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Question: A spherical pressure vessel has an inside diameter of 6 m and a
…
Strain transformation
(2 bookmarks)
A spherical pressure vessel has an inside diameter of 6 m and a
wall thickness of 15 mm. The
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vessel will be constructed from steel [E = 200 GPa;  = 0.29] that
has a yield strength of 340 MPa. If the

internal pressure in the vessel is 1,750 kPa, determine (a) the

normal stress in the vessel wall, (b) the

factor of safety with respect to the yield strength, (c) the normal
strain in the sphere and (d) the increase

in the outside diameter of the vessel.

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[Sections: Concepts and reason]
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Stress:
When a force is applied on the body, a resistance is offered by the body to the deformation which is called as stress. 0 questions remaining
Strain:
When a body is subjected to an external force, there will be deformation in the body. The ratio of change in dimension to
the original dimension is called strain.
Pressure vessel:
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Pressure vessel refers to the thin shelled structure that is subjected to internal pressure. A spherical pressure vessel has two
components of normal stresses, namely circumferential stress and longitudinal stress.
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Circumferential stress: We'll send you a one-time download
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The stress induced along the circumference of the object due to the pressure inside the object is known as the hoop stress
or circumferential stress.
Normal strain:
Normal strain is produced due to application of axial stresses. It is calculated as the ratio of change in length to the original
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initial length.
Hooks law: By providing your phone number, you agree to receive a one-time
Shear stress is directly proportional to its shear strain produced in the material beyond the elastic limit. When the load is automated text message with a link to get the app. Standard
messaging rates may apply.
applied, the material regains its original shape or remains deformed.
Factor of safety:
It explains the load bearing ability of a material after the application of actual load. It is also defined as the ratio between
the ultimate strength and the maximum shear stress in the material. It is denoted by nand it is dimensionless.
Use the spherical vessel generalized circumferential stress formula to determine the normal stress in the vessel and then use My Textbook Solutions
the Hooks law and general formula for strain to determine the normal strain and the increase in diameter. Finally obtain the
factor of safety by determining the ratio of yield stress to the actual stress.
[Sections: Fundamentals]
The relation to calculate the normal stress (σlong.,c ) for the spherical pressure vessel is as follows: ​

Pd
σlong.,c = ​

4t
​

Here, allowable pressure in the spherical vessel is P , diameter of the spherical vessel is d and thickness of the spherical
Introduction Introduction Computer
vessel is t.
to Chemical... to Chemical... Networks: A...
The relation to express the Hooke’s law is given as follows: 8th Edition 7th Edition 1st Edition
σ = Eε
View all solutions
ε = Eσ
Here, stress is σ and young's modulus is E .
The equation expressing the Poisson ratio is given as follows:
εlat = −vεlong
​ ​

Consider an element elongates along the x direction and the induced strain in x direction is given as follows:
1
εx =
​

E
[σx − υ (σy )] ​ ​

Here, stress in the x direction is σx , Poisson ratio is υ and stress in the y direction is σy . ​ ​

The formula to calculate the strain (ε) is given as follows.

ΔD
ε= D
Here, change in diameter is ΔD and original diameter is D .
The formula to calculate the factor of safety of the weldment (n) is as follows:
σy
n=
​

σa
​

Here, yield stress is σy and actual stress isσa . ​ ​

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Step-by-step FIRST STEP | ALL STEPS | ANSWER ONLY

Step 1 of 4


(a)
Write the relation of circumferential stress for the spherical vessel (σn ). ​

Pd
σn = ​

4t
​

Here, internal pressure is P, inner diameter of pressure vessel is d and wall thickness is t.
Substitute 1750kPafor P , 6m for d and 15mmfor t.

(1750kPa)(6m)
σn = ​

4(15mm)
​

(1750kPa× 1000kPa
1MPa
)(6m× 1000mm
1m ) ​ ​
​

4(15mm)
​

= 175MPa

Part a
The magnitude of normal stress in the pressure vessel (σn )is 175MPa. ​

Explanation | Common mistakes | Hint for next step

The circumferential stress equation for the spherical pressure vessel is written and the numerical values of pressure,
diameter and thickness are substituted in the circumferential stress equation to determine the normal stress in the spherical
vessel.

Step 2 of 4


(b)
Calculate the factor of safety for the spherical pressure vessel (n).
σn
n= σa ​
​

Substitute 340MPa for σy and 175MPa for σa . ​ ​

340MPa
n= 175MPa
​

= 1.943

Part b
The factor of safety of the spherical pressure vessel (n) is 1.943.

Explanation | Hint for next step

The ratio between the yield stress and the actual stress is calculated to determine the factor of safety of the pressure vessel.

Step 3 of 4


(c)
Write the formula for the induced strain in x direction.
1
εx =
​

E [σx − υ (σy )] ​ ​

Here, stress in the x direction in spherical pressure vessel is σx , Poisson ratio is υ and stress in the y direction in spherical ​

pressure vessel.
Substitute 200GPafor E , 175MPa for σx , 0.29 for υ and 175MPa for σy . ​ ​

1
εx = ​

200GPa× 1000MPa
​ [175MPa − 0.29 (175MPa)]
1GPa
​

= 621.25 × 10−6 mm
​

mm
​

= 621.25με

Part c
The magnitude of the normal strain in the sphere is (εx )is621.25με. ​

Explanation | Common mistakes | Hint for next step

The normal strain in the pressure vessel is calculated by substituting the values young’s modulus, stress in the pressure
vessel and Poisson ratio in the relation for induced strain.

Step 4 of 4


(d)
Write the formula for lateral strain (ε) for the spherical pressure vessel.

ΔD
ε= D
​

ΔD
ε=
​

(Di +2t)
​

ΔD = ε (Di + 2t) ​

Here, change in sphere diameter isΔD , diameter of the sphere is D , inside diameter of the sphere is Di and thickness of ​

the sphere is t.
Substitute 621.25μεfor ε, 6m for Di and 15 mm for t. ​

ΔD = (621.25μ × 1×10−6 mm
1μ
) ((6m ​ × 1000mm
1m
) ​ + 2 (15mm))
​

= 3.75mm

Part d
Increase in outside dimeter of the pressure vessel (ΔD ) is 3.75 mm.

Explanation | Common mistakes

Write the formula for the lateral strain and rearrange the equation in terms of change in diameter then substitute the
calculated strain and given inside diameter, thickness of the pressure vessel in the equation to determine the increase in
outside diameter of the pressure vessel.

Answer
Part a
The magnitude of normal stress in the pressure vessel (σn )is 175MPa. ​

Part b
The factor of safety of the spherical pressure vessel (n) is 1.943.

Part c
The magnitude of the normal strain in the sphere is (εx )is621.25με. ​

Part d
Increase in outside dimeter of the pressure vessel (ΔD ) is 3.75 mm.

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