POLYMERS

01 Introduction

POLYMERS
02 Properties of Polymers
03 Types of Polymers
04 Classification of Polymers
Characteristics of
05 Polymers
Use of Polymers in our Daily
06 Lives
 POLYMERS

silk dna wood balloons

 What is
a polymer?
• A large molecule is made of
small units called MONOMERS.

• Polymers are formed through the

process of POLYMERISATION
 polymers by STRUCTURE

LINEAR BRANCHED CROSS-

LINKED
 polymers by STRUCTURE

LINEAR resemble ‘spaghetti’ with long chains.

BRANCHED

CROSS-
LINKED
 polymers by STRUCTURE

LINEAR resemble ‘spaghetti’ with long chains.

resemble linear polymers with the addition of

BRANCHED shorter chains hanging from the spaghetti backbone.

CROSS-
LINKED
 polymers by STRUCTURE

LINEAR resemble ‘spaghetti’ with long chains.

resemble linear polymers with the addition of

BRANCHED shorter chains hanging from the spaghetti backbone.

CROSS- resemble ladders.

LINKED
 how do polymers form?
TWO TYPES OF REACTIONS

• ADDITION 2. CONDENSATION
 how do polymers form?
TWO TYPES OF REACTIONS

• ADDITION
repeated addition of monomer
molecules which possess triple
or double bonds.
 how do polymers form?
TWO TYPES OF REACTIONS

• ADDITION 2. CONDENSATION
repeated addition of monomer polymers are made between two
molecules which possess triple monomers, releasing a small
or double bonds. molecule in the process.
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES OF
POLYMERS
Presented by: Sherwin V. Cauguiran
Physical properties of polymers – deals with
the molecular weight, molar volume, density,
degree of polymerization, crystallinity of
polymers.

Polymerization – is a chemical reaction in which

two or more molecules (monomers) combined
chemically to produce network molecule called
a polymer.
Monomers - a molecule of any of a class
of compounds, mostly organic, that can react
with other molecules to form very large
molecules, or polymers.
Ex. C2H4
Polymerization of ethyne to polyethylene is carried
out by using Fe, Co as catalyst
Molecular weight - is the product of the degree of
polymerization and the molecular weight of the
repeating unit.
Crystalline and amorphous
polymers
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS
Amorphous region
Glassy state - at low temperature (frozen state) the
molecules can vibrate slightly but are not able to
move significantly.

Rubbery state - when the polymer is heated, the

polymer chains are able to wiggle around each
other.
Glass transition temperature(Tg) - temperature
at which the glassy state makes a transition to
rubbery state.
Crystalline region is characterized by the
melting point.
Mechanical Properties of
polymers
Strength - the strength is the stress required to break the
sample.

Factors Affecting the Strength of Polymers

Molecular Weight - The tensile strength of the polymer rises
with increase in molecular weight
Cross-linking -The cross-linking restricts the motion of the chains
and increases the strength of the polymer
Mechanical Properties of
polymers
Toughness - The toughness of a material is given by the area
under a stress–strain curve
Mechanical Properties of
polymers
Viscoelasticity
2 types: elastic and viscous

Elastic deformation - the strain is generated at the moment, the

constant load (or stress) is applied, and this strain is maintained
until the stress is not released. On removal of the stress, the
material recovers its original dimensions completely, that is the
deformation is reversible.
Mechanical Properties of
polymers
Viscoelasticity
2 types: elastic and viscous

Viscous deformation - the strain generated is not instantaneous

and it is time dependent. The strain keeps on increasing with
time on application of the constant load, that is, the recovery
process is delayed. When the load is removed, the material does
not return to its original dimensions completely, that is, this
deformation is irreversible.
 TYPES OF
POLYMERS
TWO TYPES OF POLYMERS

01 Natural Polymers

02 Synthetic Polymers
NATURAL POLYMERS

● Occur in nature and can be

extracted
● They are often water-
based.

TYPES OF POLYMERS → NATURAL POLYMERS

 Examples of Natural Polymers

Silk Wool DNA Cellulose

TYPES OF POLYMERS → NATURAL POLYMERS → EXAMPLES

 Cellulose

A complex carbohydrate, or polysaccharide, consisting of 3000 or

more glucose units
TYPES OF POLYMERS → NATURAL POLYMERS → EXAMPLES → CELLULOSE
SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

● Derived from petroleum

oil, and made by scientists
and engineers

TYPES OF POLYMERS → SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

 Examples of Synthetic Polymers

Polyvinyl Acetate Polyethylene

Polystyrene Polyester Terephthalate

TYPES OF POLYMERS → SYNTHETIC POLYMERS → EXAMPLES

 Polyethylene Terephthalate

Consists of two different kinds of monomers: terephthalic acid and

ethylene glycol
TYPES OF POLYMERS → SYNTHETIC POLYMERS → EXAMPLES → PET
Thermosets
Thermosets
• A Thermosets is a polymer that
experiences both a physical and chemical
change during a non-reversible curing
process.
• Thermosets cannot be reheated and
reshaped
• Strong interconnecting
bonds that cannot easily
be broken by applying
thermal energy to the
system.
Thermosets
Advantages
• Resistance to
heat, chemicals • Hardness
and dimensional • Stiffness
changes. • Compression
Strenght
• Low
Flammability
Thermosets
Disadvantages

• Long Cycle
Times
• Secondary
Operations
• Health
Concerns
 Examples of Thermosetting
Plastic

Bakelite Duroplast Polyimides

 ELASTOMERS
- The name elastomer, came from elastic polymer and its most
common nickname is rubber. In chemistry, elastomers can be
defined as long-chain polymers of carbon, silicon, hydrogen,
and oxygen, having intermolecular cross-links in their chemical
structures.

53 TYPES OF POLYMERS 2023

 Properties of Elastomers

-The ability of a substance to flow. Elastomers are

VISCOSITY generally very viscous, making them slow-flowing
under force.

- The ability of an object to return to its original

ELASTICITY shape after stretching or compressing it under
force.

54 TYPES OF POLYMERS 2023

 VULCANIZATIO
N
- a process that allows
rubber to withstand heat
and cold.
- Charles Goodyear is
best known for the
discovery of the
vulcanization process in
1839.

55 TYPES OF POLYMERS 2023

 Cis-Polyisoprene (Natural Rubber, NR)

Common Cis-Polybutadiene (Butadiene Rubber, BR)

Examples of
Elastomers Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR)

Ethylene-Propylene Rubber (EPR)

56 TYPES OF POLYMERS 2023

 Cis-Polyisoprene (Natural Rubber, NR)
- which is made from the milky latex of various trees, most usually the Hevea rubber
tree. It has a molecular structure where the isoprene units are arranged in a cis
configuration.

Rubber balloons Latex Gloves Rubber bands

57 TYPES OF POLYMERS 2023

 Cis-Polybutadiene (Butadiene Rubber, BR)
- It is known for its excellent abrasion resistance and low-temperature flexibility, making
it valuable in applications like tire manufacturing.

Tire treads Anti-vibration Mounts Conveyor belts

58 TYPES OF POLYMERS 2023

 Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR)
It is a copolymer, meaning it is made by polymerizing two different monomers: styrene
and butadiene. It is widely used in the production of car tires due to its ability to provide
good traction, wear resistance, and cost-effectiveness.

Car tires Belts and Hoses Shoe soles

59 TYPES OF POLYMERS 2023

 Ethylene-Propylene Rubber (EPR)
- are synthetic rubber that don't get easily damaged by the weather, heat, or chemicals.

Roof Membrane Automotive seals Pond and pool liners

60 TYPES OF POLYMERS 2023

CHARACTERISTICS
OF
POLYMERS
Difference Between Thermosetting Plastic and
Thermoplastic
THERMOPLASTIC THERMOSET
Low Tensile Strength High Tensile Strength

Low Melting Point High Melting Point

Low Molecular Weight High Molecular Weight

Ability to maintain its molecular More stiffness and superior

structure after being heated and mechanical properties
reshaped

Recyclable Non-Recyclable
GENERAL ATTRIBUTES OF POLYMERS
• Polymers can be very resistant to chemicals
• Polymers can be both thermal and electrical insulators
• Polymers are very lightweight, with varying degrees of strength
• Polymers can be processed in various ways to produce thin fibers or very
intricate parts
01
Use of Polymers in
our Daily Lives
02

Use of Polymers in 01 Clothing

our Daily Lives 02 Disposable cups

03 Plastic bags

04 Foam cushion

05 Cookwares

06 CDs/DVDs

07 Acrylic paint

08 Chairs
04
Clothing
Polyester Nylon Silk
05

Disposable
Cups
Polyethylene Cups Polystyrene Cups
06

Polyethylene Polysterene
Plastic Bags
08

Foam Cushion
Polyurethane Foam Cushion
polyols & polymeric isocyanate
09
Cookwares
Teflon Coated Cookware
10

CDs/DVDs
polycarbonate
Acrylic Paint
Acrylic Polymer binder
1
2

Chairs
Polypropylene
Thank you!