Analysis of Beams

FOR UNCRACKED BEAMS

1. Calculate 𝑓𝑟 using 𝑓𝑟 = 7.5𝜆√𝑓′𝑐 for psi and 𝑓𝑟 = 0.62𝜆√𝑓′𝑐 for MPa
2. Find 𝑦̅ (centroid) of shape
𝐵𝐻 3 𝐵𝐻 3 𝜋𝐷4
3. Find the Moment of Inertia 𝐼 = ,𝐼 = ,𝐼 = , or 𝐼𝑥−𝑥 = 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐴𝑑 2
12 36 64
𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑁𝐴
4. Find the cracking moment using 𝑀𝑐𝑟 = ̅̅̅̅
𝑦𝑇

Incase needed:
𝑤𝑢 𝐿2
a. Maximum moment for simply supported beam is 𝑀𝑢 = 8
𝑤𝑢 𝐿2
b. Maximum Moment for Cantilever Beams is 𝑀𝑢 = 2

c. For others, use Moment Diagram Method

FOR TRANSFORMED
1. Check if 𝑀𝑢 > 𝑀𝑐𝑟 , if yes, proceed
2. Find effective depth, d, from compression side to centroid of steel bars
3. Find x by finding Moment @ Neutral Axis, ∑ 𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑝 (𝐹𝑥) = 𝑛𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑥)
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 + 4𝑎𝑐
➢ Quadratic Formula Can be Used, 𝑥 = 2𝑎
𝐵𝐻 3 𝐵𝐻 3 𝜋𝐷4
4. Find Moment of Inertia 𝐼 = ,𝐼 = ,𝐼 = , or 𝐼𝑥−𝑥 = 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐴𝑑 2
12 36 64
𝐵𝐻 3
For shapes in neutral axis, 𝐼 = and for Steel, 𝐼 = 𝑛𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑥 )2
3
𝑀𝑦̅ 𝑛𝑀𝑦̅
5. Find 𝑓𝑐 and 𝑓𝑦 where 𝑓𝑐 = 𝐼
and 𝑓𝑦 = 𝐼

Incase needed:
1. For compression bars, 𝑛𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 (2𝑛 − 1)
2. 𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′𝑎𝑏(𝑑 − 𝑦̅)

FOR STAGE 3 (CRACKED)

𝑇 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
1. Find Area of Concrete, 𝐴𝑐 = 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐 ; where 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 ; Therefore 𝐴𝑐 = 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐

2. Find Centroid of effective area

3. Find compression where 𝐶 = 𝑑 − 𝑦̅
4. Find Tension where 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
5. Find 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑇𝐶, 𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑀𝑛
DESIGN OF BEAMS
1. Assume that beam is tension controlled, therefore, 𝜙 = 0.90
2. Find 𝑀𝑢 if not given
𝜑𝑓𝑦 𝑑 𝜑𝑓𝑦
a. 𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦 (1 − 1.7𝑓′ ), assuming b/2, 𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙( 2 )𝑑𝑓𝑦 (1 − 1.7𝑓′ )
𝑐 𝑐

3. Find effective depth, d

𝑀
4. Find 𝑅𝑛 = 𝜙𝑏𝑑𝑢 2

0.85𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑛
5. Calculate 𝜑 = (1 − √1 − )
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐′

𝜑𝑑𝑓𝑦
6. Get value of c using 𝑐 = 0.85𝑓′𝛽
𝑐 1

a. 𝛽1 = 0.85 when 17 < 𝑓 ′𝑐 ≤ 28

0.05(𝑓 ′ 𝑐−28)
b. 𝛽1 = 0.85 − when 28 < 𝑓 ′𝑐 < 55
7

c. 𝛽1 = 0.65 when 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ≥ 55
0.003(𝑑−𝑐)
7. Calculate 𝜀𝑡 by ratio and proportion 𝜀𝑡 =
𝑐

a. If 𝜀𝑡 > 0.0050, Tension Controlled and 𝜙 = 0.90

𝑓𝑦
b. If 0.005 > 𝜀𝑡 > 𝜀𝑡𝑦 , where 𝜀𝑡𝑦 = 𝐸 , Transition Zone where 𝜙 = 0.65 +
𝑠 𝑜𝑟 200000 𝑀𝑃𝑎

0.25(𝜀𝑡 −𝜀𝑡𝑦 )
(0.005− 𝜀𝑡𝑦 )

c. If 𝜀𝑡 ≤ 𝜀𝑡𝑦 , Compression Controlled, Therefore 𝜙 = 0.65

If Tension Controlled,
1. Check 𝜑 if above 𝜑𝑚𝑖𝑛 and above 𝜑𝑚𝑎𝑥
0.25√𝑓′ 𝑐 1.4
a. 𝜑𝑚𝑖𝑛 is the greater of 𝜑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = and 𝜑𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦

3 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐
b. 𝜑𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 7 ( 𝑓𝑦
𝛽1 )

2. If yes, Calculate 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜑𝑏𝑑

𝐴
3. Calculate no. of bars using 𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠
𝑏

4. Check for Spacing

4
a. Minimum spacing requirement is the greater of 25 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑔

If Transition Zone, < 0.004

1. Calculate C using 𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙0.85𝑓𝑐′𝑎𝑏(𝑑 − 𝑦̅)
 2. Calculate a using 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
𝐴
3. Calculate 𝜑 using 𝜑 = 𝑏𝑑𝑠

4. Check 𝜑 if above 𝜑𝑚𝑖𝑛 and above 𝜑𝑚𝑎𝑥

0.25√𝑓′ 𝑐 1.4
a. 𝜑𝑚𝑖𝑛 is the greater of 𝜑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = and 𝜑𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦

3 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐
b. 𝜑𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 7 ( 𝛽1 )
𝑓𝑦

𝐴
5. Calculate no. of bars using 𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠
𝑏

6. Check for Spacing

4
a. Minimum spacing requirement is the greater of 25 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑔

If Compression Controlled,
1. Increase beam Height and depth

ANALYSIS OF BEAMS (Finding Ultimate Moment)

0.85𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑛
1. Calculate 𝜑 = (1 − √1 − )
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐′

2. Check 𝜑 if above 𝜑𝑚𝑖𝑛 and above 𝜑𝑚𝑎𝑥

0.25√𝑓′ 𝑐 1.4
a. 𝜑𝑚𝑖𝑛 is the greater of 𝜑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = and 𝜑𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦

600 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐
b. 𝜑𝑏𝑎𝑙 = (600+𝑓 ) ( 𝛽1 )
𝑦 𝑓𝑦

i. If 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 , the steel yields

ii. If 𝜌 > 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 , the steel does not yield
iii. If 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 , decrease beam size or use 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛

If steel yields, start from 1, if steel does not yield, proceed to 4

1. Calculate a using 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′𝑎𝑏
2. Get the value of c
0.003(𝑑−𝑐)
3. Find 𝜀𝑡 by ratio and proportion 𝜀𝑡 = 𝑐

d. If 𝜀𝑡 > 0.0050, Tension Controlled and 𝜙 = 0.90

𝑓𝑦
e. If 0.005 > 𝜀𝑡 > 𝜀𝑡𝑦 , where 𝜀𝑡𝑦 = 𝐸 , Transition Zone where 𝜙 = 0.65 +
𝑠 𝑜𝑟 200000 𝑀𝑃𝑎

0.25(𝜀𝑡 −𝜀𝑡𝑦 )
(0.005− 𝜀𝑡𝑦 )
 f. If 𝜀𝑡 ≤ 𝜀𝑡𝑦 , Compression Controlled, Therefore 𝜙 = 0.65
4. Use 𝑓𝑠 instead of 𝑓𝑦
600(𝑑−𝑐)
5. Calculate c using 𝐴𝑠 [ ] = 0.85𝑓𝑐′(𝛽1 𝑐 )𝑏
𝑐
0.05(𝑓′ 𝑐−28)
6. Calculate 𝛽1 = 0.85 − 7

7. Calculate a using 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
8. Calculate 𝑓𝑠 using 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′(𝛽1 𝑐 )𝑏
9. Calculate 𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑀𝑛 or 𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑦̅)

DESIGN OF SLABS

1. Determine if One-way or two-way slab

𝐿
a. 𝑆
≥ 2, one way slab
𝐿
b. < 2, two way slab
𝑆

2. Find h
𝐿
a. For 𝑓𝑦 = 420, If simply supported, ℎ = 20
𝐿
b. For 𝑓𝑦 = 420, If one end continuous, ℎ = 24
𝐿
c. For 𝑓𝑦 = 420, If both ends continuous, ℎ = 28
𝐿
d. For 𝑓𝑦 = 420, If Cantilever, ℎ =
10
𝑓𝑦
e. When 𝑓𝑦 ≠ 420, multiply h by 0.4 + 700
1
3. Find d by 𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − 𝑑𝑏
2

4. Compute 𝐴𝑠 per meter width (w = 1000 mm )

𝑀𝑢
𝑅𝑛 =
𝑏𝑑 2

0.85𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑛
𝜑= (1 − √1 − )
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐′

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜑𝑏𝑑

Check for minimum

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0020𝐴𝑔 𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0020𝑏ℎ
 1000𝐴𝑏
5. Compute for spacing, 𝑆 = 𝐴𝑠

6. Check if smax > s > smin

4
a. Smin is the greater of 25 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑𝑏 , 3 𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑔

b. Smax is the lesser of 450 mm and 3h

c. If S > Smax, use Smax
7. Calculate Temp Bars using 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜑𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑏ℎ
1000𝐴𝑏
8. Compute for spacing, 𝑆 = 𝐴𝑠

9. Check if smax > s > smin

4
a. Smin is the greater of 25 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑𝑏 , 3 𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑔

b. Smax is the lesser of 450 mm and 5h

c. If S > Smax, use Smax