ENZYMES Submolecule

GROUP 5
LEADER: JIMWEL DELA CRUZ
MEMBERS: MINDI MAY AGUILAR
KRISTINE ROSE DEL ROSARIO
MARK NICOLE RAYMUNDO
LYKA MAE MIRANDA
REIZELLE GEUVARRA
 ENZYMe
Substance that acts as catalyst in living organisms, meaning they increase or
decrease the rate of a chemical reaction in a living organism without itself
being consumed.
CATAL
YSTS?
eNZYMES?
regulating the rate at which chemical reactions proceed
without itself being altered in the process. The biological
processes that occur within all living organisms are chemical
reactions, and most are regulated by enzymes.
Enzymes can work in different ways:

-some enzymes help to break down large molecules into

smaller
-they can build up large molecule from small one
-and they can change one molecule into another
ENZYMES WORK IN CONJUNCTION WITH
SUBSTRATES.
The majority of enzymes are proteins, though some are
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules. RNA molecules translate
information from DNA and create proteins. Each cell contains
thousands of enzymes, providing specific help throughout the
body.
What do enzymes do?
Enzymes provide support for many important processes within the body.
Some examples include:
 The digestive system: Enzymes help the body break down larger
complex molecules into smaller molecules, such as glucose, so that the
body can use them as fuel.
 DNA replication: Each cell in the body contains DNA. Each time a
cell divides, the cell needs to copy its DNA. Enzymes help in this
process by unwinding the DNA coils.
 Liver enzymes: The liver breaks down toxins in the body. To do this,
it uses a range of enzymes the facilitate the process of destroying the
toxins
How enzymes work?
The “lock and key” model was first
proposed in 1894. In this model, an
enzyme’s active site is a specific shape,
and only the substrate will fit into it, like a
lock and key. A newer model, the induced-
fit model, helps to account for reactions
between substrates and active sites that are
not exact fits. In this model, the active site
changes shape as it interacts with the
substrate. Once the substrate fully locks in
and in the exact position, the catalysis can
begin.
Cofactors
Some enzymes cannot function unless they attach to a specific non-protein molecule,
known as cofactors. There are two types of cofactors, ions and coenzymes.

 Ions are inorganic molecules that loosely bond to the enzyme to ensure it can
function. By contrast,
 Coenzymes are organic molecules that also loosely bond with and allow an
enzyme to do its job.

When a cofactor bonds tightly with an enzyme, it is known as a prosthetic group.

Inhibition
To ensure that the body’s systems work correctly, it is sometimes necessary to
slow down enzyme function. For instance, if an enzyme makes too much of a
product, then the body needs a way to reduce or stop the production. Several
factors can limit enzyme activity levels, including:
 Competitive inhibitors: This inhibitor molecule blocks the active site so that
the substrate has to compete with the inhibitor to attach to the enzyme.
 Non-competitive inhibitors: This
molecule binds to an enzyme
somewhere other than the active
site and reduces how effectively it
works.

 Uncompetitive inhibitors: This

inhibitor binds to the enzyme and
substrate. The products leave the
active site less easily, which slows
the reaction.
 Irreversible inhibitors: This is an irreversible
inhibitor, which binds to an enzyme and permanently
inactivates it.
Types of Enzymes:

1. Oxidoreductases - class of enzymes that catalyze oxidoreduction reactions, examples

of this are cytochrome, dehydrogenase, and etc.
2. Transferases - help in the exchange or transfer of functional groups, examples of this
is acitate kinase.
3. Hydrolases - biochemical catalysts which utilize water as a hydroxyl group donor
during the substrate breakdown, example of this are lipase and sucrose.
4. Lyases - catalyze the breaking of a chemical bond between two parts of a molecule
through biochemical means other than hydrolysis and/or oxidation. Example of this is
isocitrate.
5. Ligases - catalyze the joining of two large molecules by forming a new chemical bond,
examples of this are Acetyl—CoA synthetase (C-S bond) and etc. 6.isomerases - catalyze
reactions involving a structural rearrangement of a molecule, example of this is glucose-
phosphate isomerase.
Examples of Specific Enzymes:
Lipases: This group of enzymes help digest fats in the gut.
Amylase: In the saliva, amylase helps change starches into sugars.
Maltase: This also occurs in the saliva, and breaks the sugar maltose into
glucose.
Trypsin: These enzymes break proteins down into amino acids in the small
intestine.
Lactase: Lactase breaks lactose, the sugar in milk, into glucose and
galactose.
Acetylcholinesterase: These enzymes break down the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine in nerves and muscles. Helicase: Helicase enzymes unravel
DNA.
DNA Polymerase: These enzymes synthesize DNA from
deoxyribonucleotides
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