o COMMUTATION AND ARMATURE CONSTRUCTION IN REAL DC MACHINES

In DC machines there are many methods to join armature windings with the
commutators. These methods of connection define the number of parallel paths for
current in rotor, value of terminal voltage, number of commutators and their location.
Commutation is processed by which ac voltage converted into the dc voltage. The
working of dc machine is such that they produce ac voltages at their output terminals
these ac voltages are converted into a dc voltage.

Rotor Windings
 Irrespective of the method in which the windings are linked with commutators,
mostly armature windings comprise of diamond-like arrangements of coils that
are placed into the slots at the rotor.

 Every coil comprises a number of turns of wires, every turn was covered with
some insulating material and there is further insulation among the turns and from
slots that used to insertion of windings.
 Every side of the turn is named as a conductor. You can use this given formula to
find the number of conductors in armature windings.

Z=2CNc
 In this formula.
 Z is the no of a conductor in the rotor.
 C is the no of a coil in the rotor.
 Nc is no of turns per coils.
 The electrical angle of a coil is one eighty degrees, which means that one side
of the windings is facing one pole its other side is facing a pole of other
polarities.
 The pole is not at an angle of one eight degrees physically, but the polarity of
the field will change moving from the first pole to second pole.
 The mathematical relation among mechanical and electrical angles can be
written as.
øe =(P/2) øm
in this equation.
øe is the electrical angle.
P is no of poles.
øm is a mechanical angle.
 If the electrical angle is one eighty degrees then the voltage at any side of the
coil’s conductor will be similar in magnitude but has reverse polarity.
 This type of windings is known as full pitch windings.
 If the electrical angle is less than the one eighty degrees than this type of
windings is known as fractional pitch coil, if windings of the rotor are
fractional pitch then these windings known as chorded windings.
 The quantity of chording is defined by some factor that is known as pitch
factor p, which can be described as.
P = (electrical angle/180˚) x 100%

 To enhance commutation in the windings of a rotor normally less quantity of

chording is employed.
 Normally windings used in the rotor are 2 layer windings, that have in every
coil two different windings are placed.
 One side of the windings coil is placed at bottom of its slot, and the second
side is placed at the top of the slot.
 This type of arrangement needs the special technique to put placed coils in
the slots of rotor.

 One end of every coil is located at the bottom of its slot, and then all the
bottom sides are in place, the other end of every coil is located at the top of its
slot.
 In this style, all the windings are interlaced together, enhancing the
mechanical strength and homogeneity of the concluding assembly.

Connections to the Commutator Segments

 After placing the windings in the rotor’s slots of dc machines next process is
to link these windings with the commutator.
 There are numerous techniques that can be used for windings joining with the
commutators and many arrangements of windings can be used for this
process each has its own benefits and drawbacks.
 The space among the split rings or commutator parts that are connected with
the 2 ends of windings are known as the pitch of commutator and denoted as
yc .

Progressive windings
 In these arrangements of windings connection with the commutator is such
that one end is connected with one commutator segment and another end of
windings is connected to the next commutator section. (It simple word we can
 explain it that if the first commutator segment is ‘n’ and next is ‘n+1’ and
windings are connected with these two).

Retrogressive winding
 In this type of windings arrangement, one end of windings is connected with
one commutator segment and a second end with the previous commutator.
We can understand it in simple words that if we connect one end with ‘n’
commutator segment and second with ‘n-1’ segment than it called
retrogressive windings.
 The rotor of these two windings has a different rotation direction.
 The windings at the rotor have different classifications rendering to plex.

Simplex windings:
 This winding has one complete winding wound on the rotor of the machine.
Duplex winding:
 This winding has 2 sets of windings wound on the rotor. In this windings every
winding is linked with the commutator segment after leaving one, mean one
winding is linked with the 1, 3, 5,7, etc, commutators and other will be linked
2,4,6,8 segment.
Triplex windings
 This winding has 3 sets of windings on the rotor and each is linked with the
3rd commutator segment
 In a simple word, if the rotor has more than one winding then these windings
are known as multiplex windings.