STERILIZATION

Rayzl Kaye Gacayan and Princess Irra Separa

What is sterilization?

Sterilization is a permanent method of a

birth control. Sterilization procedures for
women are called tubal sterilization or
female sterilization. The procedure for
men is called vasectomy. Sterilization is
considered a safe procedure with few
complications.
Female sterilization
Female sterilisation is an operation to permanently prevent
pregnancy. The fallopian tubes are blocked or sealed to
prevent the eggs reaching the sperm and becoming fertilised.

Depending on the method used, you would either have a

general anaesthetic, where you're asleep during surgery, or
local anaesthetic, where you'd be awake but not feel any pain.
What’s the difference between
surgical and nonsurgical sterilization?

The surgical procedure is tubal ligation, in which the fallopian

tubes are cut or sealed. It’s sometimes referred to as getting your
tubes tied. The procedure is usually performed using a minimally
invasive surgery called laparoscopy. It can also be done just after a
vaginal delivery or cesarean delivery (commonly referred to as a C-
section). Nonsurgical procedures use devices placed in the
fallopian tubes to seal them. The devices are inserted through the
vagina and uterus, and the placement doesn’t require an incision.
How does female sterilization(tubal
ligation) work?
Sterilization blocks or seals the
fallopian tubes. This prevents the egg
from reaching the uterus and also keeps
the sperm from reaching the egg.
Without fertilization of the egg,
pregnancy can’t occur. Tubal ligation is
effective immediately after the
procedure.
This means a woman's eggs cannot meet
sperm, so fertilisation cannot happen.
Eggs will still be released from the ovaries
as normal, but they'll be absorbed naturally
into the woman's body.
How female sterilization is carried out?

The surgeon will block your fallopian tubes (tubal

occlusion) by either:

applying clips – plastic or titanium clamps are closed

over the fallopian tubes
applying rings – a small loop of the fallopian tube is
pulled through a silicone ring, then clamped shut
tying, cutting and removing a small piece of the fallopian
tube
This is a fairly minor operation and many women return
home the same day.
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Nonsurgical Sterilization
(Essure)

Currently, one device has been used for nonsurgical

female sterilization. It was sold under the brand
name Essure, and is the process it’s used for is called
fallopian tube occlusion. It consists of two tiny metal
coils. One is inserted into each fallopian tube through
the vagina and cervix. Eventually, scar tissue forms
around the coils and blocks the fallopian tubes.
Essure has been recalled in the United States,
effective December 31, 2018
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Recovery from female sterilization

After the procedure, you’re monitored every 15

minutes for an hour to make sure that you’re
recovering and that there are no complications.
Most people are discharged that same day,
normally within two hours. Recovery usually takes
between two and five days. Your doctor will likely
ask you to return for a follow-up appointment one
week after the procedure.
How effective is female sterilization?
After the procedure, you’re monitored every 15
minutes for an hour to make sure that you’re
recovering and that there are no complications.
Most people are discharged that same day,
normally within two hours. Recovery usually
takes between two and five days. Your doctor
will likely ask you to return for a follow-up
appointment one week after the procedure.
What are the benefits of female
sterilization?
• Female sterilization is a good option for women who want
effective and permanent birth control. It’s safe for almost all
women and has an extremely low failure rate. Sterilization is
effective without leading to the same side effects as other
methods, such as birth control pills, the implant, or even the
intrauterine device (IUD). For example, the procedure does not
affect your hormones, menstruation, or sexual desire. Some
evidence also suggests that female sterilization may slightly
reduce the risk of ovarian cancer.
Advantages of
female sterilization
Advantages:

•More than 99% effective at preventing

pregnancy
•blocking the fallopian tubes and removal of the
tubes should be effective immediately – but use
contraception until your next period
•it will not affect your sex drive or interfere with
sex
•it will not affect your hormone levels
What are the disadvantages of female
sterilization?
Disadvantages:

•it does not protect against STIs, so you may need to use condoms
•it cannot be easily reversed, and reversal operations are rarely
funded by the NHS
•it can fail – the fallopian tubes can rejoin and make you fertile
again, although this is rare
•there's a very small risk of complications, including internal
bleeding, infection or damage to other organs
•if you get pregnant after the operation, there's an increased risk it'll
be an ectopic pregnancy
What are the risks of female sterilization?
• There are certain risks involved in any medical procedure.
Infection and bleeding are rare side effects of tubal ligation. Talk
to your doctor about the risks before the procedure. In rare cases,
the tubes can spontaneously heal after sterilization. According to
Planned Parenthood, there’s a chance any pregnancy that
happens at this point will be ectopic. An ectopic pregnancy occurs
when the fetus implants in the fallopian tube instead of the uterus.
It’s a potentially very serious medical problem. If not caught in
time, it can be life-threatening. For sterilization using inserts, the
risks have been found to be so serious that Essure has been taken
off the market as of the end of 2018.
Vasectomy (male sterilisation)
• A vasectomy (male sterilisation) is a surgical procedure to cut
or seal the tubes that carry a man's sperm to permanently
prevent pregnancy.
• It's usually carried out under local anaesthetic, where you're
awake but don't feel any pain, and takes about 15 minutes.
• In rare cases, you may have a general anaesthetic, where you're
asleep during the operation.
At a glance:facts about vasectomy
•A vasectomy is more than 99% effective.
•It's considered permanent, so once it's done you don't have to
think about contraception again.
•It doesn't affect your sex drive or ability to enjoy sex. You'll still
have erections and ejaculate, but your semen won't contain sperm.
•You'll need to use contraception for at least 8 to 12 weeks after
the operation, because sperm will still be in the tubes leading to
the penis.
•Up to 2 semen tests are done after the operation to make sure
that all the sperm have gone.
•Your ball sack (scrotum) may become bruised, swollen or
painful – some men have ongoing pain in their testicles.
•As with any surgery, there's a small risk of infection.
•It's very difficult to reverse, so be sure it's right for you.
•A vasectomy doesn't protect against sexually transmitted
infections (STIs), so you may need to use condoms as well.
How it works
A vasectomy works by stopping sperm getting into
a man's semen, the fluid that he ejaculates.

The tubes that carry sperm from a man's testicles

to the penis are cut, blocked or sealed with heat.

This means that when a man ejaculates, the semen

has no sperm in it and a woman's egg can't be
fertilised.
How a vasectomy is carried out
A vasectomy is a quick and relatively painless surgical
procedure. In most cases, you'll be able to return home
the same day.

There are 2 types of vasectomy:

a conventional vasectomy using a scalpel (surgical

knife)
a no-scalpel vasectomy
The doctor doing your vasectomy will discuss which
option is best for you.
Conventional Vasectomy
The doctor first numbs your scrotum with a local
anaesthetic. They then make 2 small cuts in the skin on
each side of your scrotum to reach the tubes that carry
sperm out of your testicles (vas deferens).

Each tube is cut and a small section removed. The ends of

the tubes are then closed, either by tying them or sealing
them using heat.

The cuts are stitched, usually using dissolvable stitches

that go away on their own within about a week.
No-scalpel vasectomy
The doctor first numbs your scrotum with local
anaesthetic. They then make a tiny puncture hole in
the skin of your scrotum to reach the tubes. This
means they don't need to cut the skin with a scalpel.

The tubes are then closed in the same way as a

conventional vasectomy, either by being tied or sealed.

There's little bleeding and no stitches with this

procedure. It's thought to be less painful and less likely
to cause complications than a conventional
vasectomy.
Before you decide to have a vasectomy
Your doctor will ask about your circumstances, provide information, and
may recommend counselling before agreeing to the procedure.
You should only have a vasectomy if you're certain you don't want any
more children or don't want children at all.
If you have a partner, discuss it with them before you decide. If possible,
you should both agree to the procedure, but it's not a legal requirement to
get your partner's permission.
Once you have had a vasectomy, it's very difficult to reverse it, so consider
all options and use another method of contraception until you're
completely sure. Vasectomy reversal isn't usually available on the NHS.
You may be more likely to be accepted for a vasectomy if you're over 30
and have had children.
But your GP can refuse to carry out the procedure, or refuse to refer you, if
they don't believe it's in your best interests.
Recovering after the operation
It's common to have some mild discomfort,
swelling and bruising of your scrotum for a few
days after the vasectomy.

You can take painkillers, such as paracetamol,

to help. See a GP if it's still painful after taking
painkillers.

It's common to have blood in your semen in the

first few ejaculations after a vasectomy. This
isn't harmful.
How will I know if my vasectomy has worked?
About 12 weeks after the procedure, you'll need to produce a sample
of semen, which will be tested for sperm.

Once tests have confirmed that your semen is sperm-free, the

vasectomy is considered successful and you can stop using additional
contraception.

Some men may need 2 tests. But until it's been confirmed that your
semen is free of sperm, continue to use another form of contraception.

A few men will continue to have small numbers of sperm in their

system, but these sperm don't move and are less likely to make your
partner pregnant.
Activities:
A. What are the similarities between
female and male sterilization?
B. What are the differences between
female and male sterilization?