INTRODUCTION

Why do we need to study the world? At first glance, the world as a concept, is
an abstract. After all, your daily experiences are considered interactions within your
country. When you read the news, you read about the Philippines. When you engage
in an official transactions like paying taxes, you deal with the Philippine
government. Almost all your classmates and teachers are Filipino.

However, you only need to step back a little bit to see that the world ―out
there‖ is already here. For example, you likely have relatives who are overseas
Filipino workers (OFW‘s). Every time these relatives visit or send something home,
they are bringing part of the world with them. Even if you haven‘t traveled outside
the Philippines, you have likely heard stories about foreign countries from these
family members. Some relatives might have told you about the wonders of Rome.
Others may have shown you pictures of San Francisco‘s Golden Gate Bridge. Other
may have described the lights and towering buildings of Shinjuku.

Needless to say, the media and the internet are also your windows to the
contemporary world. You watch American movies and can probably sing at least one
K pop song. If a major political event occurs, you don‘t even need to go to CNN.com
to find out more details; friends are already posting articles on Facebook.

Finally, your consumptions habits are global. You have dined in a McDonald‘s
ridden in a Japanese car, maybe owned a Korean mobile phone, and eaten
Australian beef. You are already a citizen of the world whether you are aware of it or
not. Just by living your life, you automatically think contemporary world. This
course will be your guide
 RELEVANCE OF THIS COURSE
As the semester progress, we expect you to realize the relevance of material
gradually. The succeeding lesson will introduce you to the major themes in the
study of the world while providing opportunities for you to connect this knowledge
with your experiences as a Filipino student. At the outset, though, why to study this
course? Why it is required for all the students in a higher education?

First, studying the outside world is a cure to parochialism or an outlook that

is limited to one‘s immediate community. A person who is concerned only with
his/her family, village, or even country is parochial. The parochial person is, thus,
close-minded. By teaching about the world, this course aims to stretch the limits of
your imagination and outlook. We will share with you unfamiliar ideas and cultures
that may spark new interests and concerns. Not everything in this learning module
will excite you, and that is fine. However we hope that, at the end of the semester,
you would have discovered new intellectual interest that you will continue to pursue
to be a global citizen.

Second, it is important to study the world because it can teach you more
about yourself. Knowing about the other countries allows you to compare your
society with others. The experiences of communities outside the Philippines may
provide solutions to many of the country‘s problem. They may also provide warnings
about what not to do. Everyone, for example desired economic growth. Isn‘t it
beneficial for policymakers know what economic models and policies have worked
for other countries and what have not? Philippine National Hero Jose Rizal said that
anyone who has learned about the world will be haunted by the ―ghost of
comparisons‖. Once you know about their societies, he says, you will not able to
look at your own in the same way: You will start comparing and asking various
questions. This drive to compare will happen even when you least expect it; the urge
is like a ghost that suddenly appears.

Lastly, you need to study the world because you will be interacting with it. In
2009, an average of 4,018 Filipinos per day left to become OFWs. In 2015, that
number increased to 6,092. More and more Filipinos are living and working abroad.
For those of you who plan to work in another country after graduation, this course
can serve as an orientation. Nevertheless, even those who choose to remain in the
Philippines must confront the phenomenon of globalization. Many of you will work
for foreign companies operating in the country, especially because of the growth of
call centers and business process outsourcing (BPO) industry as a whole. Due to
internet, cheaper travel costs and larger trade of goods and services, the world has
grown more interdependent. Filipino are increasingly becoming aware of this
interdependence. You cannot avoid globalization so you might as well study it.
 THIS LEARNING MODULE’S APPROACH

This Learning Module will not take you on a country-per-country tour of the
world. Such approach is impractical and tedious. Moreover, any good word almanac
can give you quick overviews of these countries. Instead, this learning module will
focus on the themes, problems, and issues. The goal is not simply tell you about
what is ―out there‖ but also to expose you to the ideas that allow you to make sense
of what is ―out there‖. Central to the study of the world is the concept of
globalization- the deepening global interconnectedness of places, ideas, economies,
cultures, and people. The first learning module will discuss this concept further.
However for now, it is sufficient to say that studying globalization allows one to step
back and ask: ―What is going on in our world today?‖

As the study of globalization progresses, we will take your attention

deliberately away from the Philippines. Most of the core courses of general education
(GE) curriculum ask questions about yourself in a national context. You study Rizal;
examine primarily reading in Philippine History; and in the course Understanding
the Self, a section that leads you to reflect on a national identity. These courses are
all necessary; you should reflect about yourself and your country. This course,
however, will challenge you to think beyond your country and ask what it means to
be a citizen of world. Thus, most of the examples and case studies will be about
people and places outside the Philippines. Nevertheless, we acknowledge the need to
connect the study of globalization to local experiences. For this reason, we will use
the boxed text with the label ―Localizing the Material‖ to provide example that are
relatable to the Filipino reader.

As for classroom activities, it will be up to your teacher to integrate, conduct,

and facilitate them. After each lesson, however we provide guide questions which
you may wish to answer before the class. As you answer these questions either on a
face to face or remote learning, please do not lose sight of the main question of the
course: What does it mean to be a citizen of the world?

The course will be challenging. Much of the materials you will find are new
and unfamiliar. Despite this, we hope that you will enjoy reading this learning
modules and taking this course. This maybe one of the few times in your life as a
college student when you are explicit challenge to transcend the boarders of your
nation, your countrymen, and ultimately your imagination
MODULE 1

INTRODUCTION TO
GLOBALIZATION
 INTRODUCTION

Much has changed since the time immemorial. Human beings have
encountered many changes over the last century especially in their social
relationships and social structures. It is really far different from before. People can
move or migrate easily from one place to another. Goods and services can be
provided in an instance. Places can be visited in just one click. And at the same
time, people can now communicate to their loved ones even distant or miles apart.
In addition, the availability of computers, gadgets and mobile phones, together with
the internet technology has placed the world on our fingertips. In effect, the world
appears smaller than it actually is.
This unit is largely devoted in establishing a firm concept of globalization. The
phenomenon and practice will also be discussed. This is imperative to understand
better the related concepts, topics and principles which shall be discussed in
suceeding topics.

MODULE LESSONS:
Lesson 1. Competing Concepts of Globalization
Lesson 2. Philosophies and Ideologies of on/against Globalization
Lesson 3. Positive and Negative Aspects of Globalization

LESSON 1. COMPETING CONCEPTIONS OF GLOBALIZATION

Learning Objectives
At the end of the module, the students should be able to:
1. Write a personal definition of globalization using a concept map
2. Differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization

Let‘s get started!

ACTIVITY 1: Picture Analysis

Direction: Analyze the pictures presented below. Write your analysis in a 2-3
sentences.

Sources: https://media.newstrack.in/uploads/technology-news/technology-news
https://im.idiva.com/content/2020/Sep/Fast-Food-Chain-Logo
https://yt3.ggpht.com/XORECpV5fGBEz4j
 My Analysis:
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________.

GREAT WORK!
You have analyzed that the pictures
above are about globalization. Now,
work on your own initial concept
about globalization.

ACTIVITY 2: Concept Mapping

Direction: Put your initial idea/concept about globalization in the circles. You can
use words or phrases.

GLOBALIZATION

As you have your initial definition on globalization, let‘s compare and refine
your work by looking and thinking deeper on the different concepts defined
by various authors
 EXPLAIN

Scholars have a fierce debate when did globalization start. The debate is
partly rooted on the lack of precise definition of the word. Regardless of the differing
and various definitions, as it core, globalization is the exchange of ideas, capital and
goods across the world, driven by technology. Moreover the former Harvard
Business School Professor, Theodore Levitt‘s article entitled ―The Globalization of
Markets‖- Globalization refers to the existence of free exchange of goods, services,
culture and, even people, between and among countries. Brought by globalization
lot of people are greatly immersed to learn, travel and try new things like new
culture, language, and lifestyles.

Consequently we can clearly see how globalization works in our everyday life.
We wake up to a GE alarm clock made in China, uses Adidas sandals made in
Indonesia, put your American Eagle clothes on from Mexico, unplug your Apple
phone made in the U.S. and China, hop into your Toyota made in Kentucky, listen
to BTS from South Korea and grab a Starbuck‘s coffee with beans harvested in
Columbia. Globalization is also the reason why there are KFC restaurants
throughout the country and Jollibee branches on the big cities around the world. As
cited by San Juan (2018) in his book ―Journey Through our Contemporary World‖
economic and cultural aspects of globalization have become more visible as modern
innovations bring countries closer together through decreased travel time, efficient
communication means, and the like. Despite globalization‘s obvious benefits to a
number of people around the world, its complexity and vastness understandably
lends itself to competing conceptions, philosophies, and ideologies that view it with
different perspectives.

COMPETING CONCEPTIONS OF GLOBALIZATION

On globalization as ―a contested concept,‖ Manfred Steger remarks that

since its earliest appearance in the 1960s, the term ‗globalization‘ has been
used in both popular and academic literature to describe a process, a condition,
a system, a force, and an age. In a recent study Steger (2005) on his work
―Journal of Political Ideologies‖ he cited that the term globalization should be
confined to a set of complex, sometimes contradictory, social processes that are
changing our current social condition based on the modern system of
independent nation-states. Indeed, most scholars of globalization have defined
their key concept along those lines as a ―multidimensional set of social processes
that create, multiply, stretch, and intensify worldwide social interdependencies
and exchanges while at the same time fostering in people a growing awareness of
deepening connections between the local and the distant.‖ At its core, then,
globalization is about the unprecedented compression of time and space as a
. of political, economic, and cultural change, as well as powerful
result
technological innovations.
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) describes
economic globalization as the ―closer integration of national economies through
trade and financial flows as well as cross-border migration of people. As national
economies ‗open up‘ and lower their external barriers, they become more
exposed-and more vulnerable- to global forces and influences.‖ Such definition
covers what European Union (EU) calls as the ―four freedoms,‖ free movement of
goods or products, services, capital or investment, and persons.
Thomas Friedman‘s bestselling book The Lexus and the Olive Tree, gives a
relatively balanced and oft-cited definition of globalization which he considers as
both an era and a system that ―is not static, but a dynamic ongoing process:
globalization involves the inexorable integration of markets, nation-states, and
technologies to a degree never witnessed before- in a way that is enabling
individuals, corporations, and nation-states to reach around the world farther,
faster, deeper and cheaper than ever before. Meanwhile some entities like the
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) emphasize that globalization is ―the
process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result
of massively increased trade and cultural exchange which has increased the
production of goods and services and has been taking place for hundreds of
years, but has speeded up enormously over the last half-century. Benedict
Anderson explained that the ―early globalization‖ during the last two decades of
the 19th century was made possible by developments such as the invention of
the telegraph, the inauguration of the Universal Postal Union which ―vastly
accelerated the reliable movement‖ of printed materials around the world; wide
use of the steamship that facilitated swifter intercontinental travel; and ―a
thickening latticework of railways that moved millions of people and commodities
within national and colonial borders, linking remote interiors to each other, and
to ports and capitals.
Beyond the definition of globalization, distinctions between internalization
and globalization are also contested. Leslie Sklair reveals that ―much of the
globalization literature is confused because not all those who use the term
distinguish it clearly enough to internalization, and some writers appear to use
the term interchangeably. In essence, Sklair argues that globalization is broader
and more complicated than internalization. Internalization refers to processes
and systems that pertain to relationships between nation-states, while
globalization encompasses processes and systems related to ―global social
relations‖- or interactions between international and/or transnational entities.

You have gained a lot of definitions cited by various authors or entity,

now move on the next activity to test your understanding.
 ELABORATE
ACTIVITY 3: Funnel Organization
Direction: Associate your ideas about globalization using funnel organization.

You are doing a good job! We are almost done in our first lesson discussion. I
hope you learn a lot about the definitions of globalization and internalize its
essence to your field as a future IT and IS professionals . May you able to
apply and use this information to become aware of what the world demands
for the skilled workers like you in the future. For your final activity kindly
answer the activity below

EVALUATE

LEARNING ACTIVITY 4: How globalized are you?

Direction: Go to your room and do an inventory of everything you have in
your possession. You will find out that the most essential among the ―things ―in
your room are footwear, computer (if any), cellphone, television (if any), books,
newspapers and news magazines. Take a picture of that item you have then
organize your inventory into two types: first things that are made in the Philippines
and second, those that are foreign brands. List the origin of your foreign-brand
items. Discuss why some things are made in the Philippines while others are
produced abroad.
LESSON 2. PHILOSOPHIES AND IDEOLOGIES OF ON/AGAINST
GLOBALIZATION

Learning Objectives
At the end of the module, the students should be able to:
1. Identify the underlying philosophies of the varying definitions of globalization.
2. Make their own digital art based on the philosophy/ideology that they
believed.

Let‘s get started!

To get started, read the passage below and identify the philosophies and
ideologies. After that you will work on the activity to test your comprehension.

EXPLAIN

PHILOSOPHIES AND IDEOLOGIES OF/ON/AGAINST GLOBALIZATION

IDEOLOGY
Globalization‘s backers, supporters and ideologues have ―six core claims‖
that seem to make it an ideology in itself:
(1) Globalization is all about the liberalization and global integration of
markets.
Anchored in neo-liberalism where there is a free trade with less regulation of
the government. According to this notion the vital functions of free market – its
rationality and efficiency as well as its alleged ability to bring about greater social
integration and material progress – can only be realized in a democratic society that
values and protects individual freedom. Conversely, the notion of ‗integrating
markets‘ is draped in the mantle of all embracing liberty, hence the frequent
formulation of Claim One as a global imperative anchored in universal reason.
Thus, decontested as an economic project advancing human freedom in general,
globalization must be applied to all countries, regardless of the political and cultural
preferences expressed by local citizens. As President George W. Bush notes in a key
document of his administration, ‗Policies that further strengthen market incentives
and market institutions are relevant for all economies—industrialized countries,
emerging markets, and the developing world‘.
In short, market globalist voices present globalization as a natural economic
phenomenon whose essential qualities are the liberation and integration of global
markets and the reduction of governmental interference in the economy.
(2) Globalization is inevitable and irreversible
The second mode of decontesting ‗globalization‘ turns on the adjacent
concept of ‗historical inevitability‘. Governments, political parties, and social
movements had no choice but to ‗adjust‘ to the ‗inevitability‘ of globalization.
Frederick W. Smith, chairman and CEO of FedEx Corporation, proclaimed that
‗Globalization is inevitable and inexorable and it is accelerating .... Globalization
is happening, it‘s going to happen. It does not matter whether you like it or not,
it‘s happening, it‘s going to happen‘. Manuel Villar, the Philippines Speaker of the
House of Representatives, insisted that, ‗We cannot simply wish away the
process of globalization. It is a reality of a modern world. The process is
irreversible‘.
(3) Nobody is in charge of globalization
The third mode of decontesting globalization hinges on the classical
liberal concept of the ‗self-regulating market‘. The semantic link between
‗globalization market‘ and the adjacent idea of ‗leaderlessness‘ is simple: if the
undisturbed workings of the market indeed preordain a certain course of history,
then globalization does not reflect the arbitrary agenda of a particular social
class or group. In other words, globalists are not ‗in charge‘ in the sense of
imposing their own political agenda on people. Rather, they merely carry out the
unalterable imperatives of a transcendental force much larger than narrow
partisan interests.
(4) Globalization benefits everyone (… in the long run)
This decontestation chain lies at the heart of globalism because it
provides an affirmative answer to the crucial normative question of whether
globalization represents a ‗good‘ phenomenon. The adjacent idea of ‗benefits for
everyone‘ is usually unpacked in material terms such as ‗economic growth‘ and
‗prosperity‘. However, when linked to globalism‘s peripheral concept, ‗progress‘,
the idea of ‗benefits for everyone‘ taps not only into liberalism‘s progressive
worldview, but also draws on the powerful socialist vision of establishing an
economic paradise on earth—albeit in the capitalist form of a worldwide
consumerist utopia. Thus, Claim Four represents another bold example of
combining elements from seemingly incompatible ideologies under the master
concept ‗globalization‘.
(5) Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the world
The fifth decontestation chain links ‗globalization‘ and ‗market‘ to the
adjacent concept of ‗democracy‘, which also plays a significant role in liberalism,
conservatism, and socialism. Globalists typically decontest ‗democracy‘ through
its proximity to ‗market‘ and the making of economic choices—a theme developed
through the 1980s in the peculiar variant of conservatism Freeden calls
‗Thatcherism‘. Indeed, a careful discourse analysis of relevant texts reveals that
globalists tend to treat freedom, free markets, free trade and democracy as
synonymous terms.
(6) Globalization requires war on terror
Like the previous claims, this final decontestation chain attests to
globalism‘s political responsiveness and conceptual flexibility. It combines the
idea of economic globalization with openly militaristic and nationalistic ideas
associated with the Americanled global War on Terror. At the same time,
however, Claim 6 possesses a somewhat paradoxical character. If global terror
were no longer a major issue, it would disappear without causing globalism to
collapse. In that case, it seems that Claim 6 is a contingent one and thus less
important than the previous five. On the other hand, if the global War on Terror
turns out to be a lengthy and intense engagement—as suggested by the current
American political leadership— then it would become actually more important
over time. No wonder, then, that some commentators who favor the second
option have claimed to detect a dangerous turn of globalism toward fascism. In
short, Claim 6 was running a considerable risk of causing irreparable damage to
the conceptual coherence of globalism.
PHILOSOPHIES
As a system, globalization is currently led and promoted by ideologues and
policymakers to subscribe to the capitalist and neoliberal ideologies. Capitalism
is the dominant economic framework and system in many parts of the world
today. It is primarily premised on the ―profit motive.‖ It promotes claim that
seeking profit is the basic aim of any individual or entity in this world‘. The profit
motive partly explains why, for example, people tend to buy stocks of profitable
companies, or why governments of Third World countries allow mining
corporations to operate even in places where ecosystem is vulnerable. Other
ideology that dominated the end of 1970s is neoliberalism that according to
David Harvey (2005) is a theory of political economic practices that proposes that
human well-being can be advanced by liberating individual entrepreneurial
freedoms and skills within an institutional framework characterized by strong
private property rights, free markets and free trade. Though may differ in the
scope of meanings the two goes hand in hand. One example is cited by San Juan
(2018) that neoliberalism‘s adherents further build on the profit motive by
asserting that for capitalism to thrive, markets should be free from government
intervention claiming that ―Free markets and free trade will… set free the creative
potential and the entrepreneurial spirit which is built spontaneous order of any
human society, and thereby led to more individual liberty and well-being, and
more efficient allocation of resources.‖ In a simplified way they lobby for
deregulation, privatization and liberalization to give corporations a free hand in
the global economy. The pro-globalization side defends its adherence to
neoliberal capitalism by claiming that freeing corporations from much of
government regulation will encourage capitalist to invest more on existing
 industries, even on experimental and innovative ones; privatizing industries
(such as petroleum and mining) and services (such as transportation and health
care) will create opportunities for corporations to create more wealth from almost
sure profits and possibly reduce the price of commodities and services as
competition between enterprises becomes stiffer; and liberalizing the global
economy through lifting tariffs imposed in almost any product and service will
drastically accelerate and cut the costs of the trade, saving companies billions of
dollars in the process and the making imported goods relatively cheaper.
Meanwhile, critics of globalization are divided into two main campus; the
antiglobalization side and the alter-globalization current. As their name suggest,
the antiglobalization side and the alter-globalization current differ only on their
long-term objective: the former want an end to what it considers as a highly
imbalanced system of globalization that favors the First World over the Third
World, corporations over citizens and communities, and profit-seeking over
environmental sustainability. The latter favors ―altering‖ or ―changing‖ the
current system of globalization to make it more humane, proenvironment, and
more grassroots-driven rather than staying on top-down imposition.

You have learned that there are different ideology and philosophies that drives
globalization, with that information do the next activity to enhance your
learning.

ELABORATE
ACTIVITY 5: Digital Art

Direction: Construct your own poster on how you define globalization using
the philosophies or ideologies.
LESSON 3. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION

Learning Objectives
At the end of the module, the students should be able to:
1. Analyze the positive and negative aspects of globalization
2. Make a stand whether you are pro or anti-globalization

Let‘s get started!

ACTIVITY 6: News Article Reading

Direction: Read the article below and share your insights about what you read.
Write your insights for about 6-7 sentences.

Rao (2013) emphasized that there are 4 positive impacts of globalization

in a world economy. One is that globalization produces more efficient
markets where there is an equilibrium between what buyers are willing
to pay for a good or service and what sellers are willing to sell for a good
or service. Second is it increases competition, with more competitions to
fight over a market share, each company has to constantly look to
improve their goods or services or either create more value for their
costumers…

Sorin (2019) in his article ―Globalization Pros and Cons‖ mentioned the
following The negative effects of globalization as follows 1. Security
deficit, poverty, personal insecurity, migration turns into a global threat
2. There are no national solutions to transnational issues 3.
Demographic Deficit: is narrow national intellectual potential and
increase export of human resources 4. Ecology deficiency: the natural
world of the world is rapidly deteriorating in line with the growth of the
national and global economy 5. Reduces the number of jobs.
My Insights

After making your insights, supplement it with the following data and let‘s see
how long and how you will make your stand until the end.

EXPLAIN

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION

Supporters and critics of globalization enumerates a lot of positive and negative

aspects of this complex system, in their quest to win the public to their side. The
positive aspects of globalization cited by its supporters include the following: (1)
multiculturalism and multilingualism (free exchange of goods and services need swift
communication, hence the need to learn as many languages as possible); (2) free
trade (reduced cost on selling products almost worldwide provided huge profits for a
number of big transitional corporations, and resulted in cheaper prices of some
consumer goods such as cell phones and computer); (3) cultural and educational
exchanges (the rise of multilingualism inevitably lead to the study of diverse cultures
and eventually, more educational exchange such as EU’’s Erasmus Mundus Program
between universities of all continents); (4) migration (at least within EU citizens can
freely visit and work in any country; and find jobs in and eventually migrate to more
developed countries); (5) and global cooperation (globalization’s rules and mechanism
are created and governed by global entities such as WTO- where almost all countries
are represented, and global institutions such as the United Nations encourage global
cooperation on many issues ranging from climate change to poverty eradication).
Among the prominent promoters of globalization are thinkers such as Thomas
Friedman, Martin Wolf, Mustafa Akyol, Theodore Levitt, and Fareed Zakaria;
politicians such as Jose Manuel Barroso, Lee Kuan Yew, Hillary Clinton and
Emmanuel Marcon; and entities such as Bilderberg and International Monetary
Fund (IMF).
On the other side of the debate, anti and alter globalization advocates put
forward a number of globalization‘s negative aspects: (1) linguistic hegemony of
English (as the US and the then very much UK-influenced EU utilize English,
globalization compels other countries to use it as well, with some former colonies such
as the Philippines and Malawi, even prioritizing it over their own national languages);
(2) cultural homogenization (big corporations-such as fast food chains like McDonald’s,
consumer item giants like Nestle, and Hollywood film companies like Pixar, Marvel,
and Disney- dominate markets in many countries because of their enormous financial
power and presence in almost every country); (3) Third World dependence on the First
World (despite globalization’s obvious contribution to the successful leap of some
countries from Third to First World status, more Third World countries still complain
that the current setup favors developed countries more, especially with regard to rules
that prohibit developing countries from providing massive state subsidies or aid to the
farmers- while EU heavily subsidizes their agricultural sector, and the way global
financial institutions to fail to help many developing countries in jumpstarting their
industrialization); (4) global income and wealth inequality (as the only biggest
corporations seem to benefit from stiff competition and unbridled free trade); (5) tax
injustice (under globalization, countries compete for foreign investments and are
forced to lower corporate tax rates, thereby reducing the expected government income
which can be used for social services that can shield the most vulnerable sectors from
the negative effects of globalization); (6) and racism and anti-migrant sentiment (as
corporations in many First-World countries hire more migrants to save on wages, First
World working-class citizens complain about being left behind in their own countries,
hence partly fueling the rice of racism and anti-migrant sentiment). Prominent anti-
or alter globalization thinkers include Alejandro Lichauco, Ha-Joon Chang, Jose
Maria Sison, Joseph Stiglitz, Noam Chomsky, Samir Amin, Slajov Zizek, Thomas
Piketty, Yanis Varoufakis and Walden Bello. Other anti- or alter globalization
personalities include US President Donald Trump, US Senator Bernie Sanders, Pope
Francis, UK Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn, former Venezuelan President
Hugo, Guatemalan indigenous people leader Rigoberta Menchu, and French
politician Marine Le-Pen. Many critics of globalization assert that, overall,
globalization is more favorable to developed countries because:
1. Developed countries investment in developing countries earn profits which
the former typically repatriate, rather than reinvest in the latter;
2. Developed countries control multi-lateral financial institutions such as the
IMF, World Bank, and even the biggest private banks that are capable of bankrolling
of frustrating any efforts towards industrialization contemplated by progressive
developing countries‘ governments;
 3. Technology transfers on a massive scale seldom happens, hence developed
countries tend to retain a monopoly on innovations vita to the growth of the
manufacturing sector;
4. The bulk price of the developing countries‘ main exports (raw materials and
semi-manufactured goods) is lower than the bulk price of their typical imports from
developed countries (technology/machinery and high value products);
5. The migration of workers and professionals from developing countries to
the developed depletes the former‘s human resources which they need to free
themselves from poverty and dependency;
6. The education system of developing countries is aligned with the needs of
developed/capital-rich countries which also typical destinations of migrant worker
from the developing nations.

EVALUATE

ACTIVITY 7: Discussion Web

Direction: In a concept web organizer, site three (3) positive and three (3) negative
aspects of globalization and make your stand whether you are anti or pro-
globalization.

POSITIVE NEGATIVE

CONCLUSION

CONGRATULATIONS for a job well done. Keep it up!

REFERENCES:
Claudio, Lisandro E. et.al (2018). The Contemporary World. 1 st ed. C&E
Publishing Inc. pp. 2-9
San Juan, David Michael M. (2018). Journey through our Contemporary World
1 st ed. Vibal Group, Inc. Quezon City pp.2-15
Steger, Manfred B., et.al (2014). The SAGE Handbook of Globalization. 2nd
Edition. SAGE Publication, California, USA. pp.2-10