Beijing Urbanization

Adama Science And Technology University
Urbanization Of Beijing, China 2021
School Of Civil Engineering And Architecture

Architecture Department
Group Members ID number
Submitted to: Pr. Petta Eswara Rao
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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The simple definition of town is a residential area that is smaller than a city and larger than a
village. The word town comes from the old English word tun meaning enclosure, garden, field,
yard, manor, homestead, dwelling house or mansion.
Towns existed before modern states and came about between the 15th and 17th centuries. Towns
are said to be mostly but not exclusively semi rural communities and popular in the U.S. in the
New England states, New York, Pennsylvania, and the north central states.
Towns are not as easy to spot as cities because they are often intertwined with villages.
- They are more rural.
- Town meetings, meetings of the taxpayers, make policy decisions.
- Towns often grow around specialized economic activities, like mining.
Examples of towns are best found in your local area. These town examples all have official
websites you can check out to learn more about towns.
- The town of Chautauqua is located in Western New York, U.S.A.
- The town of Creston is located in British Columbia, Canada.
- The town of Parga is a maritime town in Greece.
The simple definition of city is a town of significant size or an urban area with self-government.
The word city comes from the French word cite, meaning town, city. The French term was taken
from the Latin word word civitatum, meaning citizenship.
Encyclopedia Britannica defines a city as a relatively permanent and highly organized centre of
population, of greater size or importance than a town or village.
While the size and look of cities varies around the world, there are a few things cities typically
have in common.
- They are more urban
- There is more non agricultural activity than agricultural activities.
- Elected officials often make policy decisions on behalf of their electors.
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The first cities in the world are believed to have evolved out of rural villages around 3500 B.C.
Examples of modern cities include the biggest cities in the world such as:
- Cairo
- Delhi
- Tokyo
- Beijing
- New York City
An urban area, or built-up area, is a human settlement with a high population

density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and
are categorized by urban morphology as cities, towns, conurbations or suburbs.
The criteria used by countries to decide whether to define a place as 'urban' include population
size, population density, type of economic activity, physical characteristics, level of
infrastructure, or a combination of these or other criteria.
The size of the urban community is much larger than the rural community. Not only this, in
urban areas, there is high density of population. Density increases the number of short-term,
impersonal and utilitarian social relationships a person is likely to have.
Urban population is heterogeneous. It consists of various shades of people—different castes,

classes, ethnic groups, religions, etc. They are not all alike. Urban community is noteworthy for
its diversity.
The sheer pressure of number marks for anonymity. Anonymity is a loss of identity and sense of
belongingness. The heterogeneity of city life with its mixture of people of all races, castes,
classes, creeds, occupations and ethnic origins heightens the sense of anonymity.
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Urban life is dynamic. Social relations are temporary. Therefore, permanency does not develop
in urban relations. There is a high rate of geographical as well as social mobility in urban areas.
In America, on an average, a person changes his job (occupational mobility) within six years.
Consequently, his dwelling (changes of residence), also changes. Different types of mobility
usually mean transiency of contact.
In urban social life, relations are not intimate and kinship based. Most routine social contacts in
the city are impersonal and segmented. Formal politeness takes the place of genuine friendliness.
The impersonality of urban life is a necessary and convenient way of urban living.
City people are physically crowded but socially distant. Social distance is a product of
anonymity, impersonality and heterogeneity. Occupational differences may be even more
important sources of social distance. Urbanites become nigh-dwellers, not neighbours.
The city is always in hurry. The life (work and entertainment) in the urban community becomes
‘clock regulated’. Order, regularity and the punctuality are the characteristics of urban life. On
the streets, his movement is controlled by traffic lights, on railway stations and other places by
elevators and escalators.
Most routine urban contacts are of secondary group rather than primary group nature. Most
contacts are instrumental, that is, we use another person as a necessary functionary to fulfill our
purposes. We do not necessarily interact with entire persons but with people in terms of their
formal roles as postman, bus driver, office assistant, policeman and other functionaries. We thus
interact with only a segment of the person, not with the whole person.
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Urbanization, the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated
in relatively small areas, forming cities.
The definition of what constitutes a city changes from time to time and place to place, but it is
most usual to explain the term as a matter of demographics. The United Nations does not have its
own definition of “urban” but instead follows the definitions used in each country, which may
vary considerably. The United States, for instance, uses “urban place” to mean any locality
where more than 2,500 people live. In Peru the term is applied to population centres with 100 or
more dwellings.
Is the capital of the People's Republic of China. It is the world's most populous national capital
city, with over 21 million residents within an administrative area of 16,807.8 km2 (6,489.5 sq
mi) It is located in Northern China, and is governed as a municipality under the direct
administration of the State Council with 16 urban, suburban, and rural districts. Beijing is mostly
surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin to the southeast;
together, the three divisions form the Jingjinji megalopolis and the national capital region of
China.
Beijing is a global city and one of the world's leading centres
for culture, diplomacy and politics, business and economics, education, language, and science
and technology. A megacity, Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban
population after Shanghai and is the nation's cultural, educational, and political center. It is home
to the headquarters of most of China's largest state-owned companies and houses the largest
number of Fortune Global 500 companies in the world, as well as the world's four
biggest financial institutions by total assets. Beijing is the "billionaire capital of the world" with
the highest number of billionaires living in the city. It is also a major hub for the national
highway, expressway, railway, and high-speed rail networks.
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BEIJING URBANIZATION MAP
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(1) those areas where local governments of the county level or higher are located are defined as
urban areas irrespective of the size of their permanent resident population,
(2) in rural areas, governed by village (xiang) authority and with a population of 20,000 or more,
a densely populated.
Urbanization is generally defined as a process of people migrating from rural to urban areas,
during which towns and cities are formed and increase in size. As shown in the statistic at hand,
the degree of urbanization of China, the world’s second-largest economy, rose from 36 percent in
2000 to around 51 percent in 2011. That year, the urban population surpassed the number of rural
residents for the first time in the country’s history. According to the urbanization blueprint,
issued in March 2013 by the Communist Party and State Council, China aims at reaching 70
percent urbanization by 2030.
WHEN HOW
 The earliest recorded settlement in Beijing was during the Western Zhou dynasty (1027-
770 B.C.) [Aldrich, 2006]. During the Zhou Dynasty there was a set of criteria that
builders followed when constructing cities that can still be seen today in Beijing.
 Beijing is a city with more than 3,000 years of recorded history and a centuries-old
glorious evolution.
 The required physical features included: the city
had to be placed in precise alignment with the four
directions, the city walls had to form a square or
rectangle, the main gate had to face south, the city
had to be located on level ground near water, and
the city had to have a walled in central area with a
second wall around the industrial and artisanal
quarters.
 The current name 'Beijing' comes from more than
500 years ago during the Ming Dynasty (1368-
1644). In 1403, Zhu Di captured the throne.
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In the battle the palaces of Zhongdu were set on fire and blazed for more than a month. When all
China fell to the Mongol hordes, Kublai Khan (1215–94), a successor to Genghis Khan,
determined to build a new capital at Beijing, abandoning the old city of Karakorum in Mongolia.
Beijing is, area-wise, more than ten times bigger than Greater London. It has a population of 19.6
million, compared to about 7.8 million for Greater London. This comparison is of course not
really fair because Beijing includes several large rural areas.
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 It covers a total area of 16,807.8 km2 (6,489.5 sq mi).

 Land use in Beijing, conservation land is concentrated in mountainous areas in the city’s
hinterland, while rural settlements, urban built-up areas and arable land are mainly
distributed in the plains .
Urbanization in China is taking place at a fast rate . The proportion of urban population increased
from 20% in 1982 to more than 50% in 2014.
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Before a detailed analysis of the actual implementation of urban development and its problems,
an understanding of the underlying reasons behind Beijing’s reasons for rapid urban
development must be reached.
The factors that are driving people to move to urban areas, which urban areas they are choosing,
and the benefits of urban lifestyles.
There are three key factors that are currently fueling Beijing’s rapid growth towards
becoming an ultra modern urban center. Economic, political, and social issues merge with
circumstances of modernization to make people want to migrate from rural to urban areas.
Causes of urbanization include:
 Industrial Growth: The explosion of industrialization and manufacturing enterprises

within a certain urban area gives rise to more employment opportunities — which is
another factor of urbanization.
 Employment: Rural areas commonly are agricultural. Urbanization and industrial growth
create opportunities for jobs that pay more, are more diverse, and may be less physically
demanding.
 Social Causes: Many urban areas allow for better living standards, including superior
educational facilities, better access to healthcare, modern housing, and more recreational
activities.
 Economic Problems: Many people may choose to migrate from a world area, as it is
generally not as economically stable or wealthy as a booming urban city.
 Political Causes: War, civil unrest, and other sources of political disorder often are woes
of developing areas. This turbulence — and potential danger — can be enough to make
anyone want to move.
 Modernization: New technology upgrades the infrastructure of urban areas. Better
communication, medical facilities, and various social amenities can attract those from
rural areas.
Urbanization is a complex process, as many of its driving factors play into and give rise to one
another. Once a rural city becomes urbanized, it may begin to thrive from several beneficial
features — most of which are what attracts more people to them.
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Over the past 20 years, Beijing experienced an ever-accelerating process of urbanization. the
standard of living and general economic circumstance of Beijing residences have increased
dramatically.
 Improved standard of living
 A large number of rural workers become urban residents.
 There are apartment buildings built close to each other to ensure maximum use of the
space.
 The establishment of immigration registration centers, and increase of police
monitoring of migrant labor are positive steps towards documenting all migrant
workers and ensuring that they meet basic standards of living
 The very presence of the Internet and IoT technology can expand communication to
nearly any corner of the globe, and has the capability to efficiently run utilities and
lighting for a whole city.
 Improved market potential
 urbanization will drive market demand
 When the rural population transfers to urban areas, their income and consumption
will inevitably increase.
 It will bring a sharp increase in consumer demand and investment demand.
 The government has realized the need to modernize the city to attract foreign direct
investment.
 Availability of better service
 It generate huge needs in infrastructure, public service and housing.
 The combination of available technology and influx of wealth has meant that
residence of Beijing are demanding higher quality of life, increases in standards and
a general improvement in overall welfare of their city.
 Accessibility to the Internet, better healthcare, education, recreational activities,
social services, and more all improve livability.
Especially for those coming from rural areas, urban areas can create an overall better quality of
life in several ways. When urban areas become bustling cities and towns, they become a society
of culture that can facilitate financial and educational growth.
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Urbanization has just as much impact on social processes as it does on economic and
environmental processes. Social organizations are transformed, demographic structures, the
family role, the way an individual works and the nature of that work, whom we choose to live
with and the way we choose to live are all affected by an urban environment. There is a
modification of domestic roles and relations throughout the family, and a redefining of concepts
of an individual and their social responsibility.
This is an image of Beijing's streets. They are highly crowded and very busy. This is most likely
a result from urbanization and the migration from rural to urban areas. The mass amounts of
people in the city is due to the mass amount of people moving into there. This is a social impact.
Overcrowding is a situation whereby a huge number of people live in a small space. This form of
congestion in urban areas is consistent because of overpopulation and it is an aspect that
increases day by day as more people and immigrants move into cities and towns in search of a
better life.
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Figure ; Growth of urban population in China
Most people from rural or undeveloped areas always have the urge of migrating into the city that
normally leads to congestion of people within a small area.
Some beijimg neighbor hoods have many features of slums – ramshackle slummy buildings,
illegally-built houses, foul-smelling public lavatories, piles of garbage, the hidden troubles for
possible fires. Through poor areas with bad housing, the Beijing-style slums are still safe places
strictly controlled by the government, unlike those slums commonly seen as “breeding grounds”
for social problems such as drug addiction, alcoholism, crime, high rate of mental illness, and
suicide.
When more people move to towns and cities, one of the major challenges posed is in the
transport system. More people means an increased number of vehicles which leads to traffic
congestion and vehicular pollution.
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Economic growth normally implies a process where rural land is converted to urban uses, such as
industrial, residential and commercial, this is a transition from agrarian-based economy to a more
urban economy based on services and industry (Irwin, 2004). Cities have always been at the
heartbeat of technological advances and economic growth. The creation of jobs and prosperity
attracts people towards the cities.
An increase in the number of people within any area results in the problem of accommodation.
The population has also significantly increased in the last few years.Because of this population
pressure, urban areas face a scarcity of housing facilities.It occurs because the expansion of
housing and public utilities has been insufficient. Building material is also expensive, which
cannot be afforded by everybody.
In the image you can see typical Beijing housing. They are apartment buildings built close to
each other to ensure maximum use of the space. From this image you can conclude that the
increase in population density in Beijing has resulted in cheaper and less luxurious housing for
residents. This is an economical impact.
The problem of joblessness is highest in urban areas and it is even higher among educated people.
It is estimated that more than half of unemployed youths around the globe live in metropolitan
cities. And, as much as income in urban areas is high, the costs of living make the incomes seem
horribly low. The increasing relocation of people from rural or developing areas to urban areas is
the leading cause of urban unemployment.
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In 2020, the registered unemployment rate in Beijing municipality in China ranged at 2.56
percent. Registered unemployment in China is normally lower than the actually surveyed
unemployment.
Urban populations interact to a greater extent with their environments, compared to rural
populations (Torrey, 2004). The major environmental issues incorporated are air pollution, water
pollution, and the destruction of natural habitats (Environmental Issues: Facing the challenges.
2007). Consequently, this depletion of urban environments causes effects on the health and
standard of living of the urban population. Overall, the denser the urban population the more
negative impacts the environment encounters. However, countries with stronger economies
counter economics counter measure with strict guidelines in terms of pollution.
The largest numbers of motor vehicles and industrial pollution in a combined geographical space
makes air quality in urban areas extremely poor. According to the World Health Organization,
the concentration of suspended particles should be less than 90 micrograms per cubic meter.
However, in cities all across the world, this number is much higher, for example in China only 8
out of 74 of the biggest cities passed the governments basic air quality test in 2014 (BBC,
2015).High concentrations of particles damages human health directly causing a range of
respiratory diseases and exacerbating heart diseases and exacerbating heart disease (World
Health Organization, 2010).
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Urbanization is described as one of the most destructive forces affecting stream health and water
shield (Riley, 2008). Urbanizing these watersheds, replacing the vegetation with impervious
services, reduce the infiltration area where groundwater can occur. Thus, resulting in a greater
amount of water arriving at a stream more quickly, rising the frequency of more severe flooding.
This runoff creates another problem, water pollution. As storm water flows over surface, it picks
up potential pollutants that include pesticides, fertilizers, bacteria (from human and animal
waste), metals, petroleum (leaking vehicles), and sediments. This water can be detrimental to
animals, plants, and humans (U.S Geological survey, 2014).
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High-resolution urban land use maps have important applications in urban planning and
management, but the availability of these maps is low in countries such as China. To address this
issue, a protocol to identify urban land use functions over large areas using satellite images and
open social data has been developed.
At first parcels derived from road

networks and then used as the
basic mapping unit.
After that parcels are divided into

8 Level I classes and 16 Level
II classes of land use
This protocol was tested in

Beijing, China. The results
showed that the generated land
use map had an overall accuracy
of 81.04% and 69.89% for Level
I and Level II classes,
respectively.
The map revealed significantly

more details of the spatial pattern
of land uses in Beijing than the
land use map released by the
government.
Figure: Map of the study area. The white line shows the boundary of the administrative
area of Beijing, China. The built-up areas are at the center of the satellite image and are
indicated by a red boundary.
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The generated land use map of Beijing is shown in Figure below (i.e., A and C represent
the overall and local views, respectively).
This map contains eight Level I classes and 16 Level II classes.
A B
Figure: Detailed land use map of the Beijing area in 2013.

(A) Overview map of the Level I land use;
(B) zoomed-in view of the official land use map in Beijing;
(C) detailed map of Level II land use types with the same extent of (B).
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For Level I, the residential land use class had the highest producer’s accuracy (85%) in
built-up areas, whereas the type of institutions had a relatively lower value of 66%.
However, the categories with the highest producer’s accuracy were community (74%) and
industrial areas (74%) in the Level II classes, and the lowest was administrative departments
(33%).
Figure: Training samples for nine sub-classes of land use in the built-up regions:
(A) cottage; (B) community; (C) retail place; (D) service building; (E)
industrial land; (F) medical place; (G) educational/research place; (H) administrative
office; (I) public service.
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1990 2020
a b
c d
Figure: Land use map of Beijing (a) 1990 (b) 2000 (c) 2010 (d) 2020
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Map of urban expansion and land use change of Beijing (1984-2018).

(A1-A5): Land use change of Beijing during 1984-2018;
(B1): The process of urban expansion from 1984 to 2018.
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Given that the spatial structure of Beijing bears an approximate radial concentric pattern defined
by ring roads containing 6 ring roads.
As a result, Beijing is categorized under
The ring is in the form of both rectangle and circle.
Figure: Map of the standard deviation of the similarities of parcels. The 2nd to the 5th ring roads
are shown by orange lines.
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 The were mainly distributed inside the , and the largest

portion was the class of , which take more than 40% of the built-up areas.
 More than 80% of the was located inside the .
 The high % of was the highest between the
 For the , the class of was mainly distributed
outside the and accounted for 67.61% of the total area.
 was the largest land use class outside of the , it is 67.94%.
Table 5. Percentages of different land use types among the ring roads.
Percentage (%) Inside 2nd 2nd–3rd 3rd–4th 4th–5th 5th–6th Outside 6th
Agriculture 0.98 0.73 5.69 17.53 40.46 27.15
Green space 7.36 2.33 0.52 1.79 9.65 67.94
Water body 7.34 2.33 1.13 1.64 1.81 1.31
Undeveloped 11.24 8.55 3.38 3.51 3.89 0.35
Residential 41.40 48.98 46.70 43.47 15.52 1.00
Commercial 28.71 32.20 23.75 8.04 1.05 0.09
Industry 0.35 0.58 3.70 6.46 14.28 1.56
Institutional 2.62 4.29 15.13 17.55 13.34 0.60
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- Water body proportion is high at the center of the city, because Beijing 1st created near 2 rivers
Gaoliang river and Jishui river & expanded in the form of ring in all direction.
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- Beijing has almost continually been the capital for the last 700 years. It was the capital of six
ancient dynasties, including the empires of the Yuan, Ming, and Qing that were the largest and
most powerful.
- Beijing, one of the oldest cities in the world. has experienced rapid urbanization over the past
30 years. Because of the city's expansion, the land use has changed considerably, with many
croplands converted to urban areas. In 2015, Beijing had an area of 16,807 km² and a
population of 21.70 million.
Life in Beijing: Extreme weather conditions can render Beijing unpleasant on occasion,
especially if you are not used to that particular climate. It means coping with cold and windy
winters, hot and humid summers, and dust or sand storms from the Mongolian steppe in spring
as well as air year-round pollution.
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 Beijing current condition
 Beijing is home to seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Beijing’s long and rich history has left behind an abundant historic and cultural heritage,
including seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the Great Wall, the Forbidden City, the
Summer Palace, the Temple of Heaven, the Ming Tombs, Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian, and
the Grand Canal
Page 30
 Beijing is a cultural hub of China.

Thanks to its long history and deep cultural roots, Beijing has a unique collection of architecture,
arts, cuisine, and other cultural facets.
A Beijing culture tour is not complete without imperial architecture, like the Forbidden City, and
the narrow hutong lanes lined with traditional courtyard houses; performing arts like Beijing
opera; and Beijing cuisine like roast duck. Glimpse the magnificence of Chinese culture through
the lens of its capital.
 Beijing is the second-largest city in China.

Beijing Municipality has a population of almost 22.5 million (almost as many as Australia), in an
area of 16,800 square kilometers (or 6,500 square miles). It is China's second-largest city after
Shanghai.
It's important to plan your time in Beijing well, as the crowds and traffic congestion, not to
mention its sheer size, are big challenges. A private tour can help make the most of your time
and limit the hassle.
 Beijing is the No. 1 China gateway city.
Beijing Capital International Airport is the world’s second-busiest airport, and it is most often
used as the airport of entry to and exit from China.
The new 144-hour visa-free transit policy makes the city a more convenient travel destination. It
allows travelers from 53 countries to enjoy a 6-day trip in Beijing without a visa.
From Beijing, it is easy to travel by plane or direct bullet train to most major China destinations.
See more on Beijing Transport.
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 The air quality is getting better.

If you've only ever heard about Beijing's pollution on the news, you might be concerned about
the air. However, the city has plenty of great air days, and the situation has improved a lot even
in the last few years. In fact, breathing Beijing's air for six average days is the equivalent of
smoking just one cigarette: this is not bad for a large developing world city!
China Highlights will provide particulate masks if you do happen to stumble upon a bad air day.
We are also flexible to change your itinerary, allowing you to go to the Great Wall when
pollution in the city is bad, and see the Forbidden City when the air is better, for instance. See
What to Do on a Bad Air Quality Day in Beijing.
Beijing urbanization has experienced four stages

1. economic re-construction and industrialization-led urbanization (1949–1977)
2. economic reform and market-led urbanization (1978–1995)
3. economic globalization and the global-local urbanization (1996–2010)
4. the land-economy-led urbanization (2010–)(current stage)
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 Economic development
 Cultural globalization
 The creation of employment opportunities
 Technological and infrastructural advancements
 Improved transportation and communication
 Quality educational and medical facilities
 improved standards of living
 crowded streets
 Air and water pollution
 Income gap between villages and cities is very wide
 increased traffic fatalities and jams
 loss of agricultural capacity
 increased car dependency
1. Development of cities has long been affected by urban development policy

2. Hukou system has seriously hindered the development of urbanization
3. The major component of urban population growth has changed from the re-classification
of urban and rural areas to population migration from rural to urban areas
 Combat poverty by promoting economic development and job creation.

 Involve local community in local government.
 Reduce air pollution by upgrading energy use and alternative transport systems.
 Create private-public partnerships to provide services such as waste disposal and housing.
 Plant trees and incorporate the care of city green spaces as a key element in urban
planning.
Page 33
1. Wang, L.; Li, C.C.; Ying, Q.; Cheng, X.; Wang, X.Y.; Li, X.Y.; Hu, L.Y.; Liang, L.;
Yu, L.; Huang, H.B.; et al. China’s urban expansion from 1990 to 2010 determined
with satellite remote sensing. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2012, 57, 2802–2812. [CrossRef]
2. United Nations. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision; United Nations:
New York, NY, USA, 2015.
3. Li, X.; Yeh, A.G.-O. Modelling sustainable urban development by the integration of
constrained cellular automata and GIS. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 2000, 14, 131–152.
[CrossRef]
4. Li, X.; Liu, X.; Gong, P. Integrating ensemble-urban cellular automata model with an
uncertainty map to improve the performance of a single model. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci.
2015, 29, 762–785. [CrossRef]
5. Li, X.; Liu, X.; Yu, L. Aggregative model-based classifier ensemble for improving land-
use/cover classification of Landsat TM Images. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2014, 35, 1481–1495.
[CrossRef]
6. Gong, P.; Liang, S.; Carlton, E.J.; Jiang, Q.; Wu, J.; Wang, L. Urbanisation and health
in China. Lancet 2012,
379, 843–852. [CrossRef]
Page 34

Beijing Urbanization

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Adama Science And Technology University

Urbanization Of Beijing, China 2021

School Of Civil Engineering And Architecture

Group Members ID number

Submitted to: Pr. Petta Eswara Rao

An urban area, or built-up area, is a human settlement with a high population

Urban population is heterogeneous. It consists of various shades of people—different castes,

BEIJING URBANIZATION MAP

 It covers a total area of 16,807.8 km2 (6,489.5 sq mi).

 Industrial Growth: The explosion of industrialization and manufacturing enterprises

Figure ; Growth of urban population in China

At first parcels derived from road

After that parcels are divided into

This protocol was tested in

The map revealed significantly

Figure: Detailed land use map of the Beijing area in 2013.

Map of urban expansion and land use change of Beijing (1984-2018).

As a result, Beijing is categorized under

The ring is in the form of both rectangle and circle.

 The were mainly distributed inside the , and the largest

 Beijing current condition

 Beijing is home to seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites

 Beijing is a cultural hub of China.

 Beijing is the second-largest city in China.

 The air quality is getting better.

Beijing urbanization has experienced four stages

1. Development of cities has long been affected by urban development policy

 Combat poverty by promoting economic development and job creation.

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