Mathematics in the Modern World

Problem Exercises #3
Due: December 12, 2022 (Monday) 12NN

Instruction: Form a group of five (5) and answer the following completely and neatly on a white short
bond paper (subs 24 GSM 80), no need to put in a folder. Submit on or before the due date stated
above. NO submission will be accepted beyond the deadline.

A. Construct a truth table for each symbolic statement.

1. (~ 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 ) ∧ [ (~𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 ) ∨ 𝑟 ]

𝑝 𝑞 𝑟 ~𝑝 ~𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 (~ 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ∨ 𝑟 (~ 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 ) ∧ [ (~𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 ) ∨ 𝑟 ]
T T T F F T F
T T F F F F F
T F T F F T F
T F F F F F F
F T T T T T T
F T F T T T T
F F T T F T F
F F F T F F F

2. [( 𝑝 → 𝑞 ) ∨ (𝑟 ∧ ~𝑝)] → (𝑟 ∨ ~𝑞)

𝑝 𝑞 𝑟 ~𝑝 ~𝑞 𝑝 → 𝑞 𝑟 ∧ ~𝑝 ( 𝑝 → 𝑞) ∨ (𝑟 ∧ ~𝑝) 𝑟 ∨ ~𝑞 [( 𝑝 → 𝑞) ∨ (𝑟 ∧ ~𝑝)] → (𝑟 ∨ ~𝑞)

T T T F F T F T T T
T T F F F T F T F F
T F T F T F F F T T
T F F F T F F F T T
F T T T F T T T T T
F T F T F T F T F F
F F T T T T T T T T
F F F T T T F T T T

B. Determine whether each statement is true or false. Justify your answer. No justification, no point.
1. (−1)47 = −1 or (−1)−102 = 1.
TRUE. This is a disjunction. If at least one of the simple statements is true, the
disjunction is true. Both simple statements are actually true.
2. 3356 is odd and 7143 is even.
FALSE. This is a conjunction. Because the simple statement 7143 is even is false, the
conjunction is false. The ones digit of 7143 is 3 which is odd.
3. If 𝑛 is a prime number, then 𝑛3 is a prime number.
FALSE. The 𝑛3 of a prime number is no longer prime. Verify by contrapositive.
4. The lower the standard deviation is better or the higher the relative score is better.
TRUE. This is a disjunction. Both are true.
5. If 𝑥 < 1 then one over 𝑥 is greater than one.
FALSE. Let 𝑥 = −2 or any negative number, or maybe 0. Verify by contrapositive.
6. 𝑥 − 5 ≥ 7 if and only if 𝑥 ≥ 15.
FALSE. Let x = 13.

C. Determine if the following pair of statements are equivalent.

1. 𝑞 ∧ (𝑟 ∨ 𝑞 ), 𝑞
𝑞 𝑟 𝑟∨𝑞 𝑞 ∧ (𝑟 ∨ 𝑞 ) 𝑞
T T T T T
T F T T T
F T T F F
F F F F F

Because both have the same truth values, they are equivalent.
 2. 𝑝 ∨ (~𝑟 ∧ 𝑝), ~𝑝

𝑝 ~𝑟 ~𝑟 ∧ 𝑝 𝑝 ∨ (~𝑟 ∧ 𝑝) ~𝑝
T F F T F
T T T T F
F F F F T
F T F F T

Not equivalent.

3. ~𝑞 → 𝑝, 𝑝∨𝑞

𝑝 𝑞 ~𝑞 ~𝑞 → 𝑝 𝑝∨𝑞
T T F T T
T F T T T
F T F T T
F F T F F
Equivalent.

4. ~𝑝 → ( 𝑝 ∨ 𝑟), 𝑟

𝑝 ~𝑝 𝑟 𝑝∨𝑟 ~𝑝 → ( 𝑝 ∨ 𝑟) 𝑟
T F T T T T
T F F T T F
F T T T T T
F T F F F F
Not equivalent.

D. Use conjunction and disjunction to determine an equivalent form of the following statements.
1. [~(𝑝 → ~𝑟) ∧ ~𝑞] → 𝑟
↔ [(𝑝 ∧ 𝑟) ∧ ~𝑞] → 𝑟 , ~(𝑝 → 𝑞) ≡ 𝑝 ∧ ~𝑞
↔ ~ [(𝑝 ∧ 𝑟) ∧ ~𝑞] ∨ 𝑟 , 𝑝 → 𝑞 ≡ ~𝑝 ∨ 𝑞
This is okay already.
OR
↔ [~(𝑝 ∧ 𝑟) ∨ 𝑞 ] ∨ 𝑟 , De Morgan’s Law

2. [ 𝑝 ∧ (𝑟 → ~𝑞 )] → (𝑟 ∨ 𝑞)
↔ [ 𝑝 ∧ (~𝑟 ∨ 𝑞 )] → (𝑟 ∨ 𝑞) , 𝑝 → 𝑞 ≡ ~𝑝 ∨ 𝑞
↔ ~[ 𝑝 ∧ (~𝑟 ∨ 𝑞 )] ∨ (𝑟 ∨ 𝑞) , 𝑝 → 𝑞 ≡ ~𝑝 ∨ 𝑞
This is okay already. You can further determine other equivalent forms by
applying basic law.

E. Determine the negations of the following statements.

1. 4 = 7 if and only if 5 = 3.
4 = 7 and 5 ≠ 3 or 4 ≠ 7 and 5 = 3
2. 𝑝 → (𝑞 ∨ ~𝑝)
𝑝 ∧ ~𝑞)
3. I’ll study for the last evaluation or I’ll watch a movie.
I will not study for the last evaluation and I will not watch a movie.
4. If 2𝑥 + 3 = 15, then 𝑥 = 6.
2𝑥 + 3 = 15 and 𝑥 ≠ 6.

F. Write the inverse, converse, and contrapositive of the following statements.

2𝑛−5 2𝑛+5
1. If is even, then is odd.
2 2
2𝑛−5 2𝑛+5
Inverse: If is odd , then is even.
2 2
2𝑛+5 2𝑛−5
Converse: If is odd , then is even.
2 2
2𝑛+5 2𝑛−5
Contrapositive: If is even , then is odd.
2 2
 2. If I could sing well, then I could be rich.
Inverse: If I couldn’t sing well, then I couldn’t be rich.
Converse: If I could be rich, then I could sing well.
Contrapositive: If I couldn’t be rich, then I couldn’t sing well.

G. Construct a network diagram for {[~𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 ∧ 𝑟] ∨ [(𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 ) ∧ ~𝑟]} ∨ [𝑝 ∧ (𝑞 ∧ 𝑟)].

~𝑝 𝑞 𝑟

𝑝 𝑞 ~𝑟

𝑝 𝑞 𝑟

If 𝑝 is zero and 𝑟 is one, is the network closed?

Yes, as long as 𝑞 is one.