SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY

POLYMER
U DAYA P PA N .V
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
POLYMER
Polymer is a giant molecule obtained by
intermolecular combination of large number of small
molecules.
 Example: Polyethylene, Polyvinyl chloride
Polypropylene.
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
MONOMER
Monomer is a micro molecule(small molecule) which combines
with each other to form a Polymer.
Example:

CH2 = CH2
( Ethylene)
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
MACROMER
Macromer in which large number of small molecules (Monomers)
combine to give a big molecule or Macromer or Polymer.
• Example:

(CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2)n

( Poly-Ethylene)
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
POLYMERISATION
Polymerization is a process in which large number
of small molecules combine to give a big molecule
with or without elimination of small molecules like
water.
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
POLYMERISATION
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
TYPES OF POLYMER
HOMOPOLYMER :
A Polymer formed from only one type of Monomer is
called homopolymer.

(CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2) n

SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
TYPES OF POLYMER
HETEROPOLYMER :

A Polymer formed from two or more type of

Monomer is called heteropolymer.
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
TYPES OF POLYMER
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
TYPES OF POLYMERISATION
1.ADDITION OR CHAIN GROWTH
POLYMERISATION (கூட்டு பலபடியாக்கல் ):-
Multiple of the original Monomeric molecule.

Example : Polyethylene
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
TYPES OF POLYMERISATION
2.CONDENSATION OR STEP WISE POLYMERISATION
(சுருங் குமுறைப் பலபடியாக்கல் ):-
Monomers with the formation of polymer and
elimination of polymer small molecules like HCl,
H2 O .
Example:
Polyamides (Nylon compounds)
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
TYPES OF POLYMERISATION
3. COPOLYMERISATION :
 It is the joint Polymerisation in which two or
more different monomers combine to give a
Polymer.
 High molecular weight Polymers.
Example :
Styrene butadiene Rubber ( SBR )
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
CLASSIFICATION OF PLASTICS

POLYMER

THERMOPLASTIC THERMOSETTING
PLASTIC
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
THERMOPLASTIC
Prepared by Addition polymerisation .
 They are straight chain or slightly branched
polymers and various chains are held together by
weak vanderwaal’s forces.
 Softened on heating and hardened on cooling.
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
THERMOPLASTIC
EXAMPLES :
 Polyethylene , Polyvinyl chloride (PVC),
 Polypropylene, Polystyrene , Acrylics
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
APPLICATION
Polyethylene :
 It is made from ethylene gas
USES :
 Moisture resistant, but not strong execpt at
absorbing impacts.
Its applications include gallon milk jugs, lawn
chairs, garbage cans, and disposable gloves
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
EFFECTS
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
EFFECTS
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
EFFECTS
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
EFFECTS
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
EFFECTS
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
GO GREEN TO KEEP IT CLEAN
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
THERMOPLASTIC APPLICATION
Polyvinyl chloride :
Acetylene + HCl Vinyl chloride
Vinyl chloride Polymerizations PVC
H2 O2
USES :
Cable insulation, flooring, roofing, hosepipes, Refrigerator
components.
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
THERMOPLASTIC APPLICATION
POLY STYRENE :
 Polymerisation of styrene
GPPS – toys, packaging, cosmetic packaging
HIPS – TV cabinets, refrigerator linings, toilet seats
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
THERMOPLASTIC APPLICATION
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
THERMOPLASTIC APPLICATION
ACRILIC : (Polymethyl Methacrylate)
USES:
Lenses, signs, light diffusers, point of purchase
displays
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
THERMOPLASTIC APPLICATION
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
THERMOSETTING PLASTIC
Prepared by condensation polymerisation.
 Various polymer chains are held together by strong
covalent bonds (cross-links )
Example:
Bakelite, Polyester.
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
THERMOSETTING PLASTIC
Bakelite, a phenol-formaldehyde resin used in
electrical insulators and plastic ware
Urea-formaldehyde foam used in plywood,
particleboard and medium-density fiberboard
Melamine resin used on worktop surfaces
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
THERMOSETTING PLASTIC
Epoxy resin used as the matrix component in
many fiber reinforced plastics such as glass-
reinforced plastic and graphite-reinforced plastic
Duroplast, light but strong material, similar to
Bakelite used for making car parts
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
THERMOSETTING PLASTIC
• Polyurethanes: insulating foams, mattresses,
coatings, adhesives, car parts, print rollers, shoe
soles, flooring, synthetic fibers, etc. Polyurethane
polymers are formed by combining two bi- or higher
functional monomers/oligomers. This common type
of thermoset material has also recently shown to
have transient properties and can thus be
reprocessed or recycled
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
THERMOSETTING PLASTIC
Phenol + Formaldehyde Acid or Base
Bakelite
 Phenol + Formaldehyde Acid Medium
Novolak
 Phenol + Formaldehyde Alkaline Medium
Resol
 Melamine- Formaldehyde resin
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
THERMOSETTING PLASTIC
BAKELITE :
USES :
 Low degree Bakelite –Bonding glue for laminated
wooden planks and in Varnishes and lacquers.
High-degree Bakelite- Making combs, Fountain pen
barrels ,phonograph records
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
THERMOSETTING PLASTIC
SULPHONATED BAKELITE - Ion- Exchange resins
 PHENOL- FORMALDEHYDE- Manufacture of large
scale gear wheels for steel rolling and paper mills,
protective castings and Electrical equipments.
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
BRAIN-STROMING
Natural rubber – Isoprene (C5 H8)
 Synthetic rubber- Neoprene ( Obtained from
chloroprene – C4 H5 Cl )
 Discovery of vulcanisation of rubber – Charles
Goodyear
Discovery of celluloid – Alexandare Parkes
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
BRAIN-STROMING
 Discovery of first synthetic fiber – Nylon (
Wallace Carothers -1937)
 Polyamides- Nylon-66, Nylon-6, Nylon-11
 PET- Poly Ethylene Terithalate
TEFLON- Tetra Fluoro Ethylene
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
BRAIN-STROMING
Co-Polymer - Terylene , Nylon ,
Styrene butadiene rubber
 Synthetic rubber - Buna- S ,
(Bu – Stands for Butadiene , na- for Sodium
acting as Polymerization initiator , S- for Styrene .
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
BRAIN-STROMING
 BUNA-S – General Purpose Rubber Styrene (GRS)
USES :
 Neoprene and Buna-s are extremely resistant
towards wear tear and used for the manufacture of
tyres, rubber tubes and other mechanical rubber
goods.
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
BRAIN-STROMING
BUNA-N :
 Obtained as a result of copolymerization of two
parts of Butadiene with one part of Acrylonitrile in
the presence of sodium metal.
USES :
 It is hard and extremely resistant to the swelling
action of oils (Petrol) solvents, heat etc.
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
BRAIN-STROMING
 It is used for the manufacture of storage tanks for
the solvents.
POLY HALOALKENES :
 Poly tetra fluoroethylene ( CF 2 – CF2 )n
Tetra fluoroethylene(CF2 – CF2)
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
BRAIN-STROMING
USES :
 Resistant to heat and chemical attack
 Non-Stick coating
POLY MONOCHLORO TRI FLUOROETHYLENE :
( CClF – CF2 )n
USES:
 Non-Stick coating
( However the presence of chlorine atoms causes this polymer to
be less to resistant heat and to chemicals.
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
BRAIN-STROMING
CONDENSATION POLYMER :
I. POLY ESTERS :
a. Terylene or Dacron
- Obtained by the Polymerization of Terephthalic acid with
Ethylene Glycol
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
BRAIN-STROMING
USES :
 Strong Fibres
 It is used as a blend with cotton in clothing
 Seat belt and Sails
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
BRAIN-STROMING
B. GLYPTAL OR ALKYD RESIN :
 Ethylene Glycol and Phthalic acid.
USES :
 Used in the manufacture of Paints and lacquers.
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
BRAIN-STROMING
POLY AMIDES :
 NYLON 66 – Hexamethylene Diamine +
Adipic acid
 NYLON 6 - Caprolactum – ( CH2)5 CONH
 NYLON -11 – OMEGA-Amino undecanoic acid
( n H2N- (CH2)10 –COOH )
 BRAIN-STROMING
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY

USES :
 Very high tensile strength
 Good resistance to abrasion
 Fabricated Sheets
 Wrinkled nylon fibers are used for making Elastic
hosiery.
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
BRAIN-STROMING
POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE : ( PET )
 Saturated Polyester
 Prepared by condensation of Ethylene glycol and
Terephthalic acid
USES :
It is mostly used for making synthetic fibres like
TREYLENE, DACRON .
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
BRAIN-STROMING
It is used for blending with wool to provide better
crease and wrinkle resistance.
 It also used as glass reinforcing material in safety
helmets , Aircrafts, Battery boxes .
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
BRAIN-STROMING
POLYURETHANES OR PERLON-U:
 1,4- Butanediol with 1,6 –Hexamethylene di-
isocyanate
USES :
 Coatings , Films,Foams, Adhesives and Elastomers.
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
BRAIN-STROMING
Defence,Oceanographic research, Mountaineering .
 Polyurethane fibre (Spandex) is used for foundation
garments and Swim suits
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
BRAIN-STROMING
POLYCARBONATES ( LEXAN, MERLAN ):
 Diphenyl Carbonate Carbonate with Bisphenol- A.
USES :
 Electrical insulators, Sockets, Camera, Hair-drier
bodies, Baby bottles, Photographic flim.
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
BRAIN-STROMING
TEFLON :
 Tetrafluoroethylene
USES :
 Very good insulating material
 Making gaskets,Packings , Pumb parts
 Non-lubricating bearings, Chemical carrying pipes.
 Non- Sticking stop cocks for burettes.
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
BRAIN-STROMING
TYPES OF RUBBER :
 Natural rubber
 Synthetic rubber
OBJECTIVES OF VULCANISATION :
 Uncrossed linked rubber products,such as natural
rubber obtained from latex ,are soft and have poor
tensile strength and abrasion resistance.
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
BRAIN-STROMING
To obtain a cross-linked structure of rubber,the
process of vulcanization is made.
PROCESS:
 The process of vulcanization consists of heating the
raw rubber with sulphur to about 100 -140 C
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY
BRAIN-STROMING
EXAMPLE :
I. Tyre rubber contains 3 to 5 % sulphur.
II. Battery case rubber contains 30 % sulphur
ADVANTAGES :
 High durability
 Oxidation resistance is high
 High resistance to wear and tear
 Low water absorbing tendency
 M oderate elongation
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY