IT106: Intermediate Programming

Compiled Lesson 1: Introduction to JAVA Programming

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
we are in the Technology Platform. We will focus on
Java Programming.
At the end of this module the students will be able
to.
1. Define the basic programming terminology 2.
Describe the procedural and object-oriented
programming concepts
3. Describe the features of the java
programming language
4. Analyze the Java application that produces
console output
5. Add comments to a Java class
6. Save, compile, run and modify a Java
application

TOPIC
OUTLINE

Introduction to JAVA Programming

● Concept of Programming
● Features of Java Programming
● Syntax of Java Program
● Applications Used to create Java Programs
● Steps in Running a Java Program in
command Prompt

Concept of Programming
And History of JAVA
OVERVIEW Programming
Java Program is a class-based, object-oriented
programming language that is designed to have as
few implementation dependencies as possible. LEARNING ABOUT PROGRAMMING

• Program
ACTIVATING – Set of written instructions that tells
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE computer what to do
Have you heard about Java, a Java man? • Machine language
How about Java rice or Java Programming? – Most basic circuitry-level language
– Low-level programming language
Since
• High-level programming language
Do you want to know more about Java – Allows you to use vocabulary of
Programming? reasonable terms
• Syntax
 – Rules of language • Compiler or interpreter
• Program statements – Translates language statements
– Similar to English sentences into machine code
– Carry out tasks of program • Syntax error

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– Misuse of language • Object-oriented programming differs from
– Misspelled programming language traditional procedural programming – Basic
word concepts
• Debugging • Polymorphism
– Freeing program of all errors • Inheritance
– Logic errors • Encapsulation
– Also called semantic errors
– Incorrect order or procedure

COMPARING PROCEDURAL AND UNDERSTANDING CLASSES, OBJECTS

OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
AND ENCAPSULATION
CONCEPTS

1. PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING • Class

– Sets of operations executed in – Describes objects with common
sequence properties
– Variables – Definition
• Named computer memory – Instance
locations that hold values
– Procedures • Attributes
• Individual operations – Characteristics that define object –
grouped into logical units Differentiate objects of same class –
Value of attributes is object’s state
2. OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMS
• Objects
– Create classes
– Specific, concrete instance of a
– Create objects from classes
class
– Create applications

• Method
• Object-oriented programming was used most frequently for two major types of
applications code
– Computer simulations – Similar to procedure
– Graphical user interfaces (GUIs)
• Not all object-orientated • Encapsulation
programs written to use GUI – Refers to hiding of data and
– Self-contained block of program methods within object

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– Provides security
– Keeps data and methods safe from
inadvertent changes
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UNDERSTANDING INHERITANCE AND
POLYMORPHISM • Inheritance
 – Important feature of object-oriented
programs • Applets
– Classes share attributes and – Programs embedded in Web page
methods of existing classes but
with more specific features • Java applications
– Helps you understand real-world – Called Java stand-alone programs
objects – Console applications
• Polymorphism • Support character output
– Means “many forms”
– Allows same word to be interpreted – Windowed applications
correctly in different situations • Menus
based on context • Toolbars
FEATURES OF THE JAVA • Dialog boxes

PROGRAMMING UNDERSTANDING THE

LANGUAGE SYNTAX OF JAVA
• Java PROGRAM
– Developed by Sun Microsystems
– Object-oriented language ANALYZING A JAVA APPLICATION
– General-purpose THAT PRODUCES CONSOLE OUTPUT
– Advantages
• Security features • Even simplest Java application
• Architecturally neutral – Involves fair amount of confusing
– Can be run on wide variety of syntax
computers • Print “First Java application” on screen
– Does not execute instructions on
computer directly
– Runs on hypothetical computer
known as Java virtual machine
(JVM)
• Source code
– Programming statements written in
high-level programming language
UNDERSTANDING THE STATEMENT THAT
PRODUCES THE OUTPUT
• Bytecode
– Statements saved in file • Literal string
– Java compiler converts source code – Will appear in output exactly as
into binary program entered
– Written between double quotation
• Java interpreter marks
– Checks bytecode and • Arguments
communicates with operating – Pieces of information passed to
system method
– Executes bytecode instructions line
by line within Java virtual machine • Method
– Requires information to perform its
task
• System class
– Refers to the standard output device
for a system

JAVA PROGRAM TYPES

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UNDERSTANDING THE FIRST CLASS

• Everything used within Java program must
be part of a class
 • Define Java class using any name or
identifier
• Requirements for identifiers
– Must begin with:
• Letter of English
alphabet
• Or non-English
letter (such
as α or π)
• Underscore
• Dollar sign
– Cannot begin with digit
– Can only contain:
• Letters
• Digits
• Underscores
• Dollar signs
– Cannot be Java reserved keyword
– Cannot be true, false, or null
• Access specifier
– Defines how class can be accessed
Indent Style

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• For every opening curly brace ( { ) in a Java
program there must be a corresponding
closing curly brace ( } )
• Placement of the opening and closing curly
braces is not important to the compiler

UNDERSTANDING THE MAIN() METHOD

• static
– Reserved keyword
– Means method accessible and
usable even though no objects of
class exist
• void
– Use in main() method header
– Does not indicate main() method
empty
– Indicates main() method does not
return value when called
– Doesn’t mean main() doesn’t
produce output
ADDING COMMENTS TO A JAVA CLASS
• Program comments
– Nonexecuting statements added to
program for documentation
– Use to leave notes for yourself or
others
– Include author, date, class’s name or
function
• Comment out a statement
– Turn it into a comment
– Compiler does not translate and the
JVM does not execute its command
Types of Java comments
– Line comments
• Start with two forward slashes (//)
• Continue to end of current line
• Do not require ending symbol
– Block comments
• Start with forward slash and asterisk (/*) •
End with asterisk and forward slash (*/) –
 Javadoc comments
• Special case of block comments • Compiling a Java class
• Begin with slash and two asterisks (/**) • – Compile source code into bytecode –
End with asterisk and forward slash (*/) •
Translate bytecode into executable
Use to generate documentation
statements
• Using Java interpreter
– Type javac First.java

• Compilation outcomes
– javac unrecognized command
– Program language error messages
– No messages indicating successful
SAVING, COMPILING, RUNNING AND completion
MODIFYING A JAVA APPLICATION
• Reasons for error messages
• Saving a Java class
– Misspelled command javac
– Save class in file with exactly same name – Misspelled filename
and.java extension – Not within correct subfolder or
• For public classes subdirectory on command line.
• Class name and filename must – Java not installed properly
match exactly

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RUNNING A JAVA APPLICATION
• Modify text file that contains existing class •
• Run application from command line Save file with changes
– Type java First – Using same filename
• Shows application’s output in command • Compile class with javac command
window • Interpret class bytecode and execute class
• Class stored in folder named Java on C drive using java command

CREATING A JAVA APPLICATION

THAT PRODUCES GUI OUTPUT

• JOptionPane
– Produce dialog boxes
• Dialog box
– GUI object resembling window
– Messages placed for display
• import statement
– Use to access built-in Java class
• Package
Modifying a Java Class – Group of classes

CORRECTING ERRORS AND FINDING HELP
• First line of error message displays:
– Name of file where error found
– Line number
– Nature of error
• Next lines identify:
– Symbol
– Location
• Compile-time error
– Compiler detects violation of
language rules
– Refuses to translate class to
machine code
• Parsing
– Process compiler uses to divide
source code into meaningful
portions
• Logic error
– Syntax correct but produces
incorrect results when executed
– Usually more difficult to find and
resolve
• Java API
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⮚ Allman style: the indent style in which curly
braces are aligned and each occupies its own
line; it is named for Eric Allman, a programmer
who popularized the style.
⮚ Application: a stand-alone, executable
program.
⮚ Architecturally neutral: used to write a
program that runs on any platform
(operating system).
⮚ Arguments: information passed to a method
so it can perform its task.
⮚ Attributes: the characteristics that define an
object as part of a class.
⮚ Block comments: start with a forward slash
and an asterisk (/*) and end with an asterisk
and a forward slash (*/ ). Block comments can
– Also called the Java class library
– Prewritten Java classes
LEARNING
ACTIVITY 1
Objectives: Apply the understanding of creating first
Java Program.
Task: Create a J Displaying: Create a program that
will display their basic information (Resume) using
notepad++ and CMD or JAVA Compiler IDE from
Mobile Device
Resources: Mobile Devices (Smart Phone),
Laptop, Computer.
SUMMARY
Let us see if you can remember the main points
raised in this lesson. Below is a summary of these
points:
⮚ Access modifier: defines the circumstances
under which a class can be accessed and
the other classes that have the right to use a
class.
appear on a line by themselves, on a line before
executable code, or on a line after executable
code. Block comments can also extend across
as many lines as needed.
⮚ Bytecode: consists of programming
statements that have been compiled into
binary format.
⮚ Calls: A procedural program calls a series of
procedures to input, manipulate, and output
values.
⮚ Class definition: describes what attributes its
objects will have and what those objects
will be able to do.
⮚ Class: describes a group or collection of
objects with common properties.
⮚ Clean build: created when you delete all
 previously compiled versions of a class
before compiling again.
⮚ Comment out: turn a statement into a
comment so the compiler will not execute
its command.
⮚ Compiler, or interpreter: a program that
translates language statements into
machine code.
⮚ Compile-time error: one in which the
compiler detects a violation of language
syntax rules and is unable to translate the
source code to machine code.
⮚ Console applications: support character
output to a computer screen in a DOS
window.
⮚ Debugging: process to remove errors from a
program.
⮚ Dialog box: a GUI object resembling a
window in which you can place messages
you want to display.
⮚ Encapsulation: refers to the hiding of data
and methods within an object.
⮚ Executing: carry out a statement. ⮚
FAQs: frequently asked questions.
⮚ High-level programming language: allows
you to use a vocabulary of reasonable terms,
such as “read,” “write,” or “add,”
instead of the sequences of on and off
switches that perform these tasks.
⮚ Identifier: a name of a program component
such as a class, object, or variable.
⮚ import statement: used to access a built-in
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and two asterisks (/**) and end with an
asterisk and a forward slash (*/). You can
use javadoc comments to generate
documentation with a program named
javadoc.
⮚ JDK: the Java Development Kit.
⮚ JOptionPane: the Java class named allows
you to produce dialog boxes.
⮚ K & R style: the indent style in which the
opening brace follows the header line; it is
named for Kernighan and Ritchie, who wrote
the first book on the C programming
language.
⮚ Line comments: start with two forward
slashes (//) and continue to the end of the
Java class that is contained in a package.
⮚ Inheritance: the ability to create classes that
share the attributes and methods of existing
classes but with more specific features.
⮚ Instance: an existing object of a class.
⮚ Interactive applications: those in which a user
communicates with a program by using an
input device.
⮚ Java API: the application programming
interface; a collection of information about
how to use every prewritten Java class.
⮚ Java applets: Java programs that are
embedded in a Web page.
⮚ Java applications: stand-alone Java
programs.
⮚ Java interpreter: a program that checks the
bytecode and communicates with the
operating system, executing the bytecode
instructions line by line within the Java
Virtual Machine.
⮚ Java Virtual Machine (JVM): a hypothetical
(software-based) computer on which Java
runs.
⮚ Java: programming language developed by
Sun Microsystems as an object-oriented
language used both for general-purpose
business applications and for interactive,
Web-based Internet applications.
⮚ Javadoc comments: a special case of block
comments. They begin with a forward slash
current line. Line comments can appear on a
line by themselves or at the end of a line
following executable code.
⮚ Literal string: a series of characters that
appear exactly as entered. Any literal string
in Java appears between double quotation
marks.
⮚ Logic error: occurs when a program compiles
successfully but produces an error during
execution.
⮚ Logic: executing the various statements and
procedures in the correct order to produce
the desired results.
⮚ Low-level programming language: written to
correspond closely to a computer
 processor’s circuitry.
⮚ Machine language: program written in
circuitry-level language as a series of on and
off switches.
⮚ Method: a self-contained block of program
code, similar to a procedure.
⮚ Object-oriented programs: involves creating
classes, creating objects from those
classes, and creating applications that use
those objects. Thinking in an object-oriented
manner involves envisioning program
components as objects that are similar to
concrete objects in the real world; then, you
can manipulate the objects to achieve a
desired result.
⮚ Objects: instances of a class; they are made
up of attributes and methods.
⮚ Package: contains a group of built-in Java
classes.
⮚ Parsing: the process the compiler uses to
divide source code into meaningful portions
for analysis.
⮚ Pascal casing: using an uppercase letter to
begin an identifier and starting each new
word in an identifier.
⮚ Passing: sending arguments to a method.
⮚ Polymorphism: describes the feature of
languages that allows the same word to be
interpreted correctly in different situations
based on the context.
⮚ Procedural programming: a style of
programming in which sets of operations
are executed one after another in
sequence.
⮚ Procedures: sets of operations performed
by a computer program.
⮚ Program: set of instructions that you write to
tell a computer what to do.
⮚ Program comments: nonexecuting
statements that you add to a Java file for
the purpose of documentation.
⮚ Program statements: similar to English
sentences; they carry out the tasks that
programs perform.
⮚ Run-time error: occurs when a program
compiles successfully but does not execute.
⮚ SDK: a software development kit, or a set of
tools useful to programmers.
⮚ Semantic errors: occur when you use a
correct word in the wrong context in
program code.
⮚ Source code: consists of programming
statements written in a high-level
programming language.
⮚ Standard output device: normally the
monitor.
⮚ State: the values of the attributes of an
object.
⮚ static: reserved keyword means that a
method is accessible and usable even
though no objects of the class exist.
⮚ Syntax error: a programming error that occurs
when you introduce typing errors into your
program or use the programming language
incorrectly. A program containing syntax
errors will not compile.
⮚ Syntax: the rules of the language.

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⮚ Unicode: an international system of
character representation.
⮚ Variables: named computer memory
locations that hold values that might vary.
⮚ void: the keyword, when used in a method
header, indicates that the method does not
return any value when it is called.
⮚ Whitespace: any combination of nonprinting
characters; for example, spaces, tabs, and
carriage returns (blank lines).
⮚ Windowed applications: create a graphical
user interface (GUI) with elements such as
 menus, toolbars, and dialog boxes.
⮚ “Write once, run anywhere” (WORA): a
slogan developed by Sun Microsystems to
describe the ability of one Java program
version to work correctly on multiple
platforms.

REFERENCES
Introduction to Java Programming Revised
Edition Pomperada, J.R. (2018)

Introduction to Java Programming

Cabaluna, MD., Tamayo, J., Gibaga,
G., Vicente, C., Baligod, M., Chua, M.,
Rodriguez, E., (2019)

Compiled by:

LORIE JELENE R. MILLON-PARAGAS, LPT,

MIT Faculty, College Information
And Technology Education

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