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CT Connection for Transformer Differential

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Phase Angle Compensation by CT Connection

Derivation of Matrix Equation

Phase Angle Compensation in Numerical Relays

Key Point Summary

Reference

The previous discussion on the transformer vector group showed how transformer connection can cause
phase displacement between the HV and LV winding. This phase displacement will result in the
misoperation of differential protection if left uncompensated. In this article, CT connection for transformer
differential protection will be discussed. The analysis of different CT connections will be presented in order
to lay down the basis for the matrix equations used in modern numerical relays.

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Phase Angle Compensation by CT Connection
Figure 1 shows a wye-delta transformer connection of vector group YNd11. 

Figure 1. YNd11 Transformer Connection

Based on the previous discussion, the connection shown in figure 1 indicates that the LV winding leads the
HV winding by 30°.  Figure 2 shows a delta-wye transformer connection of vector group Dyn1.  This
connection indicates that the LV winding lags the HV winding by 30°.

Figure 2. Dyn1 Transformer Connection

This phase shift needs to be compensated to avoid the misoperation of the differential protection. Phase
compensation is done by means of wiring current transformers either delta or wye, or through internal
relay compensation in numerical relays. To do just that, CTs are wired such that the 30° phase shift is
reversed. This is shown in figure 3.

It can be seen from the CT connection for transformer differential protection that wye-connected CTs are
used in the delta side of the transformer while CTs on the wye side of the transformer is DAB-connected.
Using DAB-connected CTs, secondary currents seen from the relay will lead the actual currents by 30°, thus
offsetting the 30° phase displacement (LV lagging HV) introduced by the transformer vector group Dyn1.

Figure 3. Phase Compensation Using DAB Connected CTs

To illustrate further, if we let the transformer wye-side currents be

we can calculate the delta side current IA as shown below,

We can then calculate the secondary currents seen from the relay,

These values are adjusted using IAW1 as a reference.

Figure 4. Phasor Diagram. Primary and Secondary

Currents

With the measured secondary currents displaced at 180°, the differential (operate) current, IOP, will yield a
value equal to zero. See discussion on The Operate Quantity.

Derivation of Matrix Equation

If we investigate how we derived IAW2, we can create an equation that relates the actual currents to the
secondary currents seen from the relay.

Doing the same for IBW2 and ICW2, we can obtain a matrix that relates the actual currents to the secondary
currents seen from the relay. The derived matrix represents how DAB-connected CTs compensate for a 30°
phase angle displacement in a Dyn1 transformer.

Phase Angle Compensation in Numerical Relays

The process that has been discussed so far involves modifying physical CT connections by wiring current
transformers in such a way as to compensate for the phase displacement. In modern, microprocessor-
based relays, phase compensation is done numerically. Figure 5 shows the same transformer connection
with wye CT connection for transformer differential protection on both sides.
 Figure 5. Phase Compensation Using Wye Connected CTs

To derive the secondary currents seen from the relay, we let

and solve for IAW1 and IAW2,

These values are adjusted using IAW1 as a reference.

Figure 6. Phasor Diagram. Primary and

Uncompensated Secondary Currents

Without compensation, secondary currents seen from the relay are displaced by 150°. This would yield an
IOP ≠ 0 during normal operation. To do phase compensation numerically, we use the previously derived
matrix to solve for IAW2C, IBW2C, and ICW2C. Since our CTs are wye connected, we can see that IAW2, IBW2,
and ICW2 are equal to Ia, Ib, and Ic, respectively.

IAWC2­is computed as follows,

These values are adjusted using IAW1 as a reference.

 Figure 7. Phasor Diagram. Primary and
Compensated Secondary Currents

After the phase angle compensation using the derived matrix equation, the secondary currents seen from
the relay are now displaced by an angle of 180° and will result in a differential (operate) current, IOP, equal
to zero.

Key Point Summary

Different transformer connections (vector groups) result to phase angle displacement between HV
and LV windings

This phase angle displacement may result to a differential (operate) current if left uncompensated

Phase angle compensation is conventionally done by connecting CTs either in wye or delta so as to
compensate for the phase angle displacement

Numerical relays provides flexibility by using matrix equations to compensate for angle
displacement instead

Phase angle compensation is very important in implementing transformer differential protection.

However, this is just one part of securing your protection so stay connected for the next topic.

Reference
SEL-387A Instruction Manual. Available in SEL, Inc. website.

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8 thoughts on “CT Connection for Transformer Differential Protection”

 Tope says:
March 10, 2021 at 7:59 PM

Thank you Engr. Luciano Mercado. Your lessons are very valuable. We appreciate you for
sharing these for free.

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PAC Basics says:

March 11, 2021 at 5:56 PM

Hi Sir Tope,

Thank you for the support! Your comment is very much appreciated.

I am hoping that the knowledge we share through this website will reach a lot of people.

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