Solution to the Cosmological Constant

Problem through the Holographic

Principal Approach

How does the Holographic Principle solve the discrepancy between the

experimental value and predicted value of Dark Energy Constant?

Subject: Physics

Category: 4 – Experimental Science

Joseph Saputra
Table of Contents

1. Introduction

2. Hubble Constant Calculation

3. Derivation of The Equation of Experimental Value of Cosmological Constant

4. Vacuum Energy

5. Holographic Principle as A Solution to The Vacuum Catastrophe

6. Conclusion

7. Appendix A
INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this essay is to answer the question “How does the Holographic Principal provide

the solution to the cosmological constant problem?”. By processing the data of Hubble Constant,

the 20 galaxies from H0KP team were chosen to uniform the characteristic of the galaxy to get the

best result of Hubble constant. To narrow the categories of the galaxy, this research applies the

calibration of the OGLE-PL relations for which V and I band cepheid data are available so that we

can figure that those galaxies were observed from the same cepheid distance. All the data of these

galaxies were acquired from the archive maintained by Lanoix et al (1999a) which have been

observed for over 20 years.12 Hence, this research would result the high-quality data that allows

the Hubble constant value to be fully precise to the present moment.

Cosmological constant (also known as dark energy constant) was figured after Albert Einstein

introduced General Relativity in 1917, he tried to apply it with the model equation of the universe.

At that time, he assumed that the universe was static, meaning that the universe does neither expand

nor crunch. Therefore, to create a solution to his equation, he added a constant that can balance the

gravitational force in the universe. This constant is meant to be a repulsive force that is generated

by the vacuum energy density that keeps the universe static and not crunching in cause of the

gravitational force from the matter that exists in the universe. 3

1 “Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon.” Cral.univ-Lyon1.Fr, www-obs.univ-lyon1.fr/

2
Lanoix et al https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0005112.pdf P.7,8

3
Borzou, Ahmad. Theoretical and Experimental Approaches to Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant Problem. Cham, Springer

International Publishing. C, 2018. P.5,6

Deriving Einstein general relativity equation with considering a perfect fluid with a given mass

density and pressure, Alexander Friedmann, in 1922, tried to view the universe as expanding

because of the effect of inflation during the big bang. Its expansion rate slows down as matter

attracts each other, and therefore the gravitational force decelerates the rate of expansion of the

universe. This new equation does not account for the cosmological constant that was created by

Einstein and this assumption did make sense because the universe was assumed to expand but

matter is pulling it up.

This assumption of slowing expansion universe was also proved by Edwin Hubble, in 1929, with

the best telescope at that time discovered the cosmic expansion of the universe by understanding

that the red shift of galaxies is proportional to the distance from the earth. Consequently, Einstein

and de-sitter recreated the model by deleting the cosmological constant from the equation and

accepting the fact that universe is expanding, spatially flat, when the matter density is equal to the

critical density.

However, in 1990, a big twist happened when two independent groups of cosmologists observed

the supernova type A1 and provided evidence of the expanding universe with a positive rate of

acceleration. The more distant the galaxy is, the faster its velocity. Therefore, to explain the

acceleration of the expanding universe, the cosmological constant in Einstein model is added and

this cosmological constant is a vacuum energy that fills the universe.

A problem raised, after comparing between the experimental value of the cosmological constant -

which is assumed as dark energy by deriving Einstein general relativity and using the Hubble

constant – with the predicted value of the cosmological constant – which is determined by

observing the quantum fluctuation that works in vacuum space, the cosmological constant has a

big discrepancy. This big discrepancy of cosmological constant is called vacuum catastrophe.
Hence, to find a solution that can answer why such big discrepancy happens, this essay will dive

deep into calculations and provide a theory based on scientific reasoning of our observations on

Holographic principle.

This essay navigates thoroughly the derivation of Cosmological constant using the Hubble

constant that is calculated from choosing 20 spiral galaxies with the same type and same

observation distance from the earth. This essay will also discuss the vacuum energy in a Planck

scale and use the Holographic principal approach in order to resolve the big discrepancy of the

cosmological constant.

HUBBLE CONSTANT CALCULATION

In the derivation of Einstein general relativity equation, Hubble constant is needed in order to

explain the rate of expansion of the universe. The value of the Hubble constant is so crucial in the

term of explaining the repulsive force of dark energy.

To calculate the value of Hubble constant, 20 spiral galaxies were chosen from New General

Catalog of Nebulae and Star Clusters (NGC) - as mentioned in the Introduction section. To

measure evenly and accurately, 5 data of different measurement in different periods were taken to

find the average value of distance galaxy was observed and moving velocity from the starting

position in space by considering the redshift of each galaxy. (The raw data of measurement will be

presented on page Appendix A)

Table 1. Distance - Velocity of the Galaxies4

4
Data on Appendix A
 Name of the 𝑑(𝑀𝑝𝑐) 𝜎𝑑 (𝑀𝑝𝑐) 𝑣(𝑘𝑚𝑠 −1 ) 𝜎𝑣 (𝑘𝑚𝑠 −1 )
Galaxy

NGC 300 2.51 1.07 152.40 14.50

NGC 5457 6.22 1.09 278.40 72.00

NGC 5253 3.49 0.51 404.40 6.50

NGC 4258 7.13 0.51 462.00 52.00

NGC 925 8.04 1.30 558.00 7.50

NGC 2541 10.73 0.92 580.60 36.00

NGC 3198 12.49 1.23 671.40 10.50

NGC 4414 14.15 4.69 718.00 3.00

NGC 3621 6.23 0.27 728.20 2.50

NGC 3627 8.48 0.55 724.00 6.00

NGC 3319 12.75 1.00 780.40 53.50

NGC 3511 9.67 0.65 1017.40 594.00

NGC 7331 13.53 0.63 886.00 148.50

NGC 3368 10.41 0.29 911.20 21.00

NGC 2090 11.36 0.90 926.80 4.50

NGC 4639 17.81 3.00 1002.00 35.00

NGC 4725 12.46 0.44 1208.20 1.50

NGC 1425 21.07 1.44 1521.80 27.00

NGC1365 17.40 0.48 1655.20 13.00

NGC 4536 16.74 2.65 1750.46 74.00

Figure 1. Plotted Distance - Velocity of the Galaxies

DERIVATION OF THE EQUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL COSMOLOGICAL

CONSTANT

The cosmological constant needs to be interpreted on the scale of a whole universe. By getting an

area of the same density scale in space, the gravitational field force could be determined using the

Newton gravitational field equation. And hence, in order to get the equation of integrated

gravitational field force, the rearranged equation needs to be equated with the Newton second law

of motion.5

Figure 2. The Uniform Density Scale of The Universe6

5 Partridge, Bruce. “Introduction to Cosmology Introduction to Cosmology , Barbara Ryden Addison Wesley. Ch.4

6
https://images.app.goo.gl/BsvkPLDyE2fMWyKD6 Uniform Universe
 𝐺𝑀𝑚
𝐹=−
𝑅2

𝑑2 𝑅
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚
𝑑𝑡 2

𝑑2 𝑅 𝐺𝑀
2 =− 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑅

   
𝑑𝑅 𝑑 2 𝑅 𝐺𝑀 𝑑𝑅
 ∫ 2 = −  ∫ 2
  𝑑𝑡   𝑑𝑡   𝑅 𝑑𝑡

1 𝑑𝑅 2 𝐺𝑀
( ) = +𝑘
2 𝑑𝑡 𝑅

This model will be used to derive the Friedmann equation.

Rearranging the Hubble constant equation to be used in terms of acceleration:

𝑑𝑅 𝑑𝑎
𝑣= = 𝑟 = 𝑎̇ 𝑟
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 𝑣 = 𝐻𝑅

𝑎̇ 𝑟 = 𝐻𝑎𝑟

𝑎̇
𝐻=
𝑎

Deriving the Friedmann Equation:

4
1.) 𝑀 = 𝜌𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑅3 𝜌

2.) 𝑅(𝑡) = 𝑎(𝑡)𝑟

𝑑𝑎
3.) 𝑎̇ = 𝑑𝑡

Rearranging the integrated gravitational field force equation:

1 2 𝑑𝑎 2 4
𝑟 ( ) = 𝐺𝜋𝑟 2 𝜌𝑎 2 + 𝑘
2 𝑑𝑡 3

1 2 2̇ 4
𝑟 𝑎 = 𝐺𝜋𝑟 2 𝜌𝑎 2 + 𝑘
2 3

𝑎̇ 2 8𝜋𝐺𝜌 2𝑘 1
( ) = + 2 2
𝑎 3 𝑟 𝑎

Writing the Friedmann equation in terms of Einstein General Relativity

𝐸 𝑚𝑐 2
1.) 𝜀=𝑉= = 𝜌𝑐 2
𝑉

2𝑘 𝜅𝑐 2 7
2.) =−
𝑟2 𝑅02

7
When 𝜅 is the curvature of space and 𝑅0 is the radius of the curvature𝑅0
 𝑎̇ 2 8𝜋𝐺𝜀 𝜅𝑐 2 1
( ) = − 2 2
𝑎 3𝑐 2 𝑅0 𝑎

8𝜋𝜀 𝜅𝑐 2 1
𝐻2 = −
3𝑐 2 𝑅02 𝑎 2

If the curvature parameter ( 𝜅 ), is presumed as a negative, then the universe will continue to expand

forever (open universe). However, if the curvature is positive, the universe will eventually contract

(closed universe). Therefore, in order to get a scenario between the closed universe and open

universe, the zero curvature will be used. 8

8𝜋𝜀
𝐻2 =
3𝑐 2

3𝑐 2 2
𝜀𝑐 = 𝐻
8𝜋𝐺

2
3(3.00 × 108 )2 73.19 × 103
𝜀𝑐 = ( )
8𝜋(6.67 × 10−11 ) 3.09 × 1022

𝜀𝑐 = 9.03617 × 10−10

𝜀𝑐 = 9.04 × 10−10 𝐽𝑚−3

𝜀𝑐 ∼ 9.04 × 10−10 𝐽𝑚−3

The Friedmann equation, however, cannot tell how the scale factor 𝑎̇ evolves with time. Therefore,

in the Friedmann equation, there are two variables that need to be solved as they change with time,

which are: 𝑎̇ and 𝜀 . The Friedmann equation in the Newtonian approximation is a statement of

8
Borzou, Ahmad. Theoretical and Experimental Approaches to Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant Problem. Cham, Springer

International Publishing. C, 2018. P.6

energy conservation, which contains the gravitational potential energy and the kinetic energy of

the expansion is constant. If we investigate the first law of thermodynamics. As the universe is

deemed as perfectly homogeneous (the uniform scale of the universe – Figure 1), then for a large

volume of space, the total net heat flow both into or out that region is equal to zero.

𝑑𝑄 = 𝑑𝑈 + 𝑃𝑑𝑉

Hence, the internal energy within a volume of space is equal to the energy density within that

region multiplied by the volume of that region. In the case of our universe, the volume is

considered as a sphere, based on the form of a proton during the inflation. Since the 𝑎̇ and 𝜀 are

functions of time, deriving the equation one by one will reveal the equation so that it can be used

with respect to time.

𝑈(𝑡) = 𝜀(𝑡) × 𝑉(𝑡)

4 3 3
𝑈(𝑡) = 𝜋𝑟 𝑎 𝜀
3

Deriving the internal energy with respect to time:

𝑑𝑈 4 3 2 𝑑𝑎 4 𝑑𝜀
= 𝜋𝑟 𝑎 𝜀 + 𝜋𝑟 3 𝑎 3
𝑑𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑈 4𝜋𝑟 3 𝑎 3 𝑎̇ 𝑑𝜀
= (3𝜀 + )
𝑑𝑡 3 𝑎 𝑑𝑡

Deriving the volume with respect to time:

𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑎
= 4𝜋𝑟 3 𝑎 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Combining two derived equations will be:

0 = 𝑑𝑈 + 𝑃𝑑𝑉
 4𝜋𝑟 3 𝑎 3 𝑑𝜀 𝑎̇
0= ( + 3 (𝜀 + 𝑃))
3 𝑑𝑡 𝑎

Since the universe is expanding, it follows that the scale factor must not be zero. To solve the right-

hand side of the equation to be zero, the term inside the bracket should be zero. And therefore, by

equating the term with zero, the energy density that evolves with time could be determined.

𝑎̇
𝜀̇ + 3 (𝜀 + 𝑃) = 0
𝑎

By rearranging this equation using Hubble constant term, it will tell us that the positive velocity

of the expansion of the region of space would lead to a reduction in energy density.

𝜀̇ + 3𝐻(𝜀 + 𝑃) = 0

𝜀̇
𝐻=−
3(𝜀 + 𝑃)

𝑑𝜀
𝑣∝
𝑑𝑡

This term does make sense because the more expand our universe is, the less energy density in our

space. Contrarily, the negative velocity would lead to the contraction of the universe and hence the

more energy density in our space as time goes by.

After figuring how the energy density is affected should such an expansional contraction occur as

such the cause of an expanding universe, by combining Fluid equation with Friedmann equation

that we discussed earlier, the cause of such expansion or contraction could be determined by

knowing the rate of expansion of the universe changes with time as well as the factors affecting

this.
To combine these two equations, Friedmann equation should be derived by slightly rearranging

and modifying its term to the fluid equation.

𝑎̇ 2 8𝜋𝐺𝜀 𝜅𝑐 2 1
( ) = − 2 2
𝑎 3𝑐 2 𝑅0 𝑎

8𝜋𝐺𝜀 𝜅𝑐 2
𝑎 2̇ = − 2
3𝑐 2 𝑅0

Deriving the equation with respect to time:

8𝜋𝐺
2𝑎𝑎̇̇ ̇ = 2 (𝜀̇𝑎 2 + 2𝜀𝑎𝑎̇ )
3𝑐

Dividing the equation with 2𝑎̇ 𝑎 :

𝑎̇̇ 4𝜋𝐺 𝑎
= (𝜀̇ + 2𝜀)
𝑎 3𝑐 2 𝑎̇

Substituting the term inside the bracket with the rearranged Fluid equation:

𝑎̇
𝜀̇ + 3 (𝜀 + 𝑃) = 0
𝑎

𝑎
𝜀̇ = −3(𝜀 + 𝑃)
𝑎̇

𝑎̇̇ 4𝜋𝐺
= − 2 (𝜀 + 3𝑃)
𝑎 3𝑐

By noticing the energy density and pressure are negative, this equation indicates that the velocity

of the expansion of the universe will be reduced with time, causing the universe to slow down and

at the end will contract. According to Einstein’s general relativity, a positive value of pressure

caused by thermal motion of atoms in a gas cloud acts to slow down the expansion of the universe.

And so, it appears that the deceleration of the universe according to this equation is inevitable.
This contradicts the observation made by two independent groups – The Supernova Cosmology

Project and The High-Z Supernova Search Team – which used type 1a supernovae to measure the

positive acceleration of the universe.

Therefore, this positive acceleration of the expansion of the universe can be explained by adding

a cosmological constant to the equation. This cosmological constant is meant to be a cancelling

term to the deceleration of the expansion of the universe. When the cosmological constant needs

to be big enough to cancel out the negative term and transform it to the positive term.

𝑎̇̇ 4𝜋𝐺 Λ
= − 2 (𝜀 + 3𝑃) +
𝑎 3𝑐 3

To interpret and determine the value cosmological constant, the energy density is needed in the

equation. Therefore, by adding up the cosmological constant and into the modified Friedmann

equation that we arranged earlier, and rewrite the cosmological constant alongside the energy

density (as the dark energy is the part of energy in the universe), the cosmological constant could

be interpreted as a new type of energy density caused by the presence of the dark energy.

𝑎̇ 2 8𝜋𝐺𝜀(𝑡) 𝜅𝑐 2 1 Λ
( ) = 2 − 2 2 +
𝑎 3𝑐 𝑅0 𝑎(𝑡) 3

𝑎̇ 2 8𝜋𝐺 Λ𝑐 2 𝜅𝑐 2 1
( ) = 2 (𝜀(𝑡) + )− 2
𝑎 3𝑐 8𝜋𝐺 𝑅0 𝑎(𝑡)2

When,

Λ𝑐 2
𝜀Λ =
8𝜋𝐺

8𝜋𝐺𝜀Λ
Λ=
𝑐2
According to the Planck spacecraft observations on the CMB in 2013, it gave an estimation of

68.30% dark energy, 26.80% dark matter, and 4.90% visible matter. Considering this estimation,

the critical density should be divided into those parts to find the value of the cosmological constant.

𝜀𝑐 ∼ 9.04 × 10−10 𝐽𝑚−1

𝜀Λ = 9.04 × 10−10 × 68.30%

𝜀Λ = 6.17432 × 10−10

𝜀Λ ∼ 6.17 × 10−10 𝐽𝑚−3

8𝜋(6.67 × 10−11 )(6.17 × 10−10 )

Λ=
(3.00 × 108 )2

Λ = 1.14923 × 10−35

Λ ∼ 1.15 × 10−35

Λ ≈ 10−35

The experimental value of cosmological constant turns out to be very small but not zero. This

indicates that the cosmological constant maintained the acceleration of the universe to be positive,

resulting in the expansion is accelerating even though the matter tries to attract the universe.

VACUUM ENERGY

Cosmological constant is the constant value of dark energy in space that works as a repulsive force

and makes the universe expand. According to quantum mechanics, empty space does have energy.
That energy is presumed to be the dark energy that repels all matter in the universe by increasing

space.

According to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, there is a limit of how accurate the object can be

measured its momentum and position at the same time. A particle, based on the quantum field

theory, is a ripple of an underlying quantum field. The universe is covered with a variety of

quantum fields. However, in a vacuum space, although vacuum means that no particle at all,

resulting in no ripple and it consists of zero amplitude fields ( Δ𝑥 = 0 ), it is not consistent with

Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. This is forbidden because the left-hand side of Heisenberg’s

uncertainty principle can never be zero, as the value of the Planck constant is neither zero nor

negative.910

ℎ
Δ𝑝Δ𝑥 ≥
2

This indicates that there is an inherent motion that contributes energy and this energy is deemed

as a vacuum energy. It turns out that the amount of vacuum energy depends on the frequency of

vibration of the quantum field. The minimum energy of a quantum field

1
𝐸0 = ℎ𝑓
2

And therefore, the amount is determined by how the quantum field fluctuates. To measure the

energy density of vacuum, the sum of all frequencies is needed. The sum of all forms of quantum

fluctuation can be assumed as infinity. However, it means that an infinite value of frequency,

9
Carrol, Seam M. Something Deeply Hidden : Quantum Worlds and the Emergence of Spacetime. Ch. 12

10
Partridge, Bruce. “Introduction to Cosmology Introduction to Cosmology , Barbara Ryden Addison Wesley. Ch. 4
resulting in an infinite value of energy density. By considering the expression of Heisenberg’s

uncertainty principle that accounts with energy density and its evolution based on changing time,

the energy density could be calculated with respect to time and not frequency.

ℎ
Δ𝐸Δ𝑡 ≥
2

ℎ
Δ𝐸 ∼
2Δ𝑡

By taking account of how long such fluctuation in an empty space occurs, according to quantum

field theory, quantum fluctuation happens spontaneously and annihilate by themselves. They work

as particles and anti-particles, which are created and unraveled within an extremely short period.

Therefore, that small gap time could be deemed as Planck time, which is believed to be the shortest

duration of time. The Planck time could be used as a temporal cutoff point which limits the

maximum amount of energy that quantum fluctuation can conserved.

2
ℎ ℎ ℎ𝑐 5
𝐸𝑝 ∼ = √ =√
𝑡𝑝 ℎ𝐺 𝐺
𝑐 5

ℎ𝐺
𝑙𝑝 ∼ √
𝑐3

By arranging the maximum energy in Planck scale over the smallest possible volume in space

(which is presumed as Planck volume), the energy density of vacuum space is therefore:

𝐸𝑝
𝜀Λ =
𝑉𝑝
 5
√ℎ𝑐
𝐺
𝜀Λ = 3

ℎ𝐺
(√ 3 )
𝑐

𝑐7
𝜀Λ =
𝐺 2  ℎ

(3.00 × 108 )7
𝜀Λ =
(6.67 × 10−11 )2 (1.05 × 10−34 )

𝜀Λ = 4.68175 × 10113

𝜀Λ ∼ 4.68 × 10113 𝐽𝑚−3

8𝜋𝐺𝜀Λ
Λ=
𝑐2

8𝜋(6.67 × 10−11 )(4.68 × 10113 )

Λ=
(3.00 × 108 )2

Λ = 8.71704 × 1087

Λ ∼ 8.72 × 1087

Λ ≈ 1087

The value of predicted value cosmological constant is super massive and has the difference

of 10122 order compared with the experimental value one. This discrepancy is therefore called

“Vacuum Catastrophe” meaning that the vacuum energy is much higher than the experimental

value from the original practice of how the universe behaves by considering the Hubble parameter.

This large amount of energy could definitely blow up all matters in the universe, resulting in no
living beings. Hence, this predicted value of energy can be deemed as an overestimation of

vacuum energy.

The reason why it is so massive is probably because the vacuum energy accounts for any forces,

which are gravity force, electromagnetic force, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear force. This

vacuum energy also takes account on a very tiny scale, which is Planck scale. Therefore, the result

is really high. However, a good notion called “Fine-tuning” can also be considered why the big

value of energy can happen. This is because there probably should be a big amount of negative

energy to cancel out that big amount of positive vacuum energy in order to be as tiny as the

experimental value of cosmological constant. However, this fine-tuning solution is just an

estimation and it does not work with “supersymmetry principle” which indicates that those

negative and positive energies can be cancelled out only until they become zero, not a small

quantity of energy such as the experimental value one.11

HOLOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLE AS A SOLUTION TO THE VACUUM CATASTROPHE

Holographic principle is a fundamental understanding of string theory, which states that the

volume of space can be thought of as encoded on a lower dimensional region. In other words, the

three-dimensional world, the image of reality in the universe, is coded on a two-dimensional

surface: a “bit” (unit information) on the structure of space-time is a circular Planck area, which

comes from the circle with the diameter of Planck length. Therefore, as it is encoded in a 2D form,

11
“Leonard Susskind Interview youtu.be/mMgRCwzEkBQ.
which is a circle, the model could be thought as a sphere in 3D model, which still uses Planck

length as the diameter.

In 1975, Stephen Hawking and Jacob Bekenstein discovered that Black holes emit radiation

overtime. Eventually, a black hole will disappear because it leaks its energy over time through the

radiation called “Hawking Radiation” which is a thermal radiation that evaporates around the event

horizon of black hole. This discovery raised a new contradiction in the terms of quantum

mechanics. Which says, if a black hole will eventually disappear, the information of all matter that

has been swallowed inside of it seemingly will also disappear. Hence, this idea violates the basic

quantum mechanics, in which all physical information in the universe cannot be destroyed. In other

words, the “bit” (unit of information) that codes a matter will remain exist. Even though their

particles are split into tiny pieces, the information does not disappear and it can still be reassembled

principally.

However, this black hole loss information problem can be solved by using Holographic principle.

According to Holographic principle, when objects are pulled into a black hole, they release the

imprint bits that are encoded on the event horizon. In other words, all matter that goes inside black

hole leaves traces of information that is stamped in the surface of the black hole, which is 2D area.

When black holes emit radiation, they contain the imprint of those bits of information of all matter

that went inside them and hence they don’t disappear out of nowhere during the evaporation. This

idea can be thought of as how a hologram works, that a three-dimensional space, somehow is

encoded from a two-dimensional area.12

12
Stromberg, Joseph. Error! Hyperlink reference not valid..
Hawking black hole entropy equation:13

𝑘𝐵 𝑐 3
𝑆=( )𝐴
4ℎ𝐺

According to the Boltzmann’s definition of entropy, it should be possible to determine the entropy

in a fundamental micro scale, which is Planck scale.

2
𝑘𝐵 𝑐 3 𝑙𝑝
𝑆=( )𝐴 × 2
4ℎ𝐺 𝑙𝑝

ℎ𝐺
(√ )
𝑐3
𝑘𝐵 𝑐 3
𝑆=( )𝐴 ×
4ℎ𝐺 𝑙𝑝2

𝑘𝐵 𝐴
𝑆=
4 𝑙𝑝2

𝐴
𝑆∼
𝑙𝑝2

𝑆∼𝑁

It can be seen that the entropy of a black hole is proportional to the number of Planck areas that

cover the area of the black hole event horizon. This indicates that the Planck size pixels can

somehow encode the information of the fallen object inside the black hole.

13
Nassim Haramein. Quantum Gravity and the Holographic Mass. P. 272
Taking this holographic principle to be used to think in the cosmic scale, the universe can be

assumed as a whole three-dimensional space that is encoded on a distant two-dimensional area,

which is the horizon of the universe.

By using this approach to solve the cosmological constant problem, we need to think our universe

is a sphere that has a finite volume. This is because based on the inflation that happened during

the Big-bang, all matter was blown from the tiny little source, causing a sphere form of universe.

By taking account of vacuum energy, the energy density of a vacuum space should be considered

in Planck scale. Consequently, instead of a cube - which we get from cubing the Planck length -

the volume of vacuum space in Planck scale needs to be treated as sphere volume, which uses

Planck length as the diameter of the sphere. 14

4 3
𝑉𝑝 = 𝜋𝑟
3

3
4 1.62 × 10−35
𝑉𝑝 = 𝜋( )
3 2

𝑉𝑝 = 2.21069 × 10−105 𝑚3

𝑉𝑝 ∼ 2.21 × 10−105 𝑚3

As cosmic inflation happens, the holographic information of the structure of space expands to

Planckian wormhole network, this can be seen in filamentary space geometry at Planck scale. This

implies that the universe works paradox inside the other bigger universe. This model was

established by Roger Penrose that is called “Conformal Cyclic Cosmology”. In this model, Penrose

14
“Solution to the Vacuum Catastrophe!” Error! Hyperlink reference not valid. , Error! Hyperlink reference not

valid..
suggests that each cycle of the universe starts as a singularity before an inflation and generates

matter, this will also create another black hole which continuously emitting Hawking radiation and

sets the set of the next black hole.

Likewise, holographic principle suggests surface tiling by considering its surface entropy as the

radius of inflation in the beginning of the Big-Bang increases from the Planck scale to the cosmic

scale. The surface entropy of the universe can be thought of as:

𝐴𝑢
𝜂=
𝐴𝑙𝑝

The surface area of the universe ( 𝐴𝑢 ), can be deemed – according to the holographic model – as

an area of sphere. Therefore, the Hubble constant needs to be used in order to obtain the radius of

the Universe.

𝑐
𝑟𝑢 =
𝐻

3.00 × 108
𝑟𝑢 =
73.19 × 103
( )
3.09 × 1022

𝑟𝑢 = 1.26657 × 1026 𝑚

𝑟𝑢 ∼ 1.27 × 1026 𝑚

Assuming that the universe is a sphere:

𝐴𝑢 = 4𝜋𝑟𝑢2

𝐴𝑢 = 4𝜋(1.27 × 1026 )2

𝐴𝑢 = 2.01589 × 1053 𝑚2

The calculation of spherical area on Planck scale:

 2
𝑙𝑝
𝐴𝑝 = 4𝜋 ( )
2

2
1.616255 × 10−35
𝐴𝑝 = 4𝜋 ( )
2

𝐴𝑝 = 8.20672 × 10−70

The value of surface entropy is:

2.01589 × 1053
𝜂=
8.20672 × 10−70

𝜂 = 2.45639 × 10122

𝜂 ∼ 2.46 × 10122

To obtain the vacuum energy density in Planck scale, the mass on Planck scale is divided by the

volume of the spherical Planck scale.

𝑚𝑝
𝜌𝑣𝑎𝑐 =
𝑣𝑝

2.176434 × 10−8
𝜌𝑣𝑎𝑐 =
2.21069 × 10−105

𝜌𝑣𝑎𝑐 = 9.84504 × 1096 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3

𝜌𝑣𝑎𝑐 ∼ 9.85 × 1096 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3

The energy density of the vacuum space can be thought of as:

𝜌𝑣𝑎𝑐
𝜌𝑐 =
𝜂

9.84504 × 1096
𝜌𝑐 =
2.45639 × 10122
 𝜌𝑐 = 4.00793 × 10−26 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3

𝜌𝑐 ∼ 4.01 × 10−26 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3

Finding the cosmological constant using the energy density of the previous calculation:

𝜀𝑐
𝜌𝑐 =
𝑐2

𝜀𝑐 = (4.01 × 10−26 )(3.00 × 108 )2

𝜀𝑐 = 3.60714 × 10−9 𝐽𝑚−3

𝜀Λ = 3.60714 × 10−9 × 68.30%

𝜀Λ = 2.46367 × 10−9 𝐽𝑚−3

𝜀Λ ∼ 2.46 × 10−9 𝐽𝑚−3

Cosmological constant using the previous calculation of energy density:

8𝜋𝐺𝜀Λ
Λ=
𝑐2

8𝜋(6.67 × 10−11 )(2.46 × 10−9 )

Λ=
(3.00 × 108 )2

Λ = 4.58203 × 10−35

Λ ∼ 4.58 × 10−35

Λ ≈ 10−35
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the implication of this essay is to answer the question “How does the Holographic

Principle solve the discrepancy between the experimental value and predicted value of Dark

Energy Constant?”, this essay provides strong valid reasoning and discussion of how a theoretical

dark energy needs to be thought of differently.

By using the Hubble constant that is calculated based on 20 different spiral galaxies from the same

cepheid distance, this essay thoroughly discusses how the experimental value of cosmological

constant is calculated and hence the value turned out to be small, and the reason that it does make

sense because it only drives the universe slowly but accelerates the expansion.

Also, by discussing the predicted value of the cosmological constant, the answer turned out to be

really big and it seems does not feel correct because such energy does not really exist in a vacuum

space. And the discussion of how negative energy could probably exist in order to cancel out such

big amount of vacuum energy seems to be incorrect, because it violates the supersymmetry

principle which says that the cancelling out energy should be zero, indicating that a tiny little

amount non-zero energy could not happen.

Therefore, by providing the background information of holographic principle and clearly

navigating the calculation of the cosmological constant according to this approach, this essay

provides a reasonable argument that the holographic principle is a correct solution to the

cosmological constant problem because it can be seen that there is no difference in the order with

our calculation of the cosmological constant using Holographic principal approach with our

experimental value, which has an order of 10−35 in both values.

For further discussion, this consequently indicates that the universe works as a hologram that

somehow in a distant away, horizon of our universe contains the units of information of all objects

inside this universe. And this reality of three-dimensional space that we perceive, is somehow a

projection of that two-dimensional area of the horizon of our universe. Even though this

Holographic principle is a principle that does have solid make sense argument and mathematically

can be theorized, it is still out of today’s human capability to prove whether it is true or not. This

is because the horizon of our universe seems can never be reached by humans and it is just

impossible with today’s science. However, this approach can still be considered as one of the best

solutions to mathematically prove that cosmological constant does indeed obey this principle 1516.

CITATION

Journals

“Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon.” Cral.univ-Lyon1.Fr, www-obs.univ-lyon1.fr/.

Accessed 19 July 2022.

Partridge, Bruce. “Introduction to Cosmology Introduction to Cosmology , Barbara Ryden

Addison Wesley, San Francisco, 2003. $59.00 (244 Pp.). ISBN 0-8053-8912-1.” Physics

Today, vol. 57, no. 10, Oct. 2004, pp. 77–78, 10.1063/1.1825274. Accessed 12 May

2020.

15
Susskind, Leonard, and James Lindesay. An Introduction to Black Holes, Information and the String Theory Revolution : The Holographic

Universe.

16
Carrol, Seam M. Something Deeply Hidden : Quantum Worlds and the Emergence of Spacetime. Ch. 14
Willick, Jeffrey A., and Puneet Batra. “A Determination of the Hubble Constant from Cepheid

Distances and a Model of the Local Peculiar Velocity Field.” The Astrophysical Journal,

vol. 548, no. 2, 20 Feb. 2001, pp. 564–584, 10.1086/319005. Accessed 14 Nov. 2019.

Books

Borzou, Ahmad. Theoretical and Experimental Approaches to Dark Energy and the

Cosmological Constant Problem. Cham, Springer International Publishing. C, 2018.

Carrol, Seam M. Something Deeply Hidden : Quantum Worlds and the Emergence of Spacetime.

London, Oneworld, Cop, 2019.

Nassim Haramein. Quantum Gravity and the Holographic Mass.

Susskind, Leonard, and James Lindesay. An Introduction to Black Holes, Information and the

String Theory Revolution : The Holographic Universe. New Jersey ; London ; Singapore,

World Scientific, 2005.

Websites

“SIMBAD: Basic Query.” Simbad.cds.unistra.fr, simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-fbasic.

“Solution to the Vacuum Catastrophe!” Www.resonancescience.org,

www.resonancescience.org/blog/solution-to-the-vacuum-catastrophe. Accessed 19 July

2022.

Stromberg, Joseph. “Some Physicists Believe We’re Living in a Giant Hologram — and It’s Not

That Far-Fetched.” Vox, 29 June 2015, www.vox.com/2015/6/29/8847863/holographic-

principle-universe-theory-physics.

Video
“Leonard Susskind - How Does Dark Energy Drive the Universe?” Www.youtube.com,

youtu.be/mMgRCwzEkBQ.

Image

“Google Image Result for Https://Imageio.forbes.com/Blogs-

Images/Startswithabang/Files/2017/05/Millenium-Bare-

1200x900.Jpg?Format=Jpg&Width=960.” Www.google.com,

images.app.goo.gl/BsvkPLDyE2fMWyKD6.

APPENDIX A

Table 2. Distance of the Galaxies

Name of the Distance of the Galaxy in Megaparsec (Mpc)

Galaxy d1 d2 d3 d4 d5

NGC 300 2.08 1.98 2.40 4.11 2.00

NGC 5457 7.11 6.95 4.94 6.70 5.40

NGC 5253 3.44 3.30 4.11 3.1 3.5

NGC 4258 7.62 6.6 7.48 6.85 7.1

NGC 925 6.50 7.00 8.67 8.91 9.1

NGC 2541 9.70 10.00 11.20 11.22 11.53

NGC 3198 13.24 10.92 12.90 12.00 13.37

NGC 4414 17.86 17.00 17.70 8.48 9.70

NGC 3621 6.10 6.20 6.10 6.10 6.64

NGC 3627 8.00 8.32 8.99 8.00 9.10

NGC 3319 13.00 13.06 13.10 13.30 11.31

NGC 3511 9.91 9.95 9.80 8.71 10.00

NGC 7331 12.8 13.00 13.87 14.06 13.93

NGC 3368 10.42 10.67 10.1 10.42 10.42

NGC 2090 10.2 11.00 11.75 11.86 12.00

NGC 4639 16.70 14.00 18.97 19.40 20.00

NGC 4725 12.00 12.07 12.76 12.59 12.88

NGC 1425 19.00 21.00 21.68 21.88 21.78

NGC1365 16.98 17.00 17.95 17.78 17.29

NGC 4536 19.46 19.82 15.00 14.90 14.52

Table 3. Velocity of the Galaxies

Name of the Velocity of the Galaxy in Kilometer per second (𝑘𝑚𝑠 −1 )

Galaxy v1 v2 v3 v4 v5

NGC 300 165.00 170.00 145.00 141.00 141.00

NGC 5457 237.00 241.00 267.00 266.00 381.00

NGC 5253 408.00 403.00 395.00 408.00 408.00

NGC 4258 456.00 448.00 520.00 416.00 470.00

NGC 925 568.00 553.00 562.00 555.00 554.00

NGC 2541 559.00 628.00 601.00 559.00 556.00

NGC 3198 667.00 684.00 680.00 663.00 663.00

NGC 4414 720.00 719.00 720.00 714.00 717.00

NGC 3621 731.00 729.00 728.00 726.00 727.00

NGC 3627 716.00 727.00 727.00 722.00 728.00

NGC 3319 826.00 848.00 745.00 741.00 742.00

NGC 3511 777.00 778.00 786.00 780.00 1966.00

NGC 7331 1118.00 835.00 821.00 821.00 835.00

NGC 3368 935.00 934.00 897.00 893.00 897.00

NGC 2090 928.00 931.00 930.00 922.00 923.00

NGC 4639 1006.00 1048.00 978.00 989.00 989.00

NGC 4725 1209.00 1208.00 1209.00 1209.00 1206.00

NGC 1425 1564.00 1512.00 1512.00 1510.00 1511.00

NGC1365 1662.00 1664.00 1638.00 1652.00 1660.00

NGC 4536 1658.00 1742.00 1804.00 1806.00 1742.30

1. The calculation of finding the average value of distance:

2.08 + 1.98 + 2.40 + 4.11 + 2.00

= 2.51 𝑀𝑝𝑐
5

2. The calculation of finding the uncertainty of distance:

4.11 − 1.98
= ±1.07 𝑀𝑝𝑐
2

3. The calculation of finding the average value of velocity:

165.00 + 170.00 + 145.00 + 141.00 + 141.00

= 152.40 𝑘𝑚𝑠 −1
5

4. The calculation of finding the uncertainty of velocity:

170.00 − 141.00
= ±14.50 𝑘𝑚𝑠 −1
2