IV. MATERIALS
● Types of Parallel Wire Line
● Types of Coaxial Cable
● LabVIEW Software
● LAPTOP/COMPUTER
V. SYSTEM FLOWCHART

Figure 2: Program flowchart for determining the Characteristic Impedance

VI. BLOCK DIAGRAM

figure 1. Figure Representation of transmission lines

VII. DATA AND RESULTS

Type of Physical Dimensions / Zo Zo % Difference

parallel Wire Attributes Values Measured Calculated
Line

1.DXN2600 Conductor AWG20 89.13 89.13 0

by Gore diameter, in 0.032
Data Sheet:
GORE®
Shielded Insulator 0.094
Twisted Pair diameter, in
Cables for
Aircraft | Gore
Dielectric 2.100
(PTFE)

2. DXN2605 Conductor AWG30 103.62 103.62 0

by Gore diameter, in 0.01
Data Sheet:
GORE®
Shielded Insulator 0.035
Twisted Pair diameter, in
Cables for
Aircraft | Gore
Dielectric 2.100
(PTFE), in
(mm)
COMPUTATIONS:

Zo calculated computations:
276 2𝐷
𝑍𝑜 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔10 𝑑
ε
DXN2600 twisted pair cable by Gore
276 (2)(0.094/2)
𝑍𝑜 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔10 0.032
= 89.130
2.1
DXN2605 twisted pair cable by Gore
276 (2)(0.035/2)
𝑍𝑜 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔10 0.01
= 103.622
2.1

DXN2600 twisted pair cable by Gore

|89.13−89.13|
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = ( 2
) 𝑥 100 = 0%

DXN2605 twisted pair cable by Gore

|103.62−103.62|
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = ( 2
) 𝑥 100 = 0%

DXN2600 by Gore front panel simulation

DXN2605 by Gore front panel simulation

Parallel line cable block diagram

DXN2600 by Gore data sheet
DXN2605 by Gore data sheet
Type of Coaxial Physical Dimension Zo Zo % Difference
cable Attributes s / Values Measured Calculated

1.) RG316 coax Inner 0.081 57.85 57.85 0

cable by diameter of
Pasternack outer
RG316-U pdf, conductor,
RG316-U in
Description,
RG316-U Outer 0.02
Datasheet, diameter of
RG316-U view ::: inner
ALLDATASHEET conductor,
::: in

Dielectric 2.1
(PTFE)

2.) Inner 0.146 56.77 56.77 0

RG303-U coax diameter of
cable by outer
Pasternack conductor,
RG303-U pdf, in
RG303-U
Description, Outer 0.037
RG303-U diameter of
Datasheet, inner
RG303-U view ::: conductor,
ALLDATASHEET in
:::
Dielectric 2.1
(PTFE)

Coaxial cable Zo calculated computations:

138 𝐷
𝑍𝑜 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔10 𝑑
ε
RG316 coax cable by Pasternack
138 0.081
𝑍𝑜 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔10 .02
= 57.8474
2.1
RG303-U coax cable by Pasternack
138 0.146
𝑍𝑜 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔10 0.037
= 56.7709
2.1
RG316 coax cable by Pasternack
|57.85−57.85|
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = ( 2
) 𝑥 100 = 0%

RG303-U coax cable by Pasternack

|56.77−56,77|
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = ( 2
) 𝑥 100 = 0%

RG316 coax cable by Pasternack front panel simulation

RG303-u coax cable by Pasternack front panel simulation

Coaxial cable block diagram

RG316 coax cable by Pasternack data sheet
RG303 coax cable by Pasternack data sheet
VIII. ANALYSIS

The characteristic impedance is determined by Z0 = √ ZlZh. where Z0 = V 0/I0. So, to

estimate Z0 we essentially plot the input impedance Zi as a function of frequency in the complex
plane when the cable is terminated in an arbitrary impedance ZL. Zi should trace a circle that
connects the real axis in Zh and Zl . The ratio of the voltage and current amplitudes of a single
wave propagating through a uniform transmission line—i.e., a wave traveling in one direction
without encountering reflections in the opposite direction—is known as the characteristic
impedance or surge impedance (often written Z0).
The voltage to current ratio for a wave that is traveling only in one direction on a
transmission line is known as the characteristic impedance. In the analysis and design of circuits
and systems that use transmission lines, this is a crucial parameter. By dividing the voltage of
such a circuit by its current, impedance is calculated. Impedance can be summed up as a
restriction on current flow in an AC circuit. The same unit used to measure DC resistance, ohms,
is used to express impedance, which is represented by the letter "Z". The characteristic
impedance is only a function of the line. The line alone determines the characteristic impedance.
A line's input impedance depends on its electrical length, loading impedance, characteristic
impedance, and other factors (or physical length and frequency).

IX. CONCLUSION

In the lab, a transmission line's characteristic impedance (Z0) is the resistance it would
show if it were infinitely long. This is completely distinct from the metallic resistance of the
wires themselves and the leakage resistance of the dielectric separating the two conductors. The
voltage to current ratio for a wave that is traveling only in one direction on a transmission line is
known as the characteristic impedance. When analyzing and designing circuits and systems that
use transmission lines, this is a crucial parameter. Similarly, two different types of transmission
lines are used to send electrical signals across vast distances: coaxial and parallel wire
transmission lines. Radio frequency and microwave applications frequently employ parallel wire
parallel wires and a dielectric separator. Coaxial transmission lines, which connect single-ended
circuits in distant places and connect antennas to receivers and transmitters, which are made of
two concentric conductors separated by an insulating material. Despite the similarities between
the two varieties, coaxial cables can accommodate greater cable lengths and are more costly
because of their superior insulation. Due to their reduced cost and lower loss, parallel wire
transmission lines are favoured for radio applications up to 100 MHz.

It is critical and highly important. The characteristic impedance of the transmission line
must coincide with the impedance of the load in order for efficient (maximum) power transfer to
take place. The characteristic impedance of a transmission line is determined by the equation Z0
= √ ZlZh, where Z0 is the voltage to current ratio of a wave traveling in one direction on the line.
The physical parameters, signalized, and material properties of a transmission line affect its
characteristic impedance. This parameter is crucial in the analysis and design of circuits and
systems that use transmission lines, and is only a function of the line itself. It is independent of
length for an even line.

X. GUIDE QUESTIONS
1. What is Characteristic Impedance?
-Characteristic Impedance is the input impedance of a transmission line either infinitely
long or terminated in a pure resistance exactly equal to its characteristic impedance;
Characteristic Impedance is also called Surge Impedance

2. What defines the Characteristic Impedance of a Transmission Line?

-Resistance, Conductance, Inductance, and Capacitance is what defines a transmission
line.

3. A commonly used coaxial cable, RG-8AIU, has a capacitance of 29.5 pF/ft and
inductance of 73. 75 nH/ft. Determine its characteristic impedance for a I ft section
and for a length of 1 mi.

Solution:
For the 1-ft section
−9
𝐿 73.75 𝑥 10
𝑍𝑜 = 𝐶
= −12 = 2500 = 50Ω
29.5 𝑥 10

For the 1-mi. section

−9
5280 (73.75 𝑥 10 ) 5280
𝑍𝑜= −12 = 5280
2500 = 50Ω
5280 (29.5 𝑥 10 )
FINAL ANSWER: For 1-ft section: 50Ω ; For 1-mi. section: 50Ω
XI. REFERENCES

Ellingson, S. W. (2020, May 9). 7.1: Parallel Wire Transmission Line. Physics LibreTexts.
Retrieved March 5, 2023, from
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Electricity_and_Magnetism/Book%3A_Electromagnetics
_II_(Ellingson)/07%3A_Transmission_Lines_Redux/7.01%3A_Parallel_Wire_Transmission_Li
ne#:~:text=However%2C%20parallel%20wire%20line%20lacks,with%20nearby%20structures
%20and%20devices.

Coaxial cable vs. Twisted Pair. Sparklight Business. (n.d.). Retrieved March 5, 2023, from
https://business.sparklight.com/the-wire/tech-talk/business-internet/coaxial-cable-vs-twisted-pair