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2012conf-Pathogen Prevention
2012conf-Pathogen Prevention
Environmental
Monitoring
Thomas M. Jones
Pathogen Monitoring Program (PEM)
• An ongoing sampling & testing
process that measures the
effectiveness of the
contamination control measures
in a plant.
• Pathogens of greatest concern
are Salmonella, Listeria and E.
coli O157.
How it’s Done…
• By collecting samples of the
plant environment:
9 Surface swabs.
9 Dust, scrapings.
9 Water/air.
• Sampling Tools can include:
9 Swabs (sponge & “Q‐tip®” style).
9 Sterile scoops, spatulas & sample
cups.
Samples Analyzed For:
• Indicator Organisms.
9 Non‐pathogens.
9 Indicators for contamination.
9 Examples:
¾ Aerobic plate count (APC).
¾ Coliforms.
¾ Total Enterobacteriacea (TEB).
• Pathogens…
Salmonella Listeria O157
The Plant Environment
• Pathogens enter the plant in many
ways (raw products, ingredients, pests,
workers).
• Once inside, they persist in niches and
move through the facility (dust, traffic
flow, condensation).
• Grow/survive within the plant.
• This a perfect recipe for
recontamination!
Concerns with Salmonella
• There are over 2,400 serotypes of
Salmonella bacteria.
• May infect over 1 million
Americans/yr. via tainted food
(CDC).
• Survives well in the environment
and is known to tolerate heat and
dry conditions.
The Salmonella Control Equation
The Primary Salmonella Control
Area (PSCA)
• The area with the highest hygiene
requirements (& risks).
• Product is exposed prior to final
sorting/packaging.
• Especially sensitive with post‐
lethality‐treated product.
The Primary Salmonella Control
Area (PSCA)
• Should be physically separate
from the rest of the facility.
• PSCA controls include:
9Barriers.
9Airflow changes/filtration.
9Traffic control (people, materials).
9Special sanitation measures.
PSCA Example
E. coli O157:H7
• O157 survives well in the environment
(spinach) and is pH resistant (fruit juices).
• Isolated from food contact surfaces (Ex:
meat processing facilities).
• Survival at low moisture?
‐ Contamination of nuts, wheat flour reported.
‐ Challenge studies suggest survival ranking of
Salmonella > O157 > Listeria.
Listeria
• Includes 6 species of common soil
bacteria. One species (Listeria
monocytogenes) is a human pathogen.
• Likes wet areas of the facility (drains,
condensate, chillers).
• Good sanitation & environmental
monitoring are critical to control.
Establishing the PEM Program
• Step one is pick your team (like HACCP).
9 Sanitation, quality, production,
maintenance, consultants.
• Evaluate the process flow & risks.
9 Recontamination threats!
• Define your hygiene areas:
9 PSCA.
9 Basic GMP Area.
9 Non‐process Area.
Establishing the PEM Program
• Based on their findings, the team selects
sampling sites.
• The “swabbing equation”:
Potential Risk = Frequency
• “Zoning” is a helpful concept in site
selection…
Zone 1 Sites
• Direct product contact surfaces.
• Exposed product prior to package
sealing.
• Examples:
9 Conveyors/buckets
9 Utensils
9 Employee hands (ex: sorters).
9 Slicers/pitters.
9 Hoppers/bins/bin liners.
9 Fillers.
Zone 1 Sites
Zone 2 Sites
• Non‐product contact sites adjacent
to Zone 1.
• Examples:
9 Equipment framework.
9 Drip shields/housing.
9 Control panels/buttons.
9 Pipes over Zone 1.
9 Computer screens.
9 Maintenance tools.
Zone 2 Sites
Zone 3 Sites
• Non‐product contact sites adjacent to
Zone 2 (not Zone 1).
9Cross‐contamination risk.
• Examples include:
9Floors/walls/ceilings.
9Hoses/air handling units.
9Drains.
9Foot mats/baths.
9Forklifts.
9Brooms/mops
9Pallets.
Zone 3 Sites
Zone 4 Sites
• Areas remote from Zone 1.
9 Cross‐contamination of Zones 1‐3 from
Zone 4 can occur!
• Examples:
9 Locker/break rooms, offices.
9 Warehouses/freezers/cold storage.
9 Restrooms.
9 Loading docks.
9 Maintenance shop.
Zone 4 Sites
Sample Collection
• Work out from Zone 1 to Zone 4.
• Samplers must practice good hygiene:
1. Wash/sanitize hands.
2. Put on sterile gloves before handling swab.
3. Change gloves/sanitize between swabs.
4. Only non‐sterile surface the swab should
touch is the sample site!!
Sample Collection
• The area sampled can vary:
9 40‐200 in2 for indicators.
9 40‐400 in2 for pathogens.
• Wipe Zone 1 sites with alcohol‐based
sanitizer after sampling.
• Always submit a negative control swab:
9 Removed from bag & returned w/o being used.
• Submit samples promptly!
9 Transport < 45 oF.
9 Test < 48 hrs.
Sampling Frequency
• Initial sampling is intensive to establish
a baseline…
9 25‐50 swabs/zone/day for a month!
• Routine sampling:
9 Weekly in Zone 1 (# can vary).
9 10‐15/week in Zones 2‐3.
9 5‐10/month in Zone 4.
• Rotate sites.
9 Allow monitor discretion in site
selection
9 Test each site 4 times/year.
Sample Testing
• Zone 1 testing is typically indicators.
9 (+) pathogen = product holds/recalls.
9 Indicators allow you to quantify
sanitation efforts.
9 Sample after cleaning/before sanitizing.
• Zones 2‐4 are tested for
pathogens.
9 Raw process areas will have some (+)
hits.
9 Usually taken during production.
Sampling Summary
Microbiological Minimum
Examples of Sampling Typical Number
Zone Frequency of
Sites Test of Samples
Sampling
Indicator
Organisms Weekly, post‐
Product Contact Site
cleaning pre‐ Line
1 (conveyers, hoppers, (APC, coliforms, sanitizer Dependent
utensils, etc.) TEB) pathogens application.
sometimes.
Adjacent to Zone 1
2 (framework, control Pathogens Weekly 10‐15
panels, catwalks, etc.)
Further From Zone 1
3 (forklifts, floors, drains, Pathogens Weekly 10‐15
walls, brooms, etc.)
Outside the Process
Area (warehouse, plant
4 entrance, restrooms,
Pathogens Monthly 5‐10
office, etc.)
The Results…
• The quantitative data from Zone 1 can be
used to evaluate sanitation programs:
Pathogen Results
• A response for (+) pathogen results is
essential. Some typical corrective
actions:
9 Cease production/quarantine the affected area
(& product if zone 1).
9 Vector swab site & adjacent areas (zones 2&3).
9 Breakdown lines for inspection, swabbing &
cleaning (zones 1&2).
9 Thoroughly clean site (50 ft. radius, zones 3&4).
9 Increase sampling frequency to daily until 3 (‐)
results occur.
Example of Vector Swabbing
Positive Result Follow‐up…
• Reassemble your team.
9 Root cause investigation (what happened?).
9 Audit handling practices.
9 Possible causes include:
¾Maintenance/construction events.
¾Structural damage/roof leaks.
¾Changes in personnel, traffic patterns.
¾Changes in cleaning/sanitation.
Positive Result Follow‐up…
• Use the team’s findings to improve
operations:
9Reinforce training (GMPs).
9Cleaning/sanitation.
9Repairs/improvements.
9Traffic patterns.
Positive Result Follow‐up…
• Proper disposition of product
(zone 1 positive).
9 Product placed on hold.
9 Product can be re‐worked or
condemned.
¾ Validated processes only.
9 Testing alone is not a suitable
method of clearing product!
The Value of a PEM Program
• It can make your operation better.
9 Eliminate niches/hot spots before they cause
trouble.
• Demonstrates your food safety
competence to visitors.
9 Auditors, buyers & regulators.
• A powerful training tool!
9 Can bring food safety home to workers!
Success in Sanitation = Success
in Swabbing!
Sanitation Overview
• From the Latin word sanitas, which means
health.
• “Sanitation is the creation/maintenance of
hygienic and healthful conditions”
(Marriott, 1999).
• The objective is to create a clean
environment so that food can be handled
with the least possible risk of
contamination.
The Sanitation Sequence
• Pre‐clean: Remove gross soils with warm water
(wet) or vacuum/compressed air (dry).
• Clean: Prepare & use chemicals as per label
instructions (amount, temperature, contact time,
safety).
• Rinse: Use warm water to remove soils & cleaner,
inspect for cleanliness (verify).
• Sanitize: Apply a chemical to kill/inhibit microbial
growth.
Pre‐clean Clean
Verify
Sanitize
Rinse
Sanitizing Without Cleaning is Pointless
• Soils can inactivate the sanitizer before it
kills the microbes. Ex: Hypochlorites and
proteins.
• Microbes will form biofilms on a dirty
surface.
• Biofilms are highly resistant to sanitizers..
Birth of a Biofilm
The Mature Biofilm
90 Minute Exposure to 4 ppm Chloramine
Biofilms can survive heat
treatments, various
sanitizers (hypochlorite,
periacetic acid, quats).
Biofilm (+) strains Biofilm formation increases
Salmonella survival in dry
environments…
Biofilm (‐) strains
Iibuchi, et. al., J Food Protection 73(8) 2010, pp1506‐1510
Questions, Comments?