Flora and Fauna of Nepal

17th December 2022

I
Devendra Pandey
(Conservation Biologist
devdash.dev@gmail.co
Course Outline
Sesson I Sesson II

Introduction Protected flora and fauna

B
 

 Simple Division of Flora and fauna  Medicinal plants of nepal




Why flora and fauna ?
Nepal : Unique country
R  Key stone species and flagship
species

 Forest types of Nepal E  Important flora fauna in

protected areas
Diversity of Flora
A

 Some flora and fauna restricted
 Diversity of Fauna only in Nepal



Determinants of flora and fauna
Himalayan toxic flora and some
K 


Efforts on conservation
Ethical issues
counter faunas
 Flora : The term flora refers to the Latin
language. Flora was or is the goddess of
flowers, plants and fertility in Roman
mythology.

Fauna: Fauna includes all kinds of

animal species, including birds, animals,
insects, fish and other marine animals.
Fauna relies on the flora as a source of
food and also as a source of oxygen.
Flora by French-Swiss botanist Jules Thurmann.
Fauna by Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus.
Why flora and fauna ?

Climate Tourism Ecosystem

Stabilization Services

Flora and Aesthetic and

Fauna Religious
values
Agriculture

Research and Food, Shelter

development and Medicine
Why flora and fauna ?

Flora and Fauna Course in trekking guide training will

allow you to expand your environmental education
through the acquisition and exchange of knowledge
about the main species of flora and fauna in natural and
urban environments.

You will be able to use different types of keys to identify

plants and animals and field guides to recognize
common species, you will be able to characterize
common floristic and faunistic communities.
Trekking guides - flora and fauna

The cohesion with Flora and Fauna

draw hikers onto trails for remote
days-long hikes.

The awesome experiences of

hiking is to be miles from
civilization and company with
the flora and fauna

Nature lovers will challenge themselves

against the elements

To stay safe and healthy in the wilderness, learning of all about

the animals and plants around you is necessary !
 Simple division of flora and founa
Division of flora
Native flora: The plant life that flourish naturally
in a particular region.

Endemic flora : Endemic species are exclusively

found in a particular place.
There are 400 species of vascular plants which
are endemic to Nepal.

Invasive flora : known as an alien is an introduced

organism that becomes overpopulated and
harms its new environment.

Agriculture flora flora that is cultivated by humans for use,

Horticultural flora or Garden flora : Decorative flora

Weed flora: plants that are either undesirable in certain areas

Division of fauna
Mega Fauna: animals that Micro Fauna: often
are large enough to be seen with microscopic animals,
the naked eye. especially those inhabiting the
soil, an organ, or other
Infauna – animal at the bottom of ocean localized habitat

Cryofauna: Animal in ice

Troglofauna: Troglofauna are

small cave-dwelling animals that
Avifauna refers to the birds
have adapted to their dark
Piscifauna’ refers to the fish surroundings.Eg: spider, insects,
myriapods etc.
Cryptofauna’ refers to animals
that are extremely rare and may
even be mythological.
Source : Google
Greenery may not represent diversity !
 Nepal
A Country with Unique Biogeography

 48th largest country by population and 93rd largest country by area.

 A Himalayan country situated in the southern slopes of the central

Himalaya.

 Represent about one third of whole length of Hindu kush Himalaya

Floristic region : Describing a region with a relatively uniform composition of the plant species
 Nepal ….
Nepal’s biodiversity is a reflection of its unique geographic position, wide altitudinal
variations and diverse climatic conditions that result in five main physiographic zones
(from tropical to nival) within a short horizontal span.

 Altitude varies from 60m

to 8848m (highest
gradient in the world).
60m

 Total 83% of Nepal is 196 km

covered with High
mountain and wavy hill, 885 km
only 17 % by flat land
and terai.

Latitude : 28.3949° N
Longitude: 84.1240° E
Forest types of Nepal
Forest types of Nepal
Forest type Dominant flora Dominant Fauna
Tropical Sal (Shorea robusta) Birds: Peacock, jungle
forest Sisso (Dalbergia sissoo) fowl,black partridge and other
(below Khair (Acacia catechu) migrating birds
1000m) Chaanp (Magnolia
Mammals : Tigers, Deers, Gaurs,
champaca
Leopards, Buffaloes, Rhino

Reptile : Crocodile, Gangetic

Dolphin

Sub-tropical Chilaaune (Schima wallichii) Ghoral, Bear, Deer, and Wild

forest (1000- Katush (Castanopsis indica) Boar
2000m) Salla (Pinus roxburghii ) With several birds
Uttish (Alnus nepalensis )
Orchids sps
 Forest types of Nepal
Temperate Khasru (Quercus sps)
forest Baanjh (Quercus sps)
(2000-3000m) Angeri (Lyonia ovalifolia )
Gurans (Rhododendron
sps )
Okhar (Juglans regia )
Dhasingare (Gaultheria
fragrantissima )
Sub-alpine Gobre Salla (Abies
forest spectabilis(
(3000-4000m) Gurans (Rhododendron
sps)
Bhoj patra (Betula utilis )
Alpine forest Dhupisalla (Juniper sps)
(above 4000m) Caragana (bebali kada),
Lonicera (juhi)
Red Panda, Himalayan
Black Bear, Serow(goat
antilop), Himalayan Tahr
(Blue ship), Ghoral, Barking
Deer and Wild boar ( wild
pig )
Among several species of
birds, Danfe is a beautiful
and national bird found
Himalayan marmots, mouse
hare, Thar, musk deer, snow
leopard and occasionally
blue sheep
Lammergeyer, snowcock,
snowpatridge, and bunting,
with redstarts and dippers like
birds
 Tropical forest (below 1000m)

Sal (Shorea robusta) Sisso (Dalbergia sissoo)

Chaanp (Magnolia champaca

 Sal forest : Terminalia belarica (Barro), T. Chebula (Harro), Adin

cardifolia (Saaj or Asna), Phyllunthus emblica (Emli),

 Topical deciduous riverine forest: Sal forest replace with this forest along the
stream of Dun and bhabar, Khayar and sissso are the major dominant tree,
Bombax ceiba, Syzygium cumini Saccharum Bengalensis (Elephant grass)

 Tropical Evergreen forest : Humid south facing outer foot hill of east Nepal,
Magnolia champaca is more dominant
Sub-Tropical forest (1000-2000m) : confined on outer
foot hill, lower parts of Mahabharat range, mid land area of Himalaya )

Schima-Castonopsis forest: Chilaune (Schima wallichii)

and katus (castonopsis indica) forests are more dominant
between 1000 -found on both north and south facing
slope in east and central Nepal. Other associated specie
are Ficus sps , Rheus sps , Orchids etc.

Pine forest: Pinus roxburghii (Chir pine ) is dominated in beween

900-2000m on both north and south facing slope of west Nepal,
Northern Slopes in eastern and central region . In damp gullies in
west Nepal, it is associated with oak plants. In the east, Pinus
wallichiana and planted Pinus petula are common

Alder forest : Alnus Nepalensis ( Utis). It is

mostly found on unstable land, bank of
stream and field margin. The forest extends
from 900- 2700m and penetrates into upper
temperate mixed broad leaf forest. Alder
nitida is occurs in narrow range in west
Nepal. Alder forest is found in small patches
in khaptad and karnali valley.
Temperate zone (2000-3000m) : runs almost parallel
and north to outerfoot hills form east to west mainly in Himalayan range )

Lower temperate mixed broad leaved forest : Confined in north and west
facing slopes between 1700m to 2200m found in patches in damp place
through out midhlll, More dominant in Upper Arun and Tamor in east,
south of Annapurna and Himalchuli range of centre Nepal. Dominant
with Persea (kaulo)

Temperate mixed evergreen forest : Extended from 2100-2700m. It is

associated with oak forest and coniferous forest. Broad leaf oak forest is
more common in north and west facing slope of east and central Nepal.
Coniferous forest are more numerous in west Nepal and dominated by
western elements Abies pindrow, Cedrus deodar. Between 2200- 3200m
in Humla – Jumla area, Pinus wallichiana is purely extended in the hill of
south facing slopes.

Upper mixed broad leaved forest : The

type of forest is mainly composed of
deciduous C from 2400-3000m in the noth
and west facing slope. It comprises
Aesculus indica (Chestnut, कारु, घोडे
पाां ग्रो),Juglans regia ( wall nut) and Acer
caesium (Asian maple, कान्चिरे ).

This forest is associates with Several species of rhododendron, Ilex depyrena ( seto khasru ),
Mahonia nepalesis (जमाने मान्द्रो ) , Pieris ( angheri) , Gaultheria etc
Sub-alpine forest (3000-4000m): the zone cover
the part of greater Himalyan range

 Silver fir forest: The forest is more prominent

between 2900 to treeline (3850), The
continuous belt of this forest is found in Central
Nepalon south facing slope. Rhododendron
sps are more prominent as understorery
(Mainly R. Barbetum, R. Companulatum), Laryx
griffithiana , Laryx himalaica are also
associated.

 Birch rhododendron forest : Occurs between 3300-3800m wide

spread throughout the belt, found in fragile area and reached to
treeline. In east mix with Rhododendron and in west mix with oak
Alpine forest (Above 4000m)

Juniper-rhododendron forest

Caragana-Lonisora

Alpine meadow
 Biodiversity status

Nepal is ranked 27th in the world and 11th positions in Asia

in biodiversity richness.

Nepal harbors12 of the 867 global terrestrial ecoregions , 118

ecosystem and 35 forest types

Nepal occupies about 0.1 per cent of
the global area, but harbours 3.2 per
cent and 1.1 per cent of
the world's known flora and fauna,
respectively
India, 2.4 percent of the
earth's land area, it accounts
for 7-8 percent
of the world's recorded
species.

In Asia, BD richest country: Globally

China>Indonesia> India> Brazil,Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico,
Philippines >Malaysia. Peru, Venezuela and the United States
“Nepal is Unique Country
rather than Rich”
In term of biodiversity
Small Countries: Pockets of Biodiversity
Diversity of flora in Nepal
Algae लेउ 1,001 Sps

Fungi ढु सी 2,467 Sps

Lichen काइ 1078 Sps

Bryophytes झ्याउ 1213 Sps

Pteridophytes उन्यू 580 Sps

Non Flowing plants

Flowereing Plants
Gymnosperm सल्ला प्रजातत 41
Angiosperm फुल फुल्ने प्रजातत 6,973

Further i
 The flowering plant at highest altitude 6400m in Mt. Everest
reigon.

Lepdostemon everestianus Saussurea gnaphalodes

Endemic flora of Nepal

 Diversity of fauna in Nepal
Fauna Diversity

Platyhelmenthes
जुकाप्रजाति 168 Sps. Platyhelmenth
Insects

Insects (तकरा फट्ाांग्रा)

Fishes
12957 Sps. Amphivian
Reptiles

Fishes (माछा प्रजाति) 228 Sps. Aves

Mammal s

Amphibian (उभयचर) 137 Sps.

Reptiles (सररतिब) 53 Sps.

Aves (चरा वगग) 886 Sps.

Mammals (स्तनधारी) 212 Sps.

(Jha et. al 2015)
 Diversity of fauna in Nepal

Source: MoFE(2018)Nepal’s sixth National Report to the Convention on Biological diversity

 Diversity trend in Himaloaya
 Species richness decline with the elevation (Rahbek
1995)
 In Nepalese Himalaya: unimodal relations Maximum in
1500 – 2500m (Vetas et al. 2002)
 Endemic species richness in around 4000m (Acharya
et al 2011)

Orchids (सुनाखरी) Around 2000m (Acharya et al 2011)

 Altitudinal patterns of biodiversity

 Linear decreases in richness with increasing altitude have been

documented for mammals , birds and invertebrates (Liewet al. 2010)

 In contrast, earthworms , frogs and littern invertebrates are high at are

high at mid mountain with moist environment (Gonzalez et al.2007)
 Determinants of flora and fauna
Physical factors light : photosynthesis, pigmentation,
Movement, stratification
temperature: Coloration, metabolism,
Climatic vegetaion
(मौसम) (1000m = about 6 degree fall in temperature)

Precipitation : Zonation, Productivity,

vegetaion
Wind: pollination, growth,

Edaphic
माटो
Topgraphic
(धरातल)
Soil pH, nutrients, texture etc

Altitude, latitude, Slope, aspect etc

 Determinants of flora and fauna contd..
Examples

Hydrangia (sugandharaaj)
bears blue flowers in acidic soil
but pinkish flower in alkaline
soil.

The rabbit reared at 20°C

(left) has pigmentation on
its ears, nose, and feet. The
rabbit reared at
temperatures above 30°C
(right) has no fur
pigmentation.
 Determinants of flora and fauna
Biological Factors
Phytoplankton's, green plant
Producers
(उत्पादक)

Decomposers
Consumers
(तबघटनकताा )
(उपभोक्ता)

Bacteria, fungi etc Zooplanktons, herbivores, carnivores and omnivores

 Threats to Mountain Diversity

Anthropogenic
pressure Climate change

Biological invasion
Human induced threats
Tourism and mountain environment
Environmental isuues
Issues of habitat fragmentation

बास स्थान तबनासको प्रभाव : गौरी शांकर सांरक्षण क्षे त्रI

Impact of habitat fragmentation
Threats to Mountain phenomena

Climate change
Water vapor is the most important greenhouse gas. It probably accounts for about 60% of the warming effect.
Mean annual temperature during 1951–2020. tTend in average annual rainfall in
Cambodia from 1951 to 2020.
Threats to Mountain phenomena

Biological invasion
Biological invasion
Himalayan toxic Flora
Himalyan toxic plants
Scientific name Heracleum canescens

Common/local name Grey-Hairy Hogweed,

Pushki
Location (2300m )

Poisonous compound Furocumarins

Mode of action Skin-allergy

Scientific name Delphinium brunonianum

Common/local name (Musk Larkspur, Makhoti)
Location 4,300–5,500 metres
Poisonous compound Diterpenoid
alkaloids,
Methyllycaco-
ninite

Mode of action ardiotoxic

 Himalyan toxic plants
Scientific name Silybum marianum

Common/local (Milk Thistle,

name Dudhpattra)

Poisonous Silymarin, KNO3

compound
Mode of action Anti-respiratory, Nitrate
poisoning
Scientific name Aconitum
chasmanthum
Common/local name (Musk Larkspur,
Makhoti)
Poisonous compound Aconitines
Mode of action Neurotoxin,
gastrointestinal

Aconite, monkshood, wolf's-bane, leopard's bane, mousebane, women's

bane, devil's helmet, queen of poisons, or blue rocket,
Himalyan toxic plants
Scientific name Melia azedarach

Common/local (Chinaberry tree,

name Bakain

Poisonous Terpenoids
compound
Mode of action Neurotoxic

Scientific name Convallaria

majalis
Common/local (European Lily of
name the Valley)

Poisonous Cardenolides
compound
Mode of action Cardiac symp-
toms
7Solanum xantho
Himalyan toxic plants
Himalyan toxic plants
 Non Edible Mushrooms
Look at the color of the mushroom ( Multi colour)

Check for a cap that is shaped like an umbrella

(Flat/wid and U shapeed

See if the cap is dry, or if it looks slimy Mostly Dry

look for scales or warts on the mushroom cap

brown scales on white mushrooms, or white
warts on red mushrooms
 Non Edible Mushrooms

Dig up the mushroom to look for a

bulbous cup around the base

Look for a ring just below the

mushroom cap

Check for white gills beneath the mushroom

cup
 Aggressive Faua
Poisonous or non poisonous snake
Identification technique of flora and fauna
Plant identification technique
1. Expert‟s determination

2. Matching with known herbarium specimens or illustration/ photographs/ literature.

3. Using molecular techniques and DNA Bar Coding (the process of identifying plant
species through the amplification and sequencing of specific and conserved regions
of plant DNA).

4. Using keys.
Fauna identification technique
 Direct observations
 Identification tracks and other signs (burrows and
scats/pellets)
 Live trapping
 Camera-trapping
Source: Google
Camera trap
Tomhawk trap

Pitfall trap Mist Net Sherman Trap

Foot Prints
Foot Prints

Foot print: Uncia uncia

Foot print: Panthera tigris (Snow leopard) Foot print: Ailurus fulgen
(Bengal tiger) (Red panda)
Break time…
Welcome Back
TO

Session II
 Chitwan National Park (Low land NP)

Monday, December 19,

 Chitwan National Park (Low land NP)

Declared 1973 AD
year
World 1984 AD
heritage
site
NP area 952.63 km2
Location Central Nepal Povince 2.3 and 4,
Chitwan, Nawalparashi,
Makawanpur and Parsa
Elevation : 140-800 from mls
Buffe zone 1996 AD
declared
Major geography Churiya, Bhawar, Chitwan BZ area :
729.37 km2
Major vegetation : Shorea robusta forest 80% 7
12 % grassland
Monday, December 19, 0
 Chitwan National parks

Wild species in figure

Species Nepal CNP

Fishes 232 120

Amphibians 117 55

Birds 886 546

Mammals 212 68

Greater one 645 605

horned Rhino
Royal Bengal tiger 235 93

Gaur Bison 349 321

Gharial crocodile 198 166 7

Monday, December 19, 1
 National parks
Sivapuri Nagarjun NP
 Sivapuri watershed CA -
1976
 Sivapuri Protected
Watershed Area -
Conservation History 1978
 Sivapuri Wateshed and
Wildlife reserve 1984
 Sivapuri NP 2002
 Sivapuri Nagarjun NP 2009
 Important Bird and
National park Area : 144 km2
Biodiversity area IBA –
Rename: 2009 (Sivapuri nagarjun NP ) 2005
 Buffer Zone - 2016
with the addition of 15 km2 (total area : 159 km2
Location : Mid mountain far Central Nepal
(Kathmandu, Dhading, Nuwakot and Sindhupalchok )
Bioclimate : Mid mountaion
Elevation : 1350-2732 m from mls
Major geography : Mid mountain
BZMonday,
area :December
216 km19,
2
 Features
Only the protected area that represent flora, fauna and ecosystem of mid
mountain
 Rich biodiversity
 Important biological corridor links north and south
corridors
 Important bird area and biodiversity area
 Fresh water tower (fulfill 50% of total demand of
ktm)
 Watershed area of Bagmati, Bishnumati, Trishuli and
Indrawati Faunas :
 Carbon sink of Kathmandu louded leopard, pangolin
 Very nearby destination from the capital Assamese monkey
leopard cat ,
Major vegetataions: common leopard,
Himalayan black bear
(I)Lower mixed hardwood forests, Himalayan goral
(ii) Chirpine forests, ljungle cat
wild boar
(iii) Oak forests and barking deer,
(iv) Upper mixed hardwood forests. sambar deer,
monkey

7
yellow throated marten.
311 species of birds including 117 migratory birds
3
 NationalNational
Sagarmatha parksPark

Declared year : 1976 AD July 19

National park Area : 1148 km2
World heritage site : 1979
Location : North eastern park
(Solukhumbu district )
Bioclimate : Temperate- alpine- nival
Elevation : 2300-8848 m from mls
Major geography : Mt. Everest region,
Glacier, valley Major attraction
Highest peak 3 peaks more than 8000
Buffe zone declared : 2002 Jan. 1
m
BZ area : 275 km2 Gokyo lake (Ramsar site ) and
Glacier
Endangered species like snow
leopard
Monday, December 19, Sherpa
Bachelor in mountaineering community
studies (BMS) and monasteries
forth sem
Threatened category
Threaten species are any species which are vulnerable to
endangerment in the near future.
Protected flora
Protected flora of Nepal
 Nepal's flora under CITES
(CITES: Convention on international trade in endangered species of wild flora and fauna)

CITES category Number of species Plant types

Orchid spp.
(Paphiopedilum venustum)
Appendix I 1
4 spps of cytheca
149

Euphorbia 3 spp

Dalbergia 6 spp.,

Orchids 131 species

Taxus 2 spp.
Appendix II
Appendix III 4

For more details : see Checklist of CITES Listed Flora Of Nepal, Dpr,2017
 Medicinal plants of Nepal

 About 25,000 species of plants (10% of world’s total) are of

medicinal value.
 5,000 species of Medicinal plants are used in China as
traditional medicine.
 2,000 species of MAP are utilized in Nepal to treat hundreds of
diseases and disorders.
 Medicinal plants prioritized for research and development = 33
Medicinal plants…….
 Banded for collection, transportation and trade
Panchaaule (पााँचऔांले) Dactylorhiza hatagirea
 Banded for collection, transportation and trade
Bark of Juglans regia cf]v/sf] af]s|f
Flora : Banded for export without processing

Abies spectabilis (तातलशपत्र) Cinnamomum glaucescens

सुगन्धकोतकला
IUCN assessed it as "Near Threatened”

Nardostachys jatamansi
जटामासी
Lichen
 Medicinal plants in low land (<1000m)

Holarrhena pubescens Phyllanthus emblica

Cassia fistula
(Madise khirro) (Amala)
(Raj brikshya)

Amoebic dysentery Strong antioxidant activity

Constipation, fever, heart
disease Immunomodulatory, anti-
Jaundice, Gout, Fatty Liver, inflammatory, antiulcer,
Liver Disorder, Bronchitis, hepatoprotective, and
Skin disease and so on. anticancer actions.
 Medicinal plants in low land (<1000m)

Rauvolfia serpentina Terminalia bellarica (barro) Terminalia chebula (harro)

(sarpa-gandha)
 Medicinal plants in tropical area

Woodfordia fructicose – Piper longum – Alstonia scholaris –

Dhayaro Pipla Woodfordia Chhatiwan (infertility )
 Medicinal plants in Mid-hill (1000-3000m)

Tinospora sinensis (gurjo) Swertia chirayita (chiraito) Berberis aristata (chutro)

 Medicinal plants in Mid-hill (1000-3000m)

Bergenia ciliata (pakhanved) Acorus calamus (bojho) Paris polyphylla (satuwa)

Medicinal plants in High- hill ( >3000m)

Scientific name : Ephedra gerardiana

Common name : Somlata

Used treatment of asthma, hay fever and

allergic complaints.

Scientific name : Aconitum spicatum

Local name : Bikh

A. spicatum is used for fever and head

ache, cuts and wounds and musculo-
skeletal problems in Rasuwa district. A.
ferox is used for the joint pains. The anti-
inflamatory properties are due to the
alkaloidal extract (Uprety et al. 2010).
Medicinal plants…….
Medicinal plants…….
Medicinal plants…….

Scientific name : Podophyllum hexandrum

Himalayan may apple
Ditribusitiin range : Himalayan region
लघु पत्र

 Considered as “Wonder drug”

 Presence of anticancer
alkaloids ‘Taxol’ and
‘Podophyllotoxin’
Scientific Name : Taxus wallichiana
Himalayan yew
Distribution rance : 2300-3400m
लौठ सल्ला
 Folk medicine of Nepal or Traditional medicinal practice (TMP)

Acacia nilotica- Babool

 Stem is used as Allium cepa -Pyaz
Juice of bulb is used to cure eye biols
toothbrush which cures Raw use of bulb protect from sun stroke
toothche
Ageratum conyzoides- Gandhe Jhar
Leaf juice is used to stop bleeding from
wound
TMP…………….

Artemesia indica- Tite Pati

Allium sativum-Lasun Fresh juice of leaves is applied on cut
 To cure boils and wound to stop bleeding.
Leaf paste is applied on affected parts
 Roasted part is used to cure to cure scabies.
gastritis
Asparagus racemosus Willd. ‘Kurilo’
Juice of root is taken orally to increase
lactation of lactating mother. Dry root
powder is taken orally along with water
to cure urinary problems.
.
TMP
Bauhinia variegata - „Koiralo‟
Bark decoction is given to treat
diarrhea, dysentery, piles and liver
disorders.

Berberis asiatica -‘Chutro’

 Paste of root is applied
externally on wounds
and inflammations to
cure them.
 Thick decoction of stem
bark is taken orally to
cure fever. Bark
decoction is used in the
eye cure eye infection

Cinnamomum tamala -
Tejpaat
 Seed juice is applied on
affected parts to get relief
from skin diseases.
 Leaf infusion is given twice
a day for 5 days to control
diarrhoea and colic pain
Carum copticum- Jwaano
2-3 gms of seed powder taken with
gentle warm water to cure gastritis.
Chenopodium gandhium
‘Kalo-bethe’
A powdered seed boiled
in milk and taken orally to
cure fever
Fresh juice of entire plant
is taken orally along with
common salt to treat
TMP
stomach disorders.
 TMP
Curcuma longa, ‘Besar’. Cuscuta reflexa, ‘Akash beli’
Decoction of rhizome is taken orally to The root juice is taken orally in live
get relief from the backache. disorders until cure.

Euphorbia hirta ‘Dudhe Jhar’

The fresh latex of plant is applied in cut
and skin burn for its fast recovery.
Ficus semicordata -Khanyu
Juice of leaf is applied over affected parts to cure skin
TMP
Equisetum debile, ‘Kurkure Jhar’
• One cup juice from fresh plant
mixed with sugar cube and taken
orally twice a day to cure liver
disorders and constipation
• Root paste is applied over
affected part to treat dislocation
of bones.
Lycopodium clavatum -
‘Naagbeli’
 Juice of root is applied on
cut and wounds for its fast
healing power.
Myrica esculenta -‘Kaphal’
Bark of Myrica boiled in water
and make decoction which is
given twice a day for 7 days to
cure diarrhoea, dysentery and
chronic bronchitis.
Powdered bark of Myrica
boiled in mustard oil for 20-25
minutes and then applied on
the affected area with gentle
Ocimum tenuiflorum ‘Tulsi’,
Leaf decoction (20-30ml) is taken orally
for one week to cure bronchitis.

Oxalis corniculata ‘Chari amilo’

Juice of fresh plant is used for curing of
sinusitis, anaemia and piles.
Phyllanthus niruri L. ‘Bhuin
amala’
Decoction of fresh root used
orally two times a day to
treat jaundice and stomach
disorders.

Psidium guajava -‘Ambaa’

Leaves of Psidium
guajava, used twice a
day in gastritis and
flatulence until cure.
 Schima wallichii -‘Chilaune’
Rumex nepalensis -‘Ban palungo’ Two teaspoonfuls decoction
Fresh root is used to cure toothache. pounded stem bark are given
Fresh leaf juice is applied on cuts, wounds and twice a day for 3- 4 days to c
swellings fever and stomach pain.

Solanum virginianum -‘Kantkari’ Terminalia alata -‘Saj’

 Decoction of root is taken About 3-4 teaspoonfuls of fresh bark
twice a day for seven days to juice is taken 3 times a day for 6 days
cure cough, asthma and to cure diarrhoea and dysentery
Thysanolaena maxima -‘Amriso’ Tridax procumbens -‘Kurkure’.

Trigonella foenum-graecum ‘Methi’ Urtica dioca, ‘Sisnu’

Thysanolaena maxima -‘Amriso’
 Two teaspoonfuls root juice is given twice a day for 2-3days as
anthelmintic. Root paste is applied to cure boils.
Tridax procumbens -‘Kurkure’.
 Fresh plant juice is applied twice a day for 3-4 days to cure cuts
and wounds.
Trigonella foenum-graecum ‘Methi’
 The infusion of dried seeds along with small amount of sugar cube
used orally early in the morning in empty stomach to cure over
heat. Leaf poultice are applied on boils.
Urtica dioca, ‘Sisnu’
 Tender parts of the plant cooked and taken daily for the
treatment of diabetes and rheumatism
 Root juice is used to cure toothache
Zanthoxylum armatum -‘Timur’.
 Decoction (boil) of seeds is taken orally to cure cold.
Powdered seeds of Zanthoxylum is orally with water to cure
gastritis.
Protected Fauna
Birds (Aves)
 Protected Birds of Nepal

d'gfn (Tragopan satyra) 8fFk]m (Lophophorus impejanus) rL/ (Catreus wallichii)

IUCN/BirdLife International: NT IUCN: Least Concern IUCN: Vulnerable
CITES: Appendix III. CITES: Appendix I. CITES: Appendix I.
(National bird of Nepal.)

/fhwg]z Great Hornbill ;fgf] v/d'h'/ Lesser Florican

(Buceros bicornis) v/d'h'/ Bengal Florican (Sypheotides indica)
IUCN/: Near-threatened (Houbaropsis bengalensis) IUCN: Endangered
CITES: Appendix I. CITES: Appendix II.
 Protected Birds of Nepal

;f/; Sarus Crane ;]tf] u¿8 White Stork sfnf] u¿8 Black Stork
(Grus antigone) (Ciconia ciconia) (Ciconia nigra)
IUCN: Vulnerable IUCN/: Least Concern IUCN: Least Concern
CITES: Appendix II. CITES: Appendix CITES: Appendix II.
Jungle Bush Quail, Not listed
Rufous-necked Hornbill
Silver-breasted Broadbill
Green Cochoa
Black-breasted Parrotbill
Pink-headed Duck
White-bellied Heron are thought to be regionally extinct.
Bird Conservation Nepal (BCN) is engaged in monitoring the status of Nepal‟s
bird and ensuring their protection.
Identified of 27 critical sites of birds known as Important Bird Areas (IBAs)
 1 Annapurna Consevation Area
2 Barandabhar Forests and Wetlands
3 Bardia National Park
4 Chitwan National Park
5 Dang Deukhuri Foothill Forests and West Rapti Wetlands
6 Dharan Forests
7 Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve Important Bird Areas
8 Ghodaghodi Lake Complex
9 Jagdishpur Reservoir
10 Kanchenjunga Conservation Area
(IBAs)
11 Khaptad National Park
12 Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve and Koshi Barrage
13 Langtang National Park
14 Farmlands in Lumbini
15 Mai Valley Forests
16 Makalu Barun National Park
17 Nawalparasi Forests
18 Parsa National Park
19 Phulchoki Mountain Forest
20 Rampur Valley
21 Rara National Park
22 Sagarmatha National Park
23 Shey-Phoksundo National Park
24 Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park
25 Sukla- Phanta National Park
26 Tamor Valley
27 Urlabari Forest Groves
28 Bagmati Valley
29 Forests and Grasslands of Dadeldhura and Baitadi Districts
30 Khandbari-Num Forests Potential IBAs
31 Manaslu Conservation Area
32 Reshunga Forest
 Protected Herpetofauna of Nepal
Recorded Herpetofauna in Nepal : 190 sps (53 sps of
Amphibians, 2 sps of Crocodile, 17 sps of turtle , 39
species of lizard and 79 sps of snake )

गोही Gharial सुनगोहरो Golden monitor lizardअतजङगर Asiatic rock pythan

Gavialis Varanus flavescens Python molurus
gangeticus
IUCN red list : CE
 Protected mammals of Nepal
S.N Scientific Name Local Name Common Name IUCN CITES
1 Ailurus flugens Habre Red Panda I
2 Antilope carvicarpa Krishnasagar Black buck V III
3 Bos gaurus Gauri Gai Gaur V I
4 Bos mutus Yok Nak Wild Yak E I
5 Babalus babilis Arna Wild Water Buffalo E III
6 Canis lupus Bwanso Tibetan wolf V I
7 Caprolagus hispidus Hispid Kharayo Hispid Hare E I
8 Cevus duvaceli Barasinghe Swamp deer E I
9 Elephus maximus Jangali Hatti Asiatic elephant E I
10 Felis lynx Lynx Lynx E II
11 Hyanea hyanea Hundar Striped hyanea E
12 Macaca assamensis Asamosa Rato Bandar Asamese monkey II
13 Manis pantadectyla Salak Chinese Pangolin II
14 Moschus chrysogaster Kasturi Himalayan Musk deer E I
15 Ovis ammon Nayan Great Tibetan Sheep I I
16 Panthera tigris Bagh Royal Bengal Tiger E I

©ForestyNEPAL 2014
17 Pantheris uncia Hiun Chituwa Snow Leopard E I
18 Pantholops hodgsoni Chiru Tibetan Antelope I
19 Pardofelis nebulosa Dhwanse Chutuwa Clouded Leopard V I
20 Platanista gangetica Sauns Gangetic Dolphin II
21 Prionailurus bengalensis Chari Bhag Leopard cat II
22 Prionodon pardicolor Silu Spotted ling sang I
23 Rhinocerous unicornis Gainda Greater one horned
Rhinoceros
24 Sus salvinus Sano/Pudko Bandel Pigmy Hog EXN I
25 Tetracerus quadricornis Chausingha Four horned Antelope III
26 Ursus arctos Himalayan Rato Bhalu Brown Bear I
 Protected Mammal of Nepal

Asiatic elephant Bengel tiger

Elephas maximus Panthera tigris tigris

Aasame Monkey Black buck

Macaca assamensis Antilope cervicapra
 Protected Mammal of Nepal

Gangatic Dolphin
Platanista gangetica Bobcat (Lynx rufus)

Hispid hare Hyaena

Caprolagus hispidus Hyaena hyaena
 Himalayan Musk deer
(Moschus
chrysogaster)

One- horned rhinoceros

Rhinoceros unicornis

Pengolin Pygmy hog

(Manis crassicaudata) (Porcula salvania)
Red Panda Snow leopard
(Ailurus fulgens ) (Panthera uncia)

Wild water buffalo

(Bubalus arnee),
 Fauna endemic to Nepal
Mammals Birds

Myotis Acanthoptila
csorbai (Chiroptera - nipalensis (Passeriformes Leiotrichidae) Spi
Vespertilionidae) Csorba ny Babbler
's Mouse-eared Bat

Apodemus gurkha (Rodentia -

Muridae) Nepalese Field Mouse
Fauna endemic to Nepal

(Nepal Rufous-vented Prinia )

New record, only in nepal . KoshiWR , total birds now 886
Which geographical area or protected
area do they represent ?
 A critical case ……

Red Headed Vulture <50

ind.

Slender biled vulture <

Major causes of declining population

 Use of Diclofenac
 Habitat loss ( Bombax ceiba)
 Dumping carcass
 Flagship and keystone species
A flagship species is a species selected to act as an ambassador, icon
or symbol for a defined habitat, issue, campaign or environmental
cause.

A keystone species is a plant or animal that plays a unique and crucial role in
the way an ecosystem functions.
It means , Keystone species have an extremely high impact on a particular
ecosystem relative to its population
 Without keystone species, the ecosystem would be dramatically different o
cease to exist altogether
 Flagship species
Fruiting body of the fungus arising out of
the dead body of a caterpillar
Reported species in Nepal : C. sinensis
(Balfour – Browne, 1955), C. nutans
(Shrestha, 1985) and C. nepalensis (Zang
and Kinjo, 1998)
Yarsagumba
Cordyceps sinesis
“the gold rush”
Medicinal value : asthma,
allergic rhinitis, poor renal function,
renal injuries by chemicals chronic
bronchitis, coughing, poor resistance
of respiratory tract, regulating blood
pressure (high or low blood pressure),
anti-aging, weakness, the declining of
sex drive, lowering raised blood lipid
levels, strengthening the body's
immunity, poor function of lungs and
kidneys and in irregular menstruation (
Zhu et al., 1998; Halpern, 1999; Mizuno,
1999; Francia et al., 1999).
Good news …..
Ethical issues (नैततक सवालहरु )
The International Tiger
Day on 29th July 2022
was held in Kathmandu,
and the result new
number of Tigers was
announced by the
country’s prime minister.

(Pradhan et. al 2011)

 2022
2015
2011
2005 752
645
534
375

Nepal’s rhino population has shown a promising 16% increment as indicated by the
results of the National Rhino Count 2021 released by the Government of Nepal today.
The current population of the species stands at 752 individuals compared to the 2015
estimate of 645 in Nepal’s Terai Arc Landscape.
 Ethical issues (नैततक सवालहरु )

एनाकोन्डालाई बाटो काट् न जब

मातनसहरुले सहयोग गरे
काठमाडौां-बैशाख १३, २०७६

यो सोमबार ब्रातजलको बीआएर–३६४

हाइवेमा भएका मातनसहरु तनकै चतकत
भए ॰ हाइवेको बीचमा सोच्दै नसोचेको
जीव आएपतछ गाडीका चक्काहरुमा
एक्कासी ब्रेक लाग्यो ]

पोटो भे ल्होन्चस्थत नथा वेस्टना तसटी

नतजकैको हाइवेमा एकाएक ९.८ तफट
लामो एनाकोन्डा दे न्चखयो ॰ मातनसहरुले
उक्त एनाकोन्डालाई सकूशल बाटो काट् न
सहयोग गरे ॰ उनीहरुले यसको तभतडयो
एवां फोटो न्चखचेका छन् ॰
Ethical issues (नैततक सवालहरु )

Ethical perspective

 Anthropocentric
 Stewardship
 Biocentric
 Econcetric
 Animal right
 Ethical issues
 An ethical trekker acknowledges their impact on the land and acts to
minimize damage despite the lack of authority.
-Stephen ‘Lorax’ Eren, 2014

 Being an ethical trekker means moving over to share the trail and
cleaning up trash even if it’s not yours.
-Hare, 2015
 Lead by example. Not only respect other hikers, but give respect to
trail towns and the people who run them. It is all about respect: the
mountains, forests, people, wildlife, and everything in between.
-Jennifer “Sarge” Williams, 2015

“Hike your own hike”

Reference Materials