Pogue 8.1, Cheri scr ofthe 20 standard aminoacids pls Selenccycoine, Proteins Proteins are the most abundant organic ‘compounds found in any living organism, | The name protein came from the Greek word proteos meaning “first place.” It is a biological polymer constructed from amino acids as its monomer. Proteins are important in the structure of the cells; they serve as gene activators, membrane receptors, transporters, clotting factors, et There are seven major classes of | proteins which include: j 1, Structural protein — found in the hair of mammals; fiber that makes up the tendons | and ligaments i 2. Contractile protein-protein’ _ that provide muscular movement 3. Storage protein — such as ovalbumin, the main substance of egg whitensive protein - includes antibodies that promote protection against foreign bodies sport protein — includes hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein in the blood that sports oxygen from the lungs to the other parts of the body 'al protein - such as hormones which help coordinate body activities IZYMe ~ serves as the chemical catalyst that changes the rate of chemical reactions There are 20 amino acids that arein the human body (Figure 5.1), We are capable of making Of these amino acids but the other nine must be consumed. Thus, these nine amino acids are d essential amino acids. The essential amino acids ae histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, Honine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. Each amino acid has a central ine group. Water is released as a by- uct during this process. ur Structures of Protein The complex configuration of a Btein dictates its function (Figure 5.2) primary structure of @ protein shows sequence of amino acids forming peptide chains. The primary structure tached together by covalent or peptide \ds. This process is done during the pon of protein biosynthesis ortransiation, Toray structure structure is determined by the gene sponding to the protein. During protein thesis, aspactc sequence of nucleotides Syurstprasinnes 1e DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which ewe 52. n read by the ribosome in a processcalled translation. Protein sequences are unique for each type of protein. This, later on, defing, the structure and function of the protein. The amino acid sequence can then form its seconda, structure, a highly regular local sub-structure that can take the form of an alpha helix or a ber, strand. These structures are defined by hydrogen bonds between the main chain peptide groups (a) Pay snenee chal ae gure. tharatn a pinay to ater leon cf emogain. Content amin acid canbe aad te rece scandy ata, and quate pron stuces Ihc, eosin coin home units. ‘The alpha- or beta-sheets can then transform tots tertiary structure, which pertains to the ‘overall 30 shape of a polypeptide by a pattern of folding driven by the non-specific hydrophobic interactions. The alpha-helices and beta-sheets are folded into a compact globule. Quaternary structure is the arrangement of multiple folded protein or coiling protein molecules in a mult- subunit complex. An example is the oxygen-transporting molecule hemoglobin which has four subunits (Figure 5.3). Another example of @ common quatemary protein is collagen fibers. Role of Proteins Humans need to consume protein to maintain a source of nitrogen that is used by the body in the production of new cells and the formation of new compounds. Proteins ar@nade up of smaller units called amino acids. There are 20 different types of amino acids that an assemble in different configurations to form longer chains. The sequence of amino acids _gctates the function ofthe protein. This makes up parts of the cellular components and the cell membrane, thus, implying that protein is found in every cell in the human body. Some proteins help in maintaining the fluid balance in the blood and other tissues, as well as maintain the acid- base balance. The nine essential acids that the human body does not synthesize are histidine, izoleucne, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. Food that contain these nine essential acids in roughly equal proportions are called complete proteins. Complete proteins mainly come from animal sources, such as milk, meat, and eggs. Perhaps some of the most important proteins in the body are enzymes that aid in the chemical reactions occurring in each cell and are known to assist in DNA replication, transcription, and vanslation. Proteins also serve as messengers for signal transmissions (e.g., hormones thet help communicate between tissues and organs). They are also known as carriers of atoms and small molecules within cells. Proteins also aid in the body/s defense as antibodies that bind to foreign particles like bacteria and viruses. PROTEIN SOURCES DIFFER Most so-called complete proteins come from animal sources Quality Complete® Nonallergenic* Whey protein isolate 1.00 v x Casein 1.00 v x Soy Protein isolate 1.00 ¥ x Egg white powder 1.00 ¥ x Beef 0.92 v v Chicken 092 Vv v Pea proteinisolate. 0.82 x v Canned lentils * 052 x v Hemp seed ost x v Whole algal protein 0.51 4 v Wheat gluten 025 x x atts messed bythe prot digenbin-conectd amino ad soe or POCAAS, 2 sua iment OF Crean poten gesitybCanplee™ pers prove requed eaeaeren o e ial amin nace Conmen aetna voted: er rer sles ae FTES Foes & grins Opananson: OsPone Roque; Slay “Tiare Food chem 2010, D0" 1010271026305 igre 54, Source of proton ia he human detExamples of Protein Functions Immunoglobulin 6 (gg Antibody (Ab) Known as immuneglobouling (9), those are ¥shaped proteins tat help Born mm Xs) _ | inprotecting the body by fighting al hid iokign bos coed nigens Figure 85, Bsc once ofA Enzyme These are biomolecules that speed | Phenylalanine up the chemical reaction inthe cals. These are vital in lfe processes like digestion and metabolism. They also assist inthe formation of new ‘molecules by roading the genetic information stored in the ONA. hydroxylase Figure 8.7. Sample activity fa messenger hormone Messenger proteins are proteins that transmit signals to coordinate biological processes between different cell, tissues, and organs. Growth hormone Structural component Figure 5.8, cin and myouh taert ‘Those are a type of protein that provides structure and suppor for cells Actin, MyosinTransport/storage These are proteins that bind and Ferritin carry molecules within the cells and throughout the body. Figure 5.9. Transport proteins inthe cel