Vector geometry OPQR isa parallelogram. OP= pwd OK =r, Find the following in terms of p and r. at ES = — a RQ b QP 2 -6Q d PR eV InS ss a RQ=p = b QP=-+ SS ¢ OQ-OP+PQ=ptr "> NOTE: the journey from 0 to Q isthe GIRS AROS RI ‘same as’ the journey from O to P, d PR POPOR=r—p followed by the joumey from P to 0. Vectors are ofien used to prove geometric properties. The next two examples illustrate this technique. ABCD isa trapezium. DG = 2p, AB = 6p and AD = 24, D_G c E, F, Gand Hare the midpoints of the sides. Find in terms of pand a i e a CB b CF c HE ; CNT a = — a B d GF e HF f HG ‘What can you say about quadrilateral EFGH? oes =a a CB -CD+DA+AB b CF => cB DPGPc =—2p—2q + 6p 1 =4p—2q = 3 4p — 2a) =2p-q eee > oo © HE-HA+AE d GF =GC+CF =-q+3p =p + (2p-a) =3p-q =3p-q eS eee e EF -EB + BF f HG-HD+DG = 3p + (a—2p) =a*p =p+q =p+q sipidinsdital cepoantigs So HE = GF and EF = HG. This means that HE and GF are parallel and the same length. Also, EF and HG are parallel and the same length. So EFGH is a parallelogram. ro eeOPQ isa triangle. 4 Q X is the midpoint of OP. Y is the midpoint of OQ. — — OP = 2pand OQ = 24. Find in terms of p and q as a a PQ. b X¥ What can you say about the lines PQ and XY? * < —— a PQ =PO +0Q=-2p+2q =e b XY=XO+OY=--p+a es So PQ = 2X¥ This means that PQ and XY are parallel and that PQ is twice the length of XY. EXERCISE 9.13 1 ABC isa triangle. D is the midpoint of AC. — Sep AB = pand AD = DC =q. Find in terms of p and q a — —> — — a pA » ac © BD a GB 2 ABC isa triangle. Mis the midpoint of AB. ca =pand oR CB =4- Find in terms of p and 4 of). ae 8 ¢ cM 3 OPQR isa square. Mis the midpoint of PQ. =pand OR =r. Find in terms of p and r —> ze — — 2 0Q > MP © OM d MR 4 ABCD isa trapezium. > = AB = 2p, DC =p and DA = 4. F Find in terms of p and q | => _ — =a | a BA > DB © CA d CB | ABCDEF is a regular hexagon. is the centre of the hexagon. oe =e AF =pand AB =q. Find the following in terms of p and . a @ » DE e 40 => ¢ CE ec @D ! DB Vectors and vector geometry | a9 | .a) 6 OABC isa parallelogram, Mis the midpoint of AB. Nis the midpoint of CB. — — OA =aand OC =c. Find in terms of a and ¢ => 7 — ad a NB b BM c 4c ¢ MN What can you say about the lines AC and MN? 7 OABC isa parallelogram. Mis the point of intersection of the two diagonals. — — OA = aand OC =e. Find in terms of a and ¢ — = — cls a OB b CA c OM d CM i llelogram. 8 ABCD is a parallelogram AB =pand AD =q. E,F, Gand H are the midpoints of the sides. Find in terms of p and q => — — — a FG > EH © EF 4 HG ‘What can you say about quadrilateral EFGH? 9 OABC and BCDE are two congruent parallelograms. OA =aand OC =e. Mis the midpoint of BE and N is the midpoint of DE. Find in terms of a and e — aS — — a AM b AC ¢ DM 4 MN What can you say about AC and MN? 10 ABCD isa trapezium. BODE isa parallelogram. | EB -p, AE - 3pand ED -@. Mis the midpoint of AD. Find in terms of p andq => a a EC b EM c MC d AM UNITSFurther vector geometry Vector geometry can be used to prove that points are collinear (lie on a straight line). =o If AB = RAC, then the points A, B and C are collinear. (This is because the lines AB and AC must be parallel and the point A lies on both lines.) Ratios can also be used in vector geometry. If X isa point on the line AB such that AX : XB= 2:3 x aaa A B — o> then AX = 5 ABand XB = = AB. ‘The next example illustrates these techniques. OPQR is a trapezium. — ee OP =3pand OR =r ee RQ” 30P ° 3p P X lies on RP such that RX : XP = 1:3 a Find in terms of p andr ee > = ~ i OQ ii RP ili RX iv OX Ses b What do your answers for OQ and OX tell you about the points O, X and Q? > a i OQ=OR+RQ =r+p —> i ii RP =RO+OP — NOTE: RX: XP=1:3 means that RX 3 atte) = as b OQ =r+pand OX ==(r+p) > 3 4 So O: 24.09 This means that OX and OQ are parallel. The point O lies on both of these line segments. So the points O, X and Q are collinear. Vectors and vector geometry