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THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Theory of Architecture
Frequently Asked Questions (30-45 questions)

Sizes and heights of furniture

Minimum dimension of spaces
Color theory
Psychology of colors
Organization of forms
Basic tropical design theories
Basic sustainable design theories

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PEOPLE AND
DIMENSION OF SPACE

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS 600
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

1620 Male
1500 1520 Male

1200 850 450

450

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ANTHROPOMETRICS

PEOPLE AND SPACE

PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

1800

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES PEOPLE AND SPACE
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES 600 600
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

1200

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ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE SINGLE BED
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS 150 600 150
COLOR SCHEMES 600 600
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

2000

900

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE QUEEN BED
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS 150 600 600 150
COLOR SCHEMES 600 600
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

2000

1500

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ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE KING BED (MATRIMONIAL)
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS 150 600 400 600 150
COLOR SCHEMES
600 600
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

2000

1900

DOUBLE BED (SUPER SINGLE)

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS 300 600 300
COLOR SCHEMES 600 600
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

A standard-sized crib is the typical go-to for most

parents. Measuring around 28 inches by 52 inches
2000

1200

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CRIB
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
A standard-sized crib is the typical go-to for most
COLORS parents. Measuring around 28 inches by 52 inches
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
28 inches
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

52 inches

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TABLE
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS 700/ 700/
COLOR SCHEMES
750 750 700 X
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS 900
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

1200

900 X
900
1400

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CLEARANCE
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN 450
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
900
INTERIOR FINISHING
450

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CLEARANCE
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS 450
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS 900
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS 450
INTERIOR FINISHING

600 min
HIGH DENSITY

900 ideal
(Med end)
HIGH DENSITY

1200 ideal
(high end)
LOW DENSITY

HIGH DENSITY- MED TO LOW END RESTAURANT

LOW DENSITY – HIGH END RESTAURANT

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CLEARANCE
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

900 min
1200 ideal
550 min

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SOFA
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
100 100
COLORS
600 600
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
600
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS 100
INTERIOR FINISHING

600

700

600 X 3

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DINING CHAIR
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS 550 600
COLOR SCHEMES 600
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING
450

450

450

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HEIGHT OF FURNITURE

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ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE HEIGHTS OF SPACES
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
Living room
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

1500

900
450 480

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ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE HEIGHTS OF SPACES
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
Dining room
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

1500

400x500
750 900
600x600 480

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ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE HEIGHTS OF SPACES
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
Kitchen
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

1800

1500
850

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ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE HEIGHTS OF SPACES
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
Bedroom
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

1200

750 480 min 480 450

500 ideal

BEDROOM

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ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE HEIGHTS OF SPACES
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS Toilet
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

1500
1800
850
450 600 750 kids

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COLOR THEORY

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ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
COLOR WHEEL
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

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ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
COLOR MIXING
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

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ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE COLOR MIXING
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

Red= passion, rage Green= refreshing, sedating

Orange= energy, stimulating Blue= peaceful, conducive to think
Yellow= attention, happy Violet= sophistication, melancholy

WARM COOL

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ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS TERMS TO KNOW
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS Hue : Another name for
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
color
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS Chroma : Intensity or
INTERIOR FINISHING
saturation of color
Value : The lightness or
darkness of a color.
Tint : Color + White
Tone : Color + Grey
Shade : Color + Black
Key Color : Dominant color in a
color scheme or
mixture.

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ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
Terms to know
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
Color Scheme is a combination of colors that harmonize with each
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS other.
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS Mono-chromatic:Using one color (hue) throughout, utilizing that colors various
INTERIOR FINISHING tints, tones and shades. When using a mono-chromatic scheme using multiple
textures creates character and maintains unity.

Complimentary: Using two colors (hues) that are opposites such as red and green
or violet and yellow. Choose varying tints tones and shades which will give the bold
dramatic effect you are looking for.

Analogous: Using three colors (hues) that are neighboring each other on the color
wheel. These schemes can be warm or cool since colors are adjacent on the color
wheel.

Triadic: Using three colors (hues) that are equal distance apart on the color wheel,
such as red, yellow and blue or using secondary colors yellow-green, blue-violet, and
red-orange.

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ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING
Red

warmth, love, anger, danger,

boldness, excitement, speed,
strength, energy, determination,
desire, passion, courage

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ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING
Orange

cheerfulness, low cost, affordability,

enthusiasm, stimulation, creativity,
aggression, food

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ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
Yellow
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS

attention-grabbing, comfort, liveliness,

INTERIOR FINISHING

cowardliness, hunger, optimism,

overwhelm, Summer, comfort, liveliness,
intellect, happiness, energy, conflict

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ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
Green
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING
durability, reliability, environmental,
luxurious, optimism, well-being, nature,
calm, relaxation, Spring, safety, honesty,
optimism, harmony, freshness

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ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS Blue
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

peace, professionalism, loyalty, reliability,

honor, melancholia, boredom, coldness,
Winter, depth, stability,
professionalism, honor, trust

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ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
Purple
INTERIOR FINISHING

power, royalty, nobility, elegance,

sophistication, artificial, luxury,
mystery, royalty, elegance, magic

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ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS Black
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

Elegance, sophistication, formality,

power, strength, illegality, depression,
morbidity,
night, death

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USE OF COLORS IN RETAIL AND BUSINESS

Here are some ways in which colors are used in retail and business:

Red Creates urgency - often used in sales and impulse sales

Green Easy, calm - used to relax people
Blue Creates trust - used by financial institutions such as banks
Navy blue Cheaper - selling to price-sensitive
Royal blue Urgency - selling to impulse buyers
Pink Romantic - selling to women and girls
Yellow Grabbing attention - used in displays and windows
Orange Energizing - used to push for action, as in impulse buying
Purple Calm - used in anti-aging products
Black Power - selling luxury, aggressive products, or to impulse buyers

Color can even change what you taste. Customers who bought 7-Up cans that had their
color changed to yellow reported that the drink tasted more lemony.

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Basic Composition in Architecture

Elements of designs, form and space, circulation & organization
Principles of architectural design to other art forms
Principles of design composition
Current theories and principles on architectural
design

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Primary Elements of
Architecture
Point zero dimension . Indicates position in
space.
Line 1D – point extended becomes a
line. With properties of length,
direction & position.
Plane 2D – line extended becomes a
plane with properties of length, width,
shape, surface, orientation, position
Volume 3D – a plane extended becomes a
volume with properties and length, width,
depth, form, space, surface, orientation,
position.

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Plane
• Shape is the primary
identifying characteristics of a
plane.
• Supplementary properties are
surface, color, pattern, texture,
affecting visual weight and
stability.
• Plane serves to define the
limits or boundaries of a
volume.

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Volume

Lines or edges
Points or
– 2 planes meet
vertices
Planes or
surfaces

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Form
The primary identifying
characteristics of a volume.
Established by shapes &
interrelationship of planes.
A volume can be solid space
displaced by mass or void
contained by planes.

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Primary
Solids
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Transformation of Forms

Dimensional
Transformation

Subtractive
Transformation

Additive
Transformation

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Dimensional Transformations

46

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Subtractive Form

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Additive Form

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Elements of form defining space

Horizontal plane

Base plane

Elevated plane

Depressed plane

Overhead plane
roof plane
ceiling plane

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Elements of Design
are the tools you work with when you design.

Form/Mass The volume of a structure

Line Creates visual direction
Texture Surface pattern or physical materials
Space Interior or exterior enclosure
Value The play of light & shadow on a structure
Color Applied or inherent to the building material

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Texture
Texture is the apparent look
or feel of the surface of an
art object.

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Value
Light and dark are relative
perceptions of light.

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Pattern I Repetition
When lines and shapes are
repeated, they create a
pattern.

Patterns can be regular or

irregular, however, architects
try to repeat elements of
design in a regular manner.

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Principles of Design are the concepts that

determine how a design is organized.
Unity All parts of the design work together
as a whole.
Proportion The size relationship of a part to the
whole.
Emphasis The focal point of the design.
Balance Symmetrical or asymmetrical
organization of elements
Repetition Creates a visual rhythm
Contrast The variation of opposites

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Rhythm
If you look carefully at the
patterns on buildings, you
can sense a rhythm to
their order.

These rhythmic patterns

give a dynamic quality to a
building, making it seem to
be very lively.

.
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Symmetry I
Assymetry
When there is
correspondence in
size or shape of parts
on either side of a
bisected whole we
say it is symmetrical.

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Balance
Balance is the
characteristic
of equal
weights
opposing one
another
.

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Contrast
Contrast exists when two
adjacent parts are very
different from one another.

In architecture, we speak
about such things as
materials that have
contrasting colors and
textures.

.
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Proportion
Proportion is the term used to describe the
relationship between two things of different
size.
.

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TROPICAL DESIGN
THEORIES

61

CLIMATE
CLIMATIC ELEMENTS
SOUTHEAST ASIA
TYPES OF CLIMATE
Tropical Climate
THERMAL COMFORT
TROPICAL DESIGN
PASSIVE COOLING
BUILDING CONFIGURATION,
SITE PLANNING and LAYOUT
BUILDING ORIENTATION
FAÇADE DESIGN
WIND and NATURAL
VENTILATION
SUNSHADING DEVICES
SUN PATH DIAGRAM

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CLIMATE
CLIMATIC ELEMENTS
TYPES OF CLIMATE PROBLEMS IN AREAS WITH
THERMAL COMFORT
TROPICAL DESIGN TROPICAL CLIMATES
PASSIVE COOLING
BUILDING CONFIGURATION,
SITE PLANNING and LAYOUT
• HIGH TEMPERATURE LEVEL (HEAT)
BUILDING ORIENTATION
FAÇADE DESIGN
WIND and NATURAL
VENTILATION
• HIGH HUMIDITY LEVELS
SUNSHADING DEVICES
SUN PATH DIAGRAM • SLOW WIND VELOCITIES

• HIGH PRECIPITATION LEVELS DURING RAINY DAYS

HIGH INCIDENCE OF TYPHOONS
• ABUNDANCE OF INSECTS AND RODENTS
• DAMP GROUND CONDITIONS

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CLIMATE
CLIMATIC ELEMENTS Design Objectives in
TYPES OF CLIMATE
THERMAL COMFORT Tropical Climates :
TROPICAL DESIGN
PASSIVE COOLING
BUILDING CONFIGURATION,
SITE PLANNING and LAYOUT 1. Minimize Heat Gain
BUILDING ORIENTATION
FAÇADE DESIGN
WIND and NATURAL
2. Maximize Ventilation (but protect from
VENTILATION
SUNSHADING DEVICES typhoon wind)
SUN PATH DIAGRAM
3. Prevent unnecessary increase in humidity
levels

4. Have good drainage systems to

accommodate high precipitation during the
year
5. Protect spaces from insects and rodents

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CLIMATE PASSIVE COOLING

CLIMATIC ELEMENTS
TYPES OF CLIMATE
THERMAL COMFORT
A cooling system using a building’s design and
TROPICAL DESIGN construction to maintain a comfortable temperature within
PASSIVE COOLING the building
BUILDING CONFIGURATION,
SITE PLANNING and LAYOUT
BUILDING ORIENTATION
Passive design is essentially low-energy design achieved
FAÇADE DESIGN by the building’s particular morphological organization
WIND and NATURAL
VENTILATION
rather than electro-mechanical means.
SUNSHADING DEVICES
SUN PATH DIAGRAM

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CLIMATE
CLIMATIC ELEMENTS
TYPES OF CLIMATE
STRATEGIES FOR PASSIVE COOLING
THERMAL COMFORT
TROPICAL DESIGN Some passive cooling methods used in building design are:
PASSIVE COOLING
BUILDING CONFIGURATION,
SITE PLANNING and LAYOUT
1. BUILDING CONFIGURATION, SITE LAYOUT and SITE
BUILDING ORIENTATION PLANNING
FAÇADE DESIGN
WIND and NATURAL 2. BUILDING ORIENTATION
VENTILATION
SUNSHADING DEVICES
SUN PATH DIAGRAM 3. FACADE DESIGN
4. HEAT INSULATION
5. WIND AND NATURAL VENTILATION

6. BUILDING ENVELOPE COLOR

7. SUN SHADING

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CLIMATE
CLIMATIC ELEMENTS
TYPES OF CLIMATE
STRATEGIES FOR PASSIVE COOLING
THERMAL COMFORT
TROPICAL DESIGN 1. BUILDING CONFIGURATION, SITE LAYOUT and SITE
PASSIVE COOLING
BUILDING CONFIGURATION, PLANNING
SITE PLANNING and LAYOUT
BUILDING ORIENTATION
FAÇADE DESIGN
WIND and NATURAL
VENTILATION
SUNSHADING DEVICES Example :
SUN PATH DIAGRAM
A building can be protected
from direct sunlight by placing
it on a location within the site
that utilizes existing features
such as trees, terrain etc.

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CLIMATE STRATEGIES FOR PASSIVE COOLING

CLIMATIC ELEMENTS
TYPES OF CLIMATE
1. BUILDING CONFIGURATION, SITE LAYOUT and SITE
THERMAL COMFORT
TROPICAL DESIGN PLANNING
PASSIVE COOLING
BUILDING CONFIGURATION,
SITE PLANNING and LAYOUT
Trees shade a building most
BUILDING ORIENTATION effectively from the southeast and
FAÇADE DESIGN southwest when the morning and
WIND and NATURAL
VENTILATION late afternoon sun has low
SUNSHADING DEVICES altitude.
SUN PATH DIAGRAM
South-facing overhangs provide
more efficient shading during the
midday period when the sun is
high and casts short shadows.

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CLIMATE
CLIMATIC ELEMENTS
STRATEGIES FOR PASSIVE COOLING
TYPES OF CLIMATE
THERMAL COMFORT
TROPICAL DESIGN
2. BUILDING ORIENTATION
PASSIVE COOLING
BUILDING CONFIGURATION,
SITE PLANNING and LAYOUT
BUILDING ORIENTATION
FAÇADE DESIGN
WIND and NATURAL
VENTILATION
SUNSHADING DEVICES
SUN PATH DIAGRAM

Example :
In tropical countries such as the Philippines, it is
best to place service areas in the west and east
facing sides of the building because these sides are
exposed to direct sunlight.

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CLIMATE
CLIMATIC ELEMENTS
STRATEGIES FOR PASSIVE COOLING
TYPES OF CLIMATE
THERMAL COMFORT
2. BUILDING ORIENTATION
TROPICAL DESIGN
PASSIVE COOLING
Location of Spaces:
BUILDING CONFIGURATION,
SITE PLANNING and LAYOUT
Bedroom- North/Northeast Carport- West
BUILDING ORIENTATION
FAÇADE DESIGN Kitchen- West Service Area- West
WIND and NATURAL
VENTILATION Living- with good view, north
SUNSHADING DEVICES
SUN PATH DIAGRAM

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CLIMATE
CLIMATIC ELEMENTS
STRATEGIES FOR PASSIVE COOLING
TYPES OF CLIMATE 3. FACADE DESIGN
THERMAL COMFORT
TROPICAL DESIGN • Use of Double-layered façade
PASSIVE COOLING • Use Low-emissivity glass (Low-E glass) or solar tint
BUILDING CONFIGURATION,
SITE PLANNING and LAYOUT • Use of materials and heat insulation
BUILDING ORIENTATION
FAÇADE DESIGN
WIND and NATURAL
VENTILATION
SUNSHADING DEVICES
SUN PATH DIAGRAM

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CLIMATE
CLIMATIC ELEMENTS STRATEGIES FOR PASSIVE COOLING
TYPES OF CLIMATE
THERMAL COMFORT 3. FACADE DESIGN
TROPICAL DESIGN
PASSIVE COOLING
BUILDING CONFIGURATION,
SITE PLANNING and LAYOUT
BUILDING ORIENTATION
FAÇADE DESIGN
WIND and NATURAL
VENTILATION
SUNSHADING DEVICES
SUN PATH DIAGRAM

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CLIMATE
CLIMATIC ELEMENTS
STRATEGIES FOR PASSIVE COOLING
TYPES OF CLIMATE
THERMAL COMFORT 3. FACADE DESIGN
TROPICAL DESIGN
PASSIVE COOLING Use of less heat absorptive façade materials
BUILDING CONFIGURATION,
SITE PLANNING and LAYOUT
BUILDING ORIENTATION
FAÇADE DESIGN
WIND and NATURAL
VENTILATION
SUNSHADING DEVICES
SUN PATH DIAGRAM

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CLIMATE
CLIMATIC ELEMENTS
STRATEGIES FOR PASSIVE COOLING
TYPES OF CLIMATE
THERMAL COMFORT 3. FACADE DESIGN
TROPICAL DESIGN
PASSIVE COOLING Use of less DOUBLE LAYARED FACADE
BUILDING CONFIGURATION,
SITE PLANNING and LAYOUT
BUILDING ORIENTATION
FAÇADE DESIGN
WIND and NATURAL
VENTILATION
SUNSHADING DEVICES
SUN PATH DIAGRAM

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CLIMATE
CLIMATIC ELEMENTS
STRATEGIES FOR PASSIVE COOLING
TYPES OF CLIMATE
THERMAL COMFORT 4. HEAT INSULATION
TROPICAL DESIGN
PASSIVE COOLING
BUILDING CONFIGURATION,
SITE PLANNING and LAYOUT Reflective insulation
BUILDING ORIENTATION
FAÇADE DESIGN A form of a material of
WIND and NATURAL high reflectivity and
VENTILATION
SUNSHADING DEVICES
low emissivity.
SUN PATH DIAGRAM
Aluminum insulation

Aluminum-bubble
insulation

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CLIMATE
CLIMATIC ELEMENTS
STRATEGIES FOR PASSIVE COOLING
TYPES OF CLIMATE
THERMAL COMFORT
TROPICAL DESIGN
6 . VENTILATION
PASSIVE COOLING
BUILDING CONFIGURATION,
SITE PLANNING and LAYOUT
BUILDING ORIENTATION
FAÇADE DESIGN
WIND and NATURAL
VENTILATION
SUNSHADING DEVICES
SUN PATH DIAGRAM

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STRATEGIES FOR PASSIVE COOLING

CLIMATE
CLIMATIC ELEMENTS PASSIVE COOLING
TYPES OF CLIMATE SUNSHADING DEVICES
THERMAL COMFORT
TROPICAL DESIGN
PASSIVE COOLING
BUILDING CONFIGURATION,
SITE PLANNING and LAYOUT
HORIZONTAL
BUILDING ORIENTATION TYPES
FAÇADE DESIGN
WIND and NATURAL
VENTILATION Horizontal Sun Shades
SUNSHADING DEVICES are generally used on
SUN PATH DIAGRAM the North-Facing and
South Facing Sides of a
building

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STRATEGIES FOR PASSIVE COOLING

CLIMATE
CLIMATIC ELEMENTS PASSIVE COOLING
TYPES OF CLIMATE SUNSHADING DEVICES
THERMAL COMFORT
TROPICAL DESIGN
PASSIVE COOLING
BUILDING CONFIGURATION,
SITE PLANNING and LAYOUT
HORIZONTAL
BUILDING ORIENTATION TYPES
FAÇADE DESIGN
WIND and NATURAL
VENTILATION Horizontal Sun Shades are
SUNSHADING DEVICES generally used on the
SUN PATH DIAGRAM
North-Facing and South
Facing Sides of a building

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SUSTAINABLE
DESIGN THEORIES

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FRAMEWORK + OBJECTIVES
1 SUSTAINABLE
2
DEVELOPMENT
7 The integration of ecological, social, cultural, and
economic factors in designing landscapes to help
3 protect habitat, mitigate energy, improve health,
Sustainable
Development human comfort, contribute to stormwater
management and conserve water.
6
8

9
4
5

Legend:
1 - Sustainable Sites
2– Transportation & Linkages
3 - Energy & Atmosphere
4 -Water Efficiency
5 - Materials & Resources
6– Indoor Environment Quality MACRO OBJECTIVES
7 - Circular Economy (Sustainability Triple Bottom Line)
8 – Health & Well being
9 - Community Participation

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RESTORE SENSITIVE AREAS MITIGATE HEAT ISLAND

Natural areas of the site has been preserve as it benefit both the
environment and society. Preserving the existing green will benefit habitat
connectivity, reduce heat island and at the same time provides a habitat for
local animals and species as well as people who will enjoy the views and
open areas.
EFFECT
Reducing heat island effect is considered through maximizing
areas for vegetation and minimizing building footprint and
maximizing open areas through vertical developments.
The heat island effect is created when develop areas have higher
temperatures than surrounding rural areas. An urban heat island
effect is caused by sunlight heating up dark colored surfaces such
as roads and rooftops.

Preserve green corridors for habitat connectivity Green roof & vertical gardens

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SITE LINKAGES
LINKAGES

The master plan addresses transportation and linkages which in

turn reduce pollution by reducing the number of single occupant
drivers.

Providing significant number of corners and linkages, it focuses on

the area around the site. It provides pedestrian access, bicycle
paths and easy access to networks and linkages to reduce Bicycle network
automobile use.

SMART GROWTH

Location, transportation alternatives, and preservation of sensitive

lands while also discouraging sprawl promote smart growth. This
considers smart growth approach seeks to:

 reuse/restore previously develop sites

 reduce automobile use or promote alternative
transportation Green connector
 develop efficient rainwater management
 reduce heat island effect
 provide stewardship of nature and the site’s surroundings

TRANSPORTATION

Reduce transportation to and from work contributes about 50%

to a project’s total greenhouse gas emission and 33% of
greenhouse gas emission. Greenhouse gas emissions from
transportation are caused by the linkage to the project.
Transporatation Linkages

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ENERGY + ATMOSPHERE
BULDING ENVELOPE
Building envelope should be designed reduce heat transfer and at the same
time provide better thermal comfort of occupants. Building occupants play a
major role in regulating the indoor environment and energy consumption for
cooling in the tropics.
Building Envelop
THERMAL MASS
The thermal mass of a building is an effective passive design technique. The
thicker the concrete, brick, or stone is on the exterior of the building, the less
electricity will be needed by the mechanical system to keep the building cool
inside.

DAYLIGHTING + LIGHTING DESIGN

Lighting is often the largest contributor to a building’s energy use, is lighting
design and control are critical to reducing energy consumption. Energy is used
both to power the lights and provide additional cooling to compensate for the Vegetation to minimize thermal mass
added heat generated by lights. To address these issues, provide proper window
to wall ratio, and efficient artificial lighting.

ORIENTATION OF BUILDINGS
Orientation of buildings has been carefully considered. The orientation of the
building to the sun and prevailing winds affect heating, lighting and cooling
costs. Proper orientation provides opportunities for maximizing solar power. By
minimizing western exposures when the sun’s heat is most intense, cooling
costs can be minimized.

Day lighting

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WATER EFFICIENCY
Water efficiency should be considered to reduce the consumption of fresh water.The goals of the water efficiency are, to reduce the quantity
of water needed for a building and landscaping, reduce water use and reduce the need for treatment of waste water.

LANDSCAPE DESIGN

Saving water on irrigation must be considered in the design of the landscape. The
goals of proper landscape design should include, limit or eliminate potable water
usage, decreased energy use due to less pumping and treating of water, more water
available for other uses.

USE OF RAINWATER

Re-use rainwater. Water use for landscaping can be reduced if not eliminated by Use native plans for landscape
choosing alternative water source. Both rainwater and graywater, consider non-
potable, are excellent alternatives for landscape maintenance.

USE OF NATIVE PLANTS

Native plants help with green roof landscaping, rainwater management, restoring
damaged areas and water use reduction for the outdoors. It does not need so much of
water for maintenance.

Use rainwater

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MATERIALS + RESOURCES
The design of the block should also consider the use materials to reduce environmental impacts over their life
cycle, its objectives are:
 Reducing waste
 Building with environmentally preferable materials
 Creating a sustainable purchasing program

COMINGLED RECYCLING

During occupancy, consider comingled recycling. This is a common method is to send the waste in one container to
a facility where it can be separated into different recyclable components. This process is called comingled recycling.
Comingled recycling requires less space, because only one container is needed. It enables materials to be re-used.

LOCALLY PRODUCED MATERIALS

Select materials that is locally made to reduce carbon footprint of transportation.

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INDOOR ENVIRONMENT QUALITY

Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in the design of buildings. IEQ refers to the quality of the air and environment
inside buildings, based on pollutant concentrations and conditions that can affect the health, comfort, and
performance of occupants. Indoor air can be two to five times more polluted than outdoor air

IMPROVE INDOOR QUALITY

People spend an average of 90 percent of their

time indoors, so it is important to have good
clean air inside the building. The term “sick
building syndrome” describes the situations in
which building occupants experience acute
health and comfort effects linked to time spent in
a building, but where no specific illness or cause
can be identified.

IMPROVE VENTILATION

Fresh air or air quality is one important part of

IEQ. Good indoor air quality comes from
mechanical or natural ventilation systems that
function appropriately.

Typical recommendation for

section of buildings

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CIRCULAR ECONOMY
WASTE TO ENERGY
Waste-to-energy should be considered, it is the conversion of non-recyclable waste materials into useable heat, electricity, or fuel through
a variety of processes, including combustion,gasification, pyrolization,anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas (LFG) recovery.

Energy recovery from waste is part of the non-hazardous waste management hierarchy. Converting non-recyclable waste materials into
electricity and heat generates a renewable energy source and reduces carbon emissions by offsetting the need for energy from fossil
sources and reduces methane generation from landfills.

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HEALTH +
WELL BEING
Provide outdoor recreational facilities Utilize open space to promote
outdoor activities

Integrate bicycle lanes and green connectors to promote health and well being
and at the same time save energy for transportation

Provide safety for hazard spaces Promote healthy lifestyle through jogging
path at road network

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