Based on the Civa INS System

As there is a splendid freeware gauge avilable for the FS9, a simulation of the Del-Carousel IV INS , i'm going to describe this kind
of vintage kind of Navigation used in the sixties and seventies in a bit more detail. If you want to start with the FMS/FMC you can
skip this chapter, but if you are interested you can go on reading, it maybe improves your understanding of modern system if you
read through this.

The INS is a system based on the internal reference of a gyro which has to be aligned before it can be used. Therefore the INS-
Control-Display-Unit (CDU) has to be fed with the current aircrafts position in latitude/longitude coordinate format. The CDU
consists of a scratchpad (Numbers 1-9), a small digital display and a Mode Selector Knob. Also you have a so called MSU – Mode
Selector Unit. This unit controls the Mode in which the INS Runs. You have five options:

OFF – STBY – ALGN - NAV – RTT

First Step:

So first we need to align the system to our present coordinates. Therefore we switch the MSU to STBY

Second Step:

We now have to feed the INS with our coordinates. Press Shift+Z for Flightsimulator Coordinates or use coordinates provided on
charts. To enter them turn the Selector on the CDU to POS then enter the Coordinates as follows:
Coordinates(For my example - see sample flightplan below): S 02°09'5, W 079°53'1 by pressing: 8 (look below the 8, there is a S
on the same key for SOUTH) then 0 2 0 9 5 now hit the INSERT button and repeat the same procedure with the longitude
coordinates. 4 for West, then 0 7 9 5 3 1 for the coordinates, then press again INSERT Now the INS has our Coordinates. We now
have to align the INS to this coordinates.

Third Step:

Once our present position is inserted we have to align the system to that position. Therefore we put the MSU to the ALGN Mode
which then will align the system. This process may take up to 15 minutes. In the time off alignment absolutly NO AIRCRAFT
MOVEMENT IS ALLOWED. If you move the A/C during the process you have to start it again. So be sure your engines are OFF!!!!
and the parking brakes are set.

Fourth Step:

Now that we are waiting for the Alignmentprocess to complete we can enter our route. Therefore turn the selctor knob on the
CDU to WAYPT. You will know see this:
Above the selectorknob there is a small wheel. If you turn it you can cycle through the waypoints from 1-9. So the INS System can
hold 9 Waypoints at once. If your flightplan contains more than 9 simply add new waypoints during a flight. To add a waypoint just
repeat what you did when you entered the position. South/North + Coordinates, INSERT, East/West + Coordinates, INSERT.
Then Switch to the next Waypoint and repeat the procedure. If you have more than one CDU you don't need to insert all waypoints
into every CDU, just press the REMOTE button on all CDU's and then insert the waypoints. With that the waypoints will be copied into
all CDUs and you just need to program one.
To check if your waypoints where entered correctly turn the Selector Knob to DIS/TIME. There you can check the Distances
between the waypoints. Those should match the distances on your route. The distance is displayed on the left side of the CDU
Display. to see the distance from waypoint 1 to 2 simply press the Button WAYPOINT CHG and enter 23. Now you'll get the distance
in nautical miles. Do NOT press Insert. To quit this mode press CLEAR. On this pictures you can see the Distance between waypoint
0 and 1 is 38nm, which is a match with my flightplan above.

Fifth Step:

By now, the INS should be aligned. Move the Mode Selector on the CDU to DSRTK/STS and look for the numbers on the right side.
There should be two: The right one should indicate the "Error Index" which must be satisfied at least to navigate. Normaly you
should see there a 5. The Number on the left is the acutal Error Index. It should be 5 or lower. If this is satisfied the NAV-Lights on
the MSU should be illuminated in green. If that's the case, turn the Mode Selector Knob to NAV - the green lights should extinguish.

Sixth and Last:

What do you do if you get a direct by ATC?

Well Waypoint 0 holds your current coordinates. So all you have to do is to go from Waypoint 0 to the desired waypoint. In this
case lets say we got a direct to CANOA (Waypoint 2 in our flightplan) So we go to DIS/TIME on the CDU and press WAYPOINT CHG
then press 0 2
Sample Flightplan used for the Tutorial:

Cruise altitude between FL210 and FL210

SEGU (0.0nm) -SID-> PUNAS (38.2nm) -A566-> CANOA (52.1nm) -A566->
MOLLE (66.0nm) -A566-> LOGUS (78.0nm) -STAR-> SECU (94.4nm)
Details:
________________________________________
ID FREQ TRK DIST CoordsName/Remarks
SEGU 0 0 S02°09'26.71" W079°53'00.81" JOSE JOAQUIN DE OLMEDO INTL
PUNAS 181 38 S02°47'37.00" W079°54'42.00" PUNAS
CANOA 91 14 S02°48'12.00" W079°40'53.00" CANOA
MOLLE 91 14 S02°48'46.00" W079°26'54.00" MOLLE
LOGUS 91 12 S02°49'16.00" W079°14'55.00" LOGUS
SECU 103 16 S02°53'22.08" W078°59'03.83" MARISCAL LAMAR
Tracks are magnetic, distances are in nautical miles.
________________________________________
SEGU SID PUNAS A566 LOGUS STAR SECU