Statistics

Lesson 01

Introduction to Statistics

Presented By - Sudharma Chandrasiri

Lecturer
Learning Outcomes

Students Should be able to,

 define Statistics
 understand the basic concepts of statistics
 distinguish between a statistics and statistic
 understand the difference between descriptive Statistics and
Inferential Statistics
 explain the use of statistics in business & economics applications.
 understand of the usefulness of statistics as a tool of decision
making
 Statistics ?
INFORMATION
DATA
Table 2. concenlration (mg kg·') in the sedimem collected in and
Me1al samples March June/2001

Locatio Fe Cd c c, z" Ni P M
n b a
u March
2001
MP, 40,500 3.0 32.0 38.4 23.1 34.2 707.3
MP, 78.500 1.3 18.0 62.5 100.0 29.8 26.3 633.9
MP, 26,570 3.7 49.0 68.5 54.8 39.3 50.2 801.3
MP, 22.480 2.75 20.0 92.5 15.6 19.8 33.0 113.
MP, 35.250 3.3 20.0 43.0 17.4 21.0 36.7 5
MP, 28.000 4.0 14.5 42.5 57.0 29.7 49.5 120.
MP, 14.500 3.75 16.0 68.0 25.4 20.8 38.6 3
MP, 29,000 6.0 46.5 39.1 33.5 53.0 767.3
MP, 37.500 "'
"5 10.0 86.5
77.0
50.0 33.7 54.0 142.
4
.r. 7.5 53.5
o°
MP1 46,500 36.9 53.3
0
10,100 16.0 75.0 50.0 36.4 63.1 344.5
MPI 20,750 10.0 68.5 50.0 40.0 73.3 260.4
I 17,500 5.0 10.0 29.0 57.9 21.7 45.0 278.2
MP 90,250 H 21.5 35.0 12.6 18.1 32.0 137.
1! 39,000 4.1 13.0 75.0 40.8 38.0 73.0 8
MP 3.4 71.5 332.3
" 4.7 705.0
June 2001
MP1 1.2 838.0
JP, 59,750 8.5 50.0 32.0 21.7 130.0
~ 51.5 332.3
JP!
MP, 45.750 3.3 18.5 48.5 24.5 42.6 140.0
13.
JP, 12,870 1.8 15.0 57.5 35.0 44.5 337.3
J 5
JP, 10.000 1.9 9.5 50.0 21.05 42.2 260.0
79.0
Jl\ 10.000 2.0 90 62.5 34.0 39.7 162.5
49.5
JP, 44,070 2.0 6.5 62.5 31.8 39.0 135.0
74.0
JP, 15.870 1.5 5.5 50.0 26.5 27.0 250.0
65.0
JP, 32,500 2.65 38.0 50.0 24.1 50.5 510.0
32.0
JP, 17.000 1.95 25.0 50.0 28.5 35.8 500.0
20.5
JP 97,000 1.75 35.0 50.0 22.3 32.4 215.0
28.0
. 93,000 2.85 5.0 46.7 22.2 52.0 825.0
3-
JPI 31,000 3.3 4.0 54.6 34.6 54.2 750.0
1.5
Jpn
I 30,500 2.25 10.0 37.5 75.0 28.1 39.7 350.0
83,320 2.3 6.0 44.5 27.5 75.0 27.7 40.5 750.0
JPU
JP
19.
JP1,
U 41,500 2.7 25.0 42.5 50.0 31.8 52.2 450.0
5
Defined - Statistics
Science of

Collecting
Organizing
Presenting
Analyzing
Interpreting, of data to make effective Decisions.

“Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing,

presenting, analyzing and interpreting of data for the
purpose of assisting in making more effective decision
under uncertainty”.
 Terminology

 Population

All the INDIVIDUALS or OBJECTS on which we have to make

some study.

The set of all the elements / members included in the field of a

statistical study is termed as ‘population’.

Ex: In a study launched to analyze the problems related to the

employees in a particular factory, all the workers employed in the
factory are included to the ‘population’
 Sample
A SET OF DATA drawn from the population

In order to come to conclusions regarding the ‘population’ a

representative potion drawn in random is termed as ‘a sample.

A sample is a smaller set of data that a researcher selects from a

population using a pre-defined selection method
Parameters

A parameter is a numerical measure that describes a characteristic of a

population.

Census

A census is a collection of information or data from all units in the

population or a 'complete enumeration' of the population.

In statistics, census is a survey that is conducted on the entire set of

observations in the population
 Types of Statistics

Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

 Collect Predict and forecast

values of population
 Organize parameters
 Summarize  Test hypotheses
 Correlation & Regression
 Display Analysis
 Make decisions

Mean, Mode, Median

Descriptive Statistics

The descriptive statistics merely describe the data and consist of

methods and techniques used in collection, organization,
presentation and analysis of data in order to describe the various
features and characteristics of data.

Inferential Statistics
Statistical inference deals with methods of inferring or drawing
conclusions about the characteristics of the population based upon
the results of the sample taken from the same population.
 Statistic & Statistics
Statistic
 A statistic is a single measure of some attribute of a sample.
 It is calculated by applying a function (statistical algorithm) to
the values of the items of the sample, which are known together
as a set of data.
 when we obtain results from a Sample, it is called Statistic

Ex: mean value. Standard deviation. Test statistic in

hypothesis testing

Statistics
Statistics is the collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and
interpreting of data for the decision making
Applications in Statistics

 Business
 Economics
 Banking
 Administration
 Accounting & Auditing
 Natural & Social Sciences
Examples - Specific Situations of using statistical
techniques in the business field.

Production Management
A feasibility study is launched before an industry being located
in an area for evaluating the eligibility.

Quality Control (QC)

Techniques to examine the quality standard of goods and
services manufactured.
In marketing management
Ability of applying sample survey techniques to evaluate the
consumer taste. Time series analysis can be applied to study the
variations take place in sales for a considerable period of time.

Human Resources Management

Data analysis techniques are used for analyzing a bio-data sheet in
enrolment of employees to an institution.
 Uses of Statistics

• Statistics simplifies complexity

• Statistics helps in collecting appropriate quantitative data
• It helps to achieve at optimal decisions for entirety through
outcomes of a sample survey
• Statistics facilities comparison
• Ability of forecasting the potential movement of a variable
 Limitations of Statistics

 Does not deal with individual values

 Statistical interpretation requires a high degree of skill and
understanding of the subject
 Statistics can be misused
 Summary

 Define – Statistics
 Types of Statistics
 Terminology
 Statistics & Statistic
 Applications in Statistics
 Uses of Statistics
 Limitations
Thank You