POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

TITLE:

Human hair as an Additive on Concrete Cement as a

Fiber Reinforcement: A Literature Review

In partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Subject

Civil Engineering Research 2

Presented By:

Abad, Caryl Nicole C.

Chua, Adrian

Cruz, John Vincent D.G.

Rico, Verlyn Keith M.

S.Y. 2021-2022
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter presents the Conceptual framework, Significance of the study, Hypothesis,

Scope and limitation, Definition of terms.

INTRODUCTION

Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) is concrete containing fibrous material which

increases as structural and is gaining importance. It contains short discrete fibers that are

uniformly distributed and randomly oriented. The concept of using fibers as reinforcement

is not new. Fibers have been used as reinforced since ancient times. Historically, horsehair was

used in mortar and straw in mud bricks. In the early 1900s, asbestos fibers were used in

concrete, and in the 1950s the concept of composite materials came into being and fiber

reinforced concrete was one of the topics of interest. Later, the use of asbestos for concrete

reinforcement was discouraged due to the associated health risks.

Human hair is good in tension; hence it can be used as a fiber reinforcing material. Hair

Fiber (HF) is a no degradable matter available in abundance and at a very cheap cost. Human

hair is considered as a waste material in most parts of the world and is a common constituent

found in municipal waste streams which cause enormous environmental problems from its

degradation. Also, the high tensile strength, unique chemical composition, thermal insulation

etc. makes the hair fiber suitable to be used as are reinforcing material.
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Fiber is a small piece of reinforcing material possessing certain characteristics properties.

Addition of fiber to concrete influences its behavior which significantly depend on the type and

percentage of fiber. The properties of fiber reinforced concrete are influenced mainly by the

physical and mechanical properties of the fiber. A good fiber should have a good adhesion

within the matrix and adaptable elasticity modulus. It must be compatible with the binder,

which shouldn’t be attacked or destroyed in the long term. It should be short, fine and flexible

to permit mixing, transporting and placing and also strong enough to withstand the mixing

process.

The RHA has been used as a Pozzolana material in cement concrete, gaining several

advantages such as improvement in strength, durability, and environmental aspect related to

the disposal of waste material and to reduce carbon dioxide emission. A review of work done

by various research discuss the utilization of RHA with concrete and there is a general

consensus that the use of RHA in cement improve the properties of concrete, However some

other parameters are also influences the properties of concrete like partial replacement of

cement by rice husk ash, fineness of rice husk ash, chemical compensation of RHA, water

cement ratio, age of concrete and type of curing.

In this study, researchers will have a thorough literature review using different studies and

publications about how effective is Human hair as an Additive on Concrete Cement compared

to the regular ones and if this type of concrete cement (mixed with human hair) is advisable to

use in terms of durability, strength, and longevity.

 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In this literature review, the researcher works on research paper about human

hair as an additive on concrete cement. Human hair is high in tensile strength, has unique

chemical composition, slow degradation rate and most importantly is rich in fiber. Mixing

human hair in concrete cement may increase its compressive strength and will leave us a good

quality of cement. Adding fiber to a concrete can increase concrete strength, impact resistance

and reduce cracks.

Same with the construction industry who have been around since the beginning of

civilization and since then, people have continually tried better ways to build. The speedy and

vast history of exponential growth of the industry means people must find innovative ways to

gain an advantage. These innovative ways enabled us to build stronger, taller and more efficient

structures that have allowed us to increase productivity and to produce more successful

complex projects.

Furthermore, innovations and creating ways to provide quality construction products

have been circling in the construction industry. One of which is producing construction

materials that are stronger than the regular ones, like producing fiber-reinforced concrete. fiber-

reinforced concrete was shown to have increased fatigue life and ductility compared to those

of plain concrete. Fibers were usually used in concrete to control cracking due to plastic

shrinkage and drying shrinkage.

With this research, the researcher will provide a thorough investigation and

comparison between the standard concrete cement to the one that mixes with human hair as

fiber reinforcement.
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Science, Engineering, Technology and Mathematics are the fundamental foundation of

Construction. Building of infrastructures have been widely known and is a primary common

knowledge in Engineering. In terms of materials, concrete cement is a basic material used in

construction. Most of the infrastructures and establishments are built with concrete cement and

it is believed that a well-built building can last for about 50-60 years and some may break down

earlier than 50 years. With the use of human hair as an additive to concrete cement, we will

investigate, evaluate, and assessed the effect of if the hair fibers when mixed with concrete

cement.

1. What are the properties of human hair?

2. What are the properties of concrete cement?

3. What is/are the difference between the regular concrete cement and the concrete mixed

with human hair in terms of compressive strength.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

Main: The effects of human hair when mixed on concrete mixture.

Specific: To know the compressive strength of concrete after mixing with human hair.
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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The proposed research will determine the usefulness and effect of Human Hair in

creating Concrete Cement, by creating this, hair waste in barbershops and parlor shops could

be used in a more beneficial way and not be treated as a waste material. This research also helps

the environment, because it may lessen and even mitigate the accumulation of hair that may

cause harm in the environment.

To the Environment – It will reduce the amount of hair materials that are contributing to the

clogging of drainage and the large scale of waste.

To concrete cement Business Owners - This will serve as a basis for business owners to

compare and produce quality concrete cement.

To the Construction Industry body - This study will be beneficial to the people working in

the construction industry as it will give them the knowledge of the quality of concrete to use in

the construction.

To the Building and Residential Owners - It will give them the benefit of comparing

(standard concrete cement and the concrete cement mixed with human hair) what to use in their

property.

To the Future Researchers – For further studies related to this field, this will serve as their

basis to study further regarding the matter.

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SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This literature review study is set to determine and to understand the effects of human

hair as it served as a fiber reinforcement as an additive on concrete in terms of its compressive

strength. This literature review which focus on a certain study provides description, summary

and critical evaluation of the research problem being investigated and assessed. This is to

produce a deep understanding about the use of human hair in concrete for compressive strength.

This review concentrates on laying out different studies, literature, and works to support the

research paper being focused on to give relevance and justification on it. This review also

encompasses the relationship of fiber in producing quality concrete.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

In today's culture, poor trash disposal causes a slew of issues. Human hair is one of the

most common residual wastes detected in municipal solid garbage. If not properly disposed of,

this trash, which is plainly continuing to amass in disposal streams, poses a concern. Several

studies have been conducted in order to find ways to incorporate hair into construction

materials. The compressive strength of Hair Fiber Reinforced Concrete (HFRC) was

investigated in this work with the goal of determining the best combination for compressive

strength.

In 2013, University of Salahaddin's Dr. Sinan Abdulkhaleq Yaseen released a study

titled "An Experimental Investigation into the Mechanical Properties of New Natural Fiber

Reinforced Mortar." The usage of human hair fiber (HHF) as a reinforcing material in

cementations materials is highlighted in this research. For two w/c ratios, tests were carried out

to see how fiber content affected compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural

strength, and load deflection (0.6 and 0.7). With increased fiber content, energy absorption

capacity and ductility factor improved significantly, making the HHF ideal for seismic force

resistant buildings.

A parametric study was conducted on the influence of hair volume (1 percent, 2 percent,

and 3 percent) and hair strand length (0.5-inch, 1 inch, and 1.5 inch) on the compressive

strength of HFRC. The parametric study's findings were used to determine the optimum

compressive strength. A mathematical model was created using the Central Composite Design
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

(CCD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to relate the parameters and combinations of

factors that would generate the maximum compressive strength.

ASSUMPTIONS

● It is now possible to solve the problem of disposing of common leftover wastes, such

as hair.

● Because human hair has a high tensile strength, it can be employed as a fiber reinforcing

material.

● The addition of hair prevents cracking and extends the life of the structures greatly.

● It slows the spread of cracks and improves impact resistance.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Concrete - is a mixture of aggregate and paste

Cement - one of the ingredients for concrete

Additive- a substance added to something in small quantities to improve or preserve it.

Compressive strength - the resistance of a material to breaking under compression

Fiber - Supplements for the concrete mixtures

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Pozzolana - finely divided siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material that reacts chemically

with slaked lime at ordinary temperature and in the presence of moisture to form a strong slow-

hardening cement.

Reinforcing material - the material that strengthen the existing material when adding to it
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

In this chapter, different related reviews of literature are gathered as a base supplement

to the study.

LOCAL REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Compressive Strength of Hair Fibers

(Santos et al., 2020). One of the most common residual wastes found in the municipal solid

waste is human hair. This waste, which is evidently continuing to accumulate in disposal

streams poses a threat if not disposed properly. Several studies have been done in the search

for possibilities of incorporating hair to construction materials. In this study, the compressive

strength of Hair Fiber Reinforced Concrete (HFRC) was studied aiming to find the combination

that would yield the optimum compressive strength. A parametric study on the effect of amount

of hair (1%, 2% and 3%) as well as length of hair strand (0.5-inch, 1 inch and 1.5 inch) on the

compressive strength of HFRC was done. The results of the parametric study were used to find

the optimum compressive strength. Utilizing the Central Composite Design (CCD) of

Response Surface Methodology (RSM), a mathematical model was produced relating the

parameters and the combination of parameters that would yield the maximum compressive

strength. Based on the results, the mathematical model obtained a Coefficient of Regression of

0.9807 showing that the probability plot of the residuals fits the regression line. As generated
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

by the mathematical model, a combination of 3.2% amount of hair by volume of concrete and

a hair strand length of 0.752 inch will yield an optimum compressive strength of 38.15 MPa.

FOREIGN REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Use of human hair in Cement Concrete as a Fiber Reinforcement

(Nanhe et al., 2018). The study examines the effect on compressive strength of concrete

by use of waste plastic and human hair as composite fiber reinforced material. The above plastic

waste and human hair are mixed with cement concrete in various proportions (0.1%to 2%) and

test specimens were casted (cubes and prisms) to study the behavior of plastic mixed concrete

in axial compression. Study of human hair and plastic fiber is taken because of its excellent

attributes which are available in low cost as compared to other fiber. At5% optimum modifier

content, the strength of the modified concrete was found to be 1.2 times greater than the plain

concrete. By using Plastic waste and human hair as modifiers, we can reduce the quantity of

cement and sand by their weight, hence decreasing the overall cost of construction. The

experimental finding in all tested samples will encourage the future research in direction of

long-term performance to extend thick chips for economical type of fiber use structural

application and reduce the environmental problem. By testing we found that there is an

increment in the various properties and strength of concrete by the addition of human hair as

fiber reinforcement which makes it suitable for an alternative additive for concrete to enhance

its mechanical properties. This study discusses the effect of plastic waste and hair fiber in
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cement concrete. Though this study focuses on plastic wastes, hair has also been added to the

study and is made clear that hair has contributed to the overall durability change of the cement.

(Meghwar et al., 2018). The construction industry is the largest manufacturing industry, which

produces concrete and other related materials for construction of infrastructure around the

world, after the food production industry. This industry requires a lot of natural resources like

aggregates, limestone etc. to produce finished products such as concrete and cement. These

natural resources are limited and have to be depleted one day, so alternatives to these resources

are required. On the other hand, this industry produces a large amount of waste material that

creates environmental pollution. Thus, recycling the waste as potential raw material and to

produce a usable product is the need of the present era for sustainable construction. This study

presents the quantitative analysis of HSH (Human Scalp Hair) as fibers in cement concrete.

This study aims to investigate the behavior of concrete in terms of their mechanical properties

when HSH are used as fibers. A detailed investigation on two types of concrete specimens i.e.

cylindrical (150 mm diameter and 300 mm height) and prism (150 mm depth, width and 600

mm length) made with a different proportion of HSH as fibers and concrete mix ratios, was

carried out. In this study, various proportions of HSH were added in concrete that includes 0%,

1%, 2% and 3% by weight of OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement). All specimens were cast at

two concrete mix ratios i.e. 1:2:4 and 1:1.5:3 with 0.50 W/C (Water-Cement Ratio). Moreover,

specimens were tested in UTM (Universal Testing Machine) at 28 days curing age, for splitting

tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete. It was observed from the experimental

analysis that there is an improvement in mechanical properties of concrete at specific

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percentage of HSH and reduction of workability and density with increasing percentages of

HSH.

HSH’s strand has high tensile strength and friction coefficient. Due to this reason,

human hair has been used for reinforcing clay-based construction in rural areas of India,

Bangladesh, Syria [1, 24] and in European countries with clay and other binders in plastering

the house walls. Using human hair as fiber can reduce the shrinkage of more than 90%. It

improves the tensile resistance and enhances the compressive strength of concrete by more than

three times. Jain D. and Kothari A. have found experimentally that adding 1.5% human hair by

volume in plain concrete had raised the flexural strength up to 8.6% and 22% in compressive

strength of concrete. Similarly, Meghwar e. al. concluded that 1% addition of HSH by weight

of cement could increase 26.8% compressive strength at 1:2:4 mix ratio with 0.50 W/C ratio.

Batebi et al. argued that hair having a length of 15mm and 60mm reduced the shrinkage in hair

reinforced concrete when used in 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2% by weight of mortar. Physical

properties of fiber like diameter, length etc. has a direct relation on various properties of

concrete. The smaller the fiber diameter i.e., higher the aspect ratio (length to diameter ratio),

then fiber dispersion in concrete is difficult. On the other hand, smaller the fiber length i.e.,

lowers the aspect ratio, easier the fiber dispersion in fresh concrete. Best advantages can be

achieved when fiber orientation is unidirectional and parallel to the applied load and less benefit

when randomly oriented in three dimensions. So far, it is very difficult to arrange and disperse

the fibers in one direction for getting the maximum benefit because of the shorter length of

fibers.
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

According to G. Sreevani and Smth. B. Ajitha, Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) is

concrete containing fibrous material which increases as structural and is gaining importance. It

contains short discrete fibers that are uniformly distributed and randomly oriented. The concept

of using fibers as reinforcement is not new. Fibers have been used as reinforced since ancient

times. Historically, horsehair was used in mortar and straw in mud bricks. In the early 1900s,

asbestos fibers were used in concrete, and in the 1950s the concept of composite materials came

into being and fiber reinforced concrete was one of the topics of interest. Later, the use of

asbestos for concrete reinforcement was discouraged due to the associated health risks. New

materials like steel, glass, and synthetic fibers replaced asbestos for reinforcement.

Many researches and advancements were carried out to enhance the physical and

mechanical properties of concrete. Fiber reinforced concrete is one among those advancements

which offers a convenient, practical and economical method for overcoming micro cracks and

similar types of deficiencies. Since concrete is weak in tension hence some measures must be

adopted to overcome this deficiency. Human hair is generally strong in tension; hence it can be

used as a fiber reinforcement material. Human hair Fiber is an alternative non-degradable

matter available in abundance and at cheap cost. It also reduces environmental problems. Also

addition of human hair fibers enhances the binding properties, micro cracking control, Imparts

ductility and also increases swelling resistance. The experimental findings in our studies would

encourage future research in the direction for long term performance to extend this cost of

effective type of fibers for use in structural applications. Experiments were conducted on
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concrete cubes, cylinders and beams of standard sizes with addition of various percentages of

human hair fiber i.e., 0%, 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% by weight of cement, fine & coarse aggregate

and results were compared with those of plain cement concrete of M-20 grade. For each

percentage of human hair added in concrete, four cubes, three cylinders and three beams were

tested for their respective mechanical properties at curing periods of 3 , 7 and 28 days. Optimum

hair fiber content was obtained as 1.5% by weight of cement.

Gupta evaluated the study of human hair waste and its utilization. Artificial fibers are

manmade fibers in which basic chemical units are manufactured by chemical synthesis. Natural

fibers are classified as hair-like material which is obtained from cutting animal hair and plants.

Synthetic fibers can be produced at very low cost and in huge quantities as compared to natural

fibers. Natural fibers can give some benefits for clothing, i.e., comfort and over their synthetic

counterparts and also used for structural applications, but usually with synthetic thermoset

matrix material that gives some environmental benefits. Gupta observed the uses of human hair

in a large number of areas which include agriculture, medicine and industrial.

Hair as a Polymer and its Volume Resistance

Concrete reinforced with textiles instead of steel has many advantages: it saves raw

materials, has a high potential for lightweight construction and can thus be used in innovative

ways. Moreover, reinforcement fabrics such as carbon do not rust and therefore have a longer
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lifespan. The thin-walled carbon fiber-reinforced concrete shells were manufactured by means

of a flexible formwork system made of glass-fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP), whereby the

researchers first coated and performed the textile reinforcement structures with resin and then

integrated the fibers into the concrete for casting the shells. "GFRP formwork systems allow

not only efficient production of curved textile-reinforced concrete elements but also the

processing of excellent concrete qualities,” says Dr. Sandra Gelbrich, head of the Lightweight

Constructions in Civil Engineering research group within the Department for Lightweight

Structures and Polymer Technology at the technical university. In the meantime, the scientists

have erected research pavilions made of the carbon fiber reinforced concrete on the campus.

Integrated LED lighting controlled by sewn touch sensors is a special highlight of the prototype

buildings.

This study tackles carbon being a polymer in reinforcing cement; this study proved that

a polymer such as carbon is possible in adding up to such mixtures (cement). By proving this,

hair is hypothesized to be a good candidate in being a polymer in improving durability of

cement.

Farhad Reza, Gordon B. Batson, Jerry A. Yamamuro, and Jong S. Lee. (2001).

The results of some fundamental investigations on the bulk electrical properties of carbon fiber

cement composites (CFCCs) are presented with the prospect of developing a new

nondestructive testing method to assess the integrity of the composite. The addition of carbon

fibers to Portland cement-based concrete or mortar improves the structural performance and at
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the same time significantly decreases the bulk electrical resistivity. This makes CFCC

responsive to interrogation by electrical methods. Three different electrode configurations were

investigated for their applicability in measuring electrical resistivity of CFCC specimens. The

volume electrical resistivity of CFCC specimens was recorded as a function of curing time.

The dependence of this electrical resistivity on the water cement ratio (w/c), sand-cement ratio,

volume fraction of carbon fibers in the mixture, and the length of fibers was determined. The

reliability of measurements performed using both DC and AC was evaluated. The relationships

between resistivity and both temperature and relative humidity were also investigated.

Based on the study of Kanwal, H. about FRC (Fiber Reinforced Concrete), is fibrous

material which increases its structural integrity, resists explosive spalling in case of

environmental effects, improves mix cohesion, improves ductility, reduces steel reinforcement

requirements and reduces the voids due to good stiffness. It contains short discrete fibers that

are uniformly distributed. Mostly, natural fibers are the waste material which may have a

negative impact on the environment. Synthetic fibers include steel fibers and glass fibers but

natural fibers are coconut fibers and human hair fibers which tend to vary the properties to

concrete. In addition, the character of FRC changes with varying concrete, fiber material,

geometries, distribution, orientation and densities. Hair fiber concrete gives a practical, cost-

effective and convenient method to avoid cracks and deficiencies regarding strength and proper

mixing ratio which occurs at a longer period. Fibers have been used to reduce plastic shrinkage
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and drying shrinkage in concrete. In some structural elements, fibrous concrete can be used to

reduce the cost of structure.

Human hair Waste Management and Strength

(Varghese et al., 2017). Waste management has gained a lot of attention from the

research community nowadays. Maintaining no biodegradable waste is an international issue.

Human hair is a waste material and it is a common constituent found in municipal waste

streams, causing environmental problems. Fiber reinforced concrete provides good flexural

strength with less crack development. Since concrete is weak in tension, So an attempt has been

made to achieve improved strength results by using hair as fiber in conventional concrete and

by utilizing hair we can also decrease environmental problems. Human hairs are strong in

tension, non-bio-degradable and are available in abundance and at a very low cost. In this study,

an attempt has been made to identify the various properties necessary for the design of concrete

mix by adding human hair. M20 grade concrete has been chosen as the reference concrete

specimen. In this study, human hairs were collected, cleaned and added to cement concrete as

0%, 1%, and 3% by weight of cement. For every proportion of human hair mixed in concrete

cubes compressive strength, for beams flexural strength and for prepared sample workability

tests are evaluated to investigate the optimal use of human hair as a fiber in cement concrete.

By testing concrete cubes with human hair as fiber cement concrete an improved strength is

obtained.
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Mridula, D. & Dr. R. K., D. (2017.) Study on Concrete Reinforced With Human

Hair as Fiber. The hairs needed for the preparation of concrete cubes were collected from

salons and beauty parlors. It needs treatment before being added to the concrete specimens

because hairs are not clean, hairs can be dyed, colored, etc. It is carried out as in the following

steps: Separating hair from other waste: Depending on the source, the collected hair may

contain wastes. This has to be removed. Washing: After sorting, the hair is washed with acetone

to remove impurities. Drying: The hair is then dried under the sun or in an oven. After drying,

the hair can be stored without any concern for decay or odor. Sorting: The hair is then sorted

according to length, color, and quality. The hair fibers are checked at random for its length and

diameter. - In this study, we found that increasing hair percentages from 1% to 3% compressive

strength increases. By this study, it can be concluded that human hair can be added into concrete

mixes without a considerable reduction in compressive strength up to 3% by weight of cement.

7 days results and 28 days results both show a considerable increase in compressive strength.
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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology procedures used in this particular study, it

focuses on the method used in conducting this research which covers research design, sample,

research instrument, data collecting method and data analysis.

METHODS OF RESEARCH TO BE USED

This study will be qualitative research that will be using an existing quantitative data

that will be useful in this study. This study will be using data from previous studies that shows

different result and may compare it to other results. These studies will be used fairly based on

the researcher’s analysis and understanding on the data’s that may or may not be against on

this research claims. This study will be useful to make a foundation for future studies. Due to

the limitation of funding this research will be only a theoretical paper.

SAMPLE SIZE

In this study, the researcher will barrow and use the data’s that been gathered in

previous and existing studies. This existing data will be used fairly and will be interpret by the

researchers that if the claims of previous claim were proven true it will be used on this study.

As long as the researcher find as many as possible related data’s that can be used it will be used

on this study.
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DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

This study will be using an existing data that can be useful for this study. This data will

fall into 3 sections. First section will be every study that will be closed related to this study and

support the researcher’s argument. Closed related such as using hair as an additive. Second

section will be every study that will be closed related to this study but disapprove the argument.

If the argument will be proven as plausible and theoretically work, then the third section will

be using other study with different choice of additive and correlate them to the study. After the

data has been determined and organized. Then the researcher will be examining, determining,

explaining, and concluding the data from first section to second section, if the argument that

hair will be useful as an additive then the third section will be used as a comparison how useful

the hair as an additive. The researcher also determined the data’s that will be plausible if it is

under 3 conditions. First condition was that if the date was gathered within 10 to 20 years.

Second If the data has similar test conducted to the other data. Third if the data is using different

additives than the normal additives.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

The treatment of data going to be used was a simple comparison to determine if hair

has a positive outcome or negative outcome. If the existing data will have a common

test/variable that all data have then the data will be based on that test/variable. Since it will be

based on the similarities of the data’s then it will be only determined the capabilities of the

data’s according to the test standards. This common test/variable will be under general test

since most of the data’s have this test. Then the other will be specialized test this section will
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only have few data’s that have similarities. Since this will be a theoretical paper then there will

be a lot of assumption will be made but this assumption will be backed by evidence.