CHAPTER 4 - COMPRESSION MEMBERS

INTRODUCTION
Compression members are structural elements that are subjected only to axial compressive force. The most
common type of compression member occurring in buildings and bridges is the column, a vertical member
whose primary function is to support vertical loads.

COLUMN THEORY
Let's consider a column in the figure, where it will be subjected to an axial force P until it will be unstable.
The column buckled, and the corresponding load that caused the column to buckle is the critical buckling
load.

Slender member - buckling failure

Stocky member - crashing failure (hindi nalalayo ang cross section area sa length)
Intermediate member - safe; hindi stacky, hindi rin gaanong slender
Buckling failure for compression member - yung curve; pag sa beam (bending) for flexural member
Buckling if slender, crashing if stocky
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BUCKLING AND BENDING
Bending is the term used for failure for flexural member, samantalang sa compression member ay buckling

Pcr = critical buckling load ; yun na yung pinaka sagad na load bago siya magbuckle. Once na nagstart na
magbuckle yung column, unstable na yung column.

RADIUS OF GYRATION

->

CRITICAL BUCKLING LOAD

CRITICAL BUCKLING STRESS

SLENDERNESS RATIO - nagdedetermine kung slender ba or hindi ang structural member

 n is buckling mode,
nagdedetermine ilang
buckling mode meron
sa member

Nangyayare if may
support sa gitna, safe
pa din sya; n=1 pa din
kasi ang icoconsider
ay support-support

Walang load, P=0;

n=0
y=deflection
n=buckling mode; nagdedetermine kung ilang buckling mode ang nangyari sa compression member

Pero pano malalaman kung ilan ang buckling mode?

n=1 LANG kapag ganito ang support (pinned), hindi na natin hihintayin pa na umabot sa n=2 etc

Kelan lang magkakaroon ng n=2 and n=3? kapag nagkaroon ng lateral support

Unbraced length, L = length na walang sumusuporta

First : L
2nd : L
3rd : L/2
4th : L/3

EULER'S EQUATION FOR STOCKY MEMBERS

Note: Fr=Euler’s equation; Fcr=euler’s stress

Early researchers soon found that Euler's equation did not give reliable results for stocky, or less slender,
compression members. The reason is that the small slenderness ratio for members of this type causes a large
buckling stress.
This difficulty was initially resolved by Friedrich Engesser, who proposed in 1889 the use of a variable
tangent modulus, Et.

(ere daw ay hindi reliable para makuha yung strength sa stocky or slender member dahil mas nalaki ang
buckling stress. Sobrang lalaki hanggang sa point na lalagpas siya sa proportional limit)

σ =stress
ε =strain
E=modulus of elasticity

Once na lumagpas sa proportional limit, hindi na pwede gamitin yung E, dahil hanggang proportional limit
nga lang iyon. Et na gagamitin

Note: hindi kagaya ng compression member na magyyield muna/ may warning/ hahaba. Dito sa column,
once na umabot na sa yield point, magstart na siya magbuckle.
Inelastic Buckling - karaniwan nangyayare sa intermediate compression member, pag lagpas na sa
proportional limit

Note: Pag malaki L/R, pasok lamang sa proportional limit, bumababa ang stress, elastic buckling

PERO
Madami pa din daw inconsistency sa concept ni Friedrich, dahil di daw makuhang eksakto ang Et. Ang
ginawa, irereduce nalang daw yung tangent modulus. AND mangkakaroon ng limit na…

And yung slenderness ratio, hindi nalang siya basta L/r siya ay magiging

Wherein ang k=effective length factor

SOOOO irereduce na yung Fcr, kaya iba na magiging equation

~~~~~~NEW EQUATION~~~~~~~
 Fe = eulers stress/ elastic buckling stress

EFFECTIVE LENGTH
Both the Euler and tangent modulus equation are based on the following assumptions:
1. The column is perfectly straight, with no initial crookedness. (hindi magbebend)
2. The load is axial, with no eccentricity.
3. The column is pinned at both ends.
Effective length is the column's length where buckling occurs. Columns have different support conditions
that cause different length efficiency of a column.

Note:Mode of failure considered so far is referred to as Flexural Buckling

 1. Global Stability - buong member yung magbbuckle
2. Local Stability - aalamin kung slender ang elements/parts

Pn=general notation sa strength, so sa compression member ang tawag ay NOMINAL TENSILE

STRENGTH pero dito ay NOMINAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
LOCAL STABILITY
A flexural buckling is an overall buckling of a compression member. When the element or member of the
section is so thin, a local buckling occurs. Thus, a flexural strength cannot be developed since the section is
no longer fully effective due to local buckling.

This instability in the element of the member must be avoided. Otherwise, the flexural buckling
strength must be reduced.

Limiting values of width-to-thickness ratio are given in NSCP 2015 Chapter 5, Section 502, Table 502.4.2.
We will use the Table in AISC B4.1.

Stiffened element - yung part ng section ay parehas na nasusuportaha