Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Presented By:
1.BASIC DEFINITION
2. EQUILLIBRIAM
3.STRUTS
(a) Introduction
(b) Types and applications
4.COLUMNS
5.FAILURE OF COLUMN
6. FAILURE OF SHORT
COLUMN BY CRUSHING
7.FAILURE BY BUCKLING
8.EULER'S COLUMN
(a) Assumptions
(b) Sign conventions
(c) Various end conditions
9.RANKINE'S FORMULA
10.CONCLUSION
Terminology
STRESS- Stress is the force that an object pushes back with when it is being deformed.
TENSILE STRESS- Tensile stress is the stress state leading to expansion that is, the
length of a material tends to increase in the tensile direction.
Critical load denotes the maximum load carrying capacity of the long column.
The load carrying capacity of long column depends upon several factors like the
length of the column, M.I of its cross–section, Modulus of elasticity of the material,
nature of its support, in addition to area of cross section and the crushing strength
of the material.
Euler’s Theory for Columns
HE DID NOT CONSIDERED DIRECT STRESS
Assumptions ;-
1.initially column is perfectly straight and load is axial.
2.cross section is uniform throughout.
3.column is perfectly elastic, homogenous and isotropic.
4.length is very long as compared to cross section.
d2y P y L
2+ =0 y x
dx EI
This is the linear differential equation, whose solution is
sin [L√P/(EI)] =0
=> [L√P/(EI)] = 0, π
Taking least non zero value we get
[L√P/(EI)] = π
Squaring both sides and simplifying
π2 E I
This load is called critical or PE =
buckling load or crippling load L2
S. END RELATION CRIPPLING
NO CONDITION BETWEEN LOAD(P)
EFFECTIVE
AND ACTUAL
LENGTH
1 Both sides Le=L PE= (π 2E I) / Le 2
hinged
2 One fixed Le=2L PE= (π 2EI) / 4Le 2
and other
free
3 both fixed Le=L/2 PE= 4(π 2 EI) / Le 2
∴ Pcr/A= π 2E/(Le/K)2
σcr = π2E/(Le/K)2
Where σcr is crippling stress or critical stress or stress at failure
The term Le/K is called slenderness ratio. As slenderness ratio
increases critical load/stress reduces. The variation of critical stress
with respect to slenderness ratio is shown in figure 1. As Le/K
approaches to zero the critical stress tends to infinity. But this
cannot happen. Before this stage the material will get crushed.
Hence, the limiting value of crippling stress is the crushing
stress. The corresponding slenderness ratio may be found by the
relation
σcr = σc
∴ σc = π 2E/(Le/K)2
1/ PR= 1/ Pc + 1/ PE
PR = crippling load by Rankine’s formula
Pc = crushing load = σc .A
PE = buckling load= PE= (π 2 EI) / Le 2
For short columns: The effective length will be small and hence
the value of PE =(π 2 EI) / Le2 will be very large.
substituting PC c A and PE
Le 2
c A c A c A c A
PR
A c A c Le 2
c ( Le / K ) 2
1 c 1 1 1
EI 2
E ( AK 2 )
2
E K2 2
E 2
Le 2 Le 2
c A
PR
1 a ( Le / K ) 2
c
where a
E
2
PR = σcA / (1+a.λ2 )
The buckling load is less than the crushing load for a long
column
The value of buckling load for long column is low whereas for
short column the value of buckling load is relatively high.
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