Cantove reg wat re ASS (©) Counter ot tain wat Fig 102 Types f RCC ruining vals 03 EARTH PRESSURES @) On cath pressure on. ve stem este tenes wid 0 (Cuarrer 10.1 INTRODUCTION to retain filled eanh of greater height. They are commonly used according to Rankoe's theory at dep below the op of wall (102) «) 9= Angle of friction of y=Ur tof back. ‘Thusit varies linearly from zero at top to ky H, atthe bottom ofthe stem (Fig. 10.3). Hence total beczonal pressure on stem Fig. 101 Typical taining wall 10.2 TYPES OF RETAINING WALLS Te flowing wo sypes ef RCC reining wal commonly eed 1. Caneveretinng 2 Counetor euinng These to pes of ret (0 In eaniever reining Pressure from back ‘i (i) In coumeton reining Lt P= 2h, 7H ght ‘causes maximum moment of ay be observed that ve Ly vulval yet Fe 08 alan tnd ret nd le slab are Meets ont unterforts are provided at regular intervals to strengthen the , $ fens teecen _ “the base of the stem, since the resultant horizontal press482_Advanced RC. Desion Kyat ig. 103. Aue cath pre ons ah cew,onthe horizontally finshed backfl. This may be due jure nea it. The effect of surcharge on stem ig g fills horizontal ‘There may be surcharge pres nthe top of back pressure (Fig, 104) “Ths in cate of backfill with surcharge tem of taining walls subjected 10 uniform aay pressure p, and lineasly varying pressure p38 show in Fi. us ‘Apt from soil pressure, direct weight of bakfll and surcharge onthe heel slab are 1 be causitered in the design. These loadings are shown in Fig. 106. Pl oy 1 Fig, 104 Atv cath pressure om sem for surcharged hrzontal Back fill, If back fills sloping the pressure onthe stem is parallel tothe top surface and is given by Pe= kh st ay TR ty eee where B is angle of slope of back bill with the horizontal is ie Fig. 10,6. Przwreson to and ed sab184 _Advanced R.CC. Des 40.4. STABILITY OF RETAINING WALL not sufficient if we ing wall fr te fo ns of various parts for mom. 1 two types Of complete faiiyrec Sea, In retaining wal sary to check the retani ‘Overtuming about toe ‘Shiging tan ae ‘given by 7 1e earth pressure on the st earth, surcharge, self W i 0. Th eo stabilizing moment about toe. A minim ly 0.9 times the characteristic dead load oon, ag, The horizontal pressure Hon the stem tiesto side the retaining wall away from the sted by fractional fore between te soil and heel and toe slab. If is the coe fccton and YW isthe weal downward load, the maximum resisting fictional force is FenDw 1f Py is total horizontal pressure, then factor of safety against sliding is given by As pers 456-2000 inthis cate loa minimum factor of safety of 1s tobe provi 0.9 times characteristic dead load is to be considered. Bebe, this value is les, then shear key (Ref. Fig. 10:7) may be provi i sa ee em en ew Tg NOT aH et ae o Fig. 107 pEPTH OF FOUNDATION Retaining Wats 105 305 gis the height of a sis upon the v ion denen rea Yin = 1 pis SBC of soil and unite ater Ag. 108 40.6 DESIGN OF CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL known. By ang the dep. acting on wall and tase lab. tase width follwing guidance are available inthe Kteraure: Base width b = 0.48H 19 0.56H =0.38 ‘Toe projection “Thickness of base slab = Thickness of stem = “Top width of stem e ‘Then checks are applied for safety these requirement ae tls bend as shown in Fig. 109, The stm. toe and the hel sab at The various pars of retaining w: as cantilevers. These slabs are designe for moment and checked for seat ing. W they ae satisfied pressures ot exceed SBC and minima Fig. 109486 Advanced RCC. Desion Troan cath ebanne ih a ef ern fon Feneen sot and conerete = OS. Adon py concrete and Fe-415 tee soli a 230" SBC, 4.2200 SN §=415Nimme int Coefficient (tes 1801 = Tying 14830 3 _- nium ef ondation ot =22,(t) <1218 rae te peer erer neigh of eining wal=35 1252475 Preliminary Dimensions of Ret 1g Wall e048 M9 056H = 2375 m102.66 m _ be2sm en 20352028 Tika of te sab =Thassof stem = # = A, sy 04 m RnR’ shows dimensions ofthe retaining wall selected, Fig, top width of stem be 0.2 m. Fig. 10. hows various forces on the retaining m2. 475 4 7] ons 08 Rs -#——— 25 —__y Fig, 1010 check for Stoblllty sos vei Yads acting on he retaining wa arf tess forces about Oar shown inthe Week a Sa a aguoreart | metasxeasxiseros7 | 25-8sun | np 2 evongulr orion | w= 02435%2502195 | 078+04-01e seo oimtos | 20a ; 1 femur poion | metxoactascasion] onse2aaaeom| 96 ten Base sb wn 04x 2.5x25=95 25 nas 7 Sw 193s wv DM, =25660m Hoon pressure P= 3h YH add 184.75 = 67.688 KN ~ 23 _ Overuming moment, M,= Fy £67: 65x23 = 0117 en As per IS 456-2000, factor of safety for over turning is F, = 22%2566 221514 Hence OX. TOT17 ony W pn OBEY 9H08H08 1 Oe Hence shear key isto be provided.488 Advanced RCC. Design Pressure Under Base Slab Toyal moment about point O =M,-M, ‘Toal vertical ood = 163.35 kN “Horizontal distance from “O" where rs 122566 ~ 107.17 = 14943 kN-m =188 995m 1333 _ Recency e225 -osis =0335m <: Maximum pressure LM] = 12 SE ns imum pressure, B= —>e- | ee stan, S204 Hence satisfactory. | Design of St o Maximum moment atthe base of cantilever ete 2 = GX GH 1843S = 8231 kNem s M,= 15 «8231 = 123.47 kNem i erat the Baseline (Re. Fig, ms sa "Bending moment is proportional to cube of depth of filling and thickness var 10 mm and 0 pth D =400 mm, ei d= 35 Lhe ired is obtained from a és ive suficiemly under * eg of tet requit ly under reinforced section, Mex8T/ Ard Beg he bd fy 123.47 x 10° = 087 x 415 x A, «359 (- A ‘8) om =a,(t-rAe iar, Age 1067S AT «1007520 Ay= 1041 mm? dae 2 amb. Ey? at Hi rove 12m ba 100 mn fe 1000 = 108 mm pistribution Steel 200+ 400 = 912 5 1900 300 = ‘y= G35 1000x300 = 360 mn? Providing 180 mm? on each face and using 8 mm bars Fxg s= 4 ——x 1000 = 279 mm 180 Provide & mm bars at 270 mm cfe on tension face ‘A mesh of 8 mm bars @ 270 mm is given on compression face ofthe wall. Curtailment of Vertical Bars at top 400 mm ata depth of 4.35 m. One third of vertical bars may be curtail ‘Check for shear: Ve Py = 1OTIT KN V2 15 x 107.17 = 160.15 KNRetaining Walls 191 190 Advanced RCC. Dest jee! Slab 16075100 5 94 Wenn? 5 ee evn ole Rim zsiaons, = “F000 x 400 pees i 138m. Presta Vin? on outer edge 1 69.53 N/m? atthe face ofthe Eta xtc own" e iqaesterets 521) ‘weight of back fl = 1H, = 184.35 = 78.3 kim ae a =04%1 425+ inn Stat downward load =78.3 + 10=883 Nim faximum bending moment wean! pg 138" : a show = 983 gt 1 1 ves aner bt ves om 11786NIa* 1 128 AN 8 shown iggy _— 2 ge nase miss ¢ face of toe por Fecal s M,= 15 $157 = 7735 km —— 5g of ste eq gen Agus 5157 «102087 x415 x Ayx30{1-— Au, 8 wie Taxa" A sont =i) 1786 ~128) = 86.35 kN/m? 67S Ay + AOE x 168675 =0 scly varying load Ay provide minimum reinforcement of 12 mm bars #225 mm fe in bth directions sorsxras-s639%2 4025 el ier terol be 0 rch tr Design of Shear Key = 3019 em M,= 15 x 30.19 = 45.285 kNim Pressure at face of shear key = 86.35 kNim 42380 mm 45.215 x 106 = 0.87 x415 x Ay x 380(1-—Az x, 1000%350" 20 ssi36~a,(1-2e-) T8673, ky vertical pressure or Ag. 160675 A, 4168675 x358.36 =0 23 86.35 X a= 259.050 KN ? fe ee Factor of safety against sliding Agminimum = 22 x 1909 x 400 = 480 mm? 2 $22 10005400 = 680m pa SHE 429080 s ‘Ag= 480 mm? ig C7688 Using 12 mm bars 09x05 x 163.33 + 259.054 _ 4 4 Kot ‘ 67.688 Py ; a= 0085 m 480 +235 mm Provide 200 mm deep shear key. Provide 12 mm bs 1 300 mm cle in both directions, The details of reinforcement are shown in Fig. 10.14.382 Acumond REC Do Boca are provided at 3 0.35 m imams mn ay ee ate 108 forts are provided at 3 t0 3.5 m interval Grants 6 BO 35 Hand they act as Tobe of back fll = 18 ANI. Keep il and conerete je.S. Adopt M30 46° 180KNIm?, 9 =30", peer 1-sing Fig. U4 RC Das Coefficient of active earth pressure k, = 40.7 DESIGN OF COUNTERFORT RETAINING WALLS Tsing Yee begs of tack wb mia is mare thn 4.510 5.0m it is preferable to provide coun = tcsing0 T>sin30 "3 essing wae Rr Legs begins cocslver resiing walls Will be uneconomical, (Tis ovsscs of soi tangs the erated Behaviour of retaining sas Ba Bee aS a ws coeeinices ozone] subs supported by counterfors = Minimom depth of foundation retaining wall H=55+13=68m 15H 10 06H f comnetors Hace £8 benny lasted =the ede of heel ala In this case it may be from 3.4 m to 408 m Lex base width bas0m tat ‘Toe projection ato tens project $5 Letitbe =08m Width of counterforts = 0.03H 10 0.06H Leite = 300 mm a ‘Thickness of stem = Thickness of base slab = FE Say d= 260 mm and D = 300 mim ‘The section selected is shown in Fig. 10.16. tt )eeton Fre NONS Det shepe of som of cunt rettning wallWetainirg Walls 19% = 194 Advanced RCC. Design ciated Walls Ve 1 IK. J 820g lapf—27—pye—27 Je 30m—ehe— 3.0m =1514 = 0486 m z ee 70.6 KN ane rte below shows wept ce fom over ro aot sabi a = 26.7 kNim?, positive. Hence O.K. by various stabilizing forces Overtuming moment due to horizontal backfill eanh pressure Myon tabch 2 Faso ey gsi vrais wagM ,29x91I8 14 Mo" aa Hence OK. : ie Sliding force Pye he end Bog = an hy wd 138.72 KN (0.9W, +W,+W,) (0.9 X 315.9 + 48.719 + 30) = 181.51 Resisting force = 13 Me (Now. aa bei oh 5 Hence thickness of # . Any t mecomsandi-tgxt) i sao xitconrnasxae2i (1 rabtag ts) IL neato 4, 46765 4, (1- Be 8 =u) 755) 12530 A, + 46765 * 12530 = 0 7 hy 277 Ccmitever moment fence depth of 260 mm 12322 WS 2081 M5 5,20 #207 =A,(1- ses) 590, yi 12830 Ay + 822.7 » 12530 Ay 65 lakes care of ve Check for Shear Man Ea ar force tthe face of eountefort ws ( 39213-03) oa fide 46 mn bars @ 220 min cle N00 = 27 = 52065 AN Check for Shear section is at distance d = 260 mn from th face of sem. Presvore at nyo H= 2632-000 = 1252 4 Shear foree per metre with of 060.54 1262)x (08-026) = 80.10 kry 120183100, 9462 Ninn? ro E x16 100 1 100 . 0352 nes ay * 260 436-200, eh petal 7 “need not be repeated. For d = 300 mm, 12015100 «6 10605300 ue nereused 19 250 mim ee, ing of msi bars may Design of Heel Stab ese also, since abitional thickness of hee the design the effective depth do not create SF and BM, the same anu taken as d= 300 mm, $= 267) 29 = 131 Nimm? Total downward load = ‘Maximum dawaveant pressure Pow = 1245 ~ 267 = 97.8 kNIn? Meoisx% «7335100 xT = 13.35 aN. - My=15 7335 = 1100 kN-m * Longinainal main bar required ford = 300 mm, sab POR O87 AIS Ayaan (1 Aas i000 <300" 20 ToAsT8, P= 144578 A, 6 ‘hy 1098 am? og wn bars SPINE required i 1015 « 144578 = 9 = 181 mm 180 mm spacing near th. eased to 300 mm towards es Since downward presse edu junction, paibution steel of 12 mm diamcter bars @ 225 ci provided tight anges o pesign of Counterfort pantorcements are required forbes rections {@) For beam act ‘Countetfor behaves as T-beam of varying section, cantilevering out ofthe tpelination of counterfort with horizontal 188 0s nS eos 29° _adepth of eounterfort dl for beam action junction (Ref. Fig, 10.17) = 29 sin 0 = 29 sin 66 = 2.648 m = 2648 mm Maximum moment on counterfort ee =A TEL oh 8X68? x3 = 823875 km My ‘Area of steel required is 12358 x 1082087 x45 A264 1- Ae xi) 300x268 “20 2-afi-Ax) ra2= at i) A} 38284 A,,+ 1292 x 38284=0 . A= 1339 masshd _ 085% 300% 2648 _ t 415 . Provide 4 bars of 25 mm diameter ‘Ay Provided = 4x £325? = 1963 mm? 1 Area of tensile steel required for it 1581000 ; = = 75 om! Provide 10 mam bas st Exo = 41000 = 1795 mm 4375 1000 Say at 170 mm ee Vertical Stirrups Near the end of eel downward force =978 kim Fretored force 15.978 = 146.7 kN? Steel required to resist his tensile force = 14671000 _ 2 os7xais = “06mm Exo Provide 10 mm bars at $—— x 1000 = 193 mm 08 Say af 190 mm of The deals of reinforcement are shown in Fig. 10.19. 1627 mm? 108 @ 10ee 02 @ 170 (2) Secon teow cantacrtoa advonced CC, DES (c Ranecamant in stom and countetot (lan vw) Fig. 10.19 —_____ Rrewew Questions. ———____ i at 4 mhigh above ground signa caer ei walto rein earth embankmen 4 m high above ground! Ty * ae slew iN adits angle of repos is 30%, The embankments hora top. The SBC of sol may be taken at 200 Nin’ andthe coefficient of fiction between as concrete 3. Adopt M20 grae concrete and Fe-415 see Density of SBC of soil = 180 kN’, Coefficient of the heel slab and carry out stability analysis of a cantilever retaining wal with de lowing daa ight ofhorizontal backfill Grade of concrete Type of sel Density of back Angle of intemal friction c SBCoF soil Depth of foundation santo reining wall ithe height of wall above ground lee 80 Kin. Angle of fiction @ = 30°, Desai ‘2 SBC i= ction § = 30°, Density of soil = 18 kNim’. SP Sameons = mck: Ado MD cnet nd ee a 5 peountrfor etaningwalisto be contre, foil ee of internal fiction eight of sl Sing of eountrfrs sre of concrete Coefficient of fr retina backfillof 5.5m aboveground level ON? " ion between soil and concrete: 0,60 and design the toe slab, For the given in 5, design the counterfort For the problem given in Example S design the sem and sketch reinforcement dt