13 CHAPTER Water Tanks _ 13.1 INTRODUCTION To meet the daily requirement of water by industries, types of R.C. water tanks are used. Such tanks may be (i) Tanks resting on ground, (ii) Under ground tanks, and (iii) Elevated tanks. The tanks may have circular or rectangular sections. Tanks resting on ground and underground tanks have flat bottom slab while elevated water tanks may have flat bottom or conical bottom. campuses, localities, towns and cities varjon; e in general, classified as: Apart from strength requirement, another essential requirement in the design of water tank is imperviousness. To make water tanks impervious, wider cracks should be avoided in the concrete, which may be achieved by (i) Use richer concrete mix, say M25 or M30. (ii) Give a minimum clear cover of 25 mm. (iii) Provide smaller diameter bars at closer intervals. (iv) Keep the tensile stresses in concrete low. (») Follow good construction practices like thorough mi: ing good compaction and good curing 13.2 DESIGN REQUIREMENT IS: 3370 is the Indian code of practice for concrete structures for the storage of liquids. This ¥® adopted in December 1967. It incorporated two amendments i i 1 ed in 1999. The code is available in the following four parts; MRCS E SS Fame ie Part I : General requirements Part I Reinforced concrete structures Part IIT: Prestressed concrete structures, and Part I’ esign tables. emai a pre avei leakage olen, nk ies CF éesign should not be used in water tanks. 1545 2000 is si ermissibl irect tension. Hence from IS: in f nce 3 1 is obvous that cartier version of IS: 456 guide lines should be taal witch's based on wail Of SSEDISSION: stresses for concrete and steel are as shown in Tables 13.1 and 132 in Tables 13. ° Scanned with CamScannerWater 7 Table 13.1; Permissible Si eer tresses in Concrete Cele ion in Némme Permissible Stress [SSE Directs, nin tape is #] in Shear in N/mm? a 3 Bending is 13 S 17 | 1150 15 Mt 19 1135 16 = 22 x10 7 = Bis ia] 27 i Types of Stress Permissible Stress in Nim? Mild Steel HYSD Bars us 150 T Direct tensile stress 7 Tensile stress in bending (i) On liquid retaining face i (ji) On face away from liquid if it is less than 225 mm 150 (iii) On face away from liquid, if it is> 225 mm He i Tensile stress in shear reinforcement (i) For members less than 225 mm thick 15 150 (ii) For members > 225 mm thick 125 175 4. Compressive stress in columns subjected to direct load 125 175 Minimum Reinforcement For thickness upto 100 mm, minimum percentage of reinforcement should be 0.3. For thicknesses from 100 mm to 450 mm it may be reduced linearly to 0.2 per cent. Hence Prin = 0-3 upto 100 mm thick sections 1-100 450 - 100 Minimum reinforcement should be ensured in both directions. layers of bars are required near both face, however for ¢= 100 mm to 450 mm = 03-01 _ Hf thickness of section is more than 225 mm, "\isenough if total steel meets the minimum requirement. 133 METHODS OF ANALYSIS pai of analysis. Tetehaviour of walls of water tank is more complex. They need sophisticated methods i “i ong is required. For velindtical tank, bending theory of cylinders with diferent ele cor aes a ee ‘angular tanks, plate theory with appropriate boundary condos cieo inftence the values of t ; “ls. The continuity with adjacent walls and with top and bottom sia © 7, ys: 3370 (Pat IV) Mm ‘ i Teens and shears, One can think of finite element analysis 0 ge B00" ays forthe design OF onene in 1999 gives the design tables to pick up moment and at es the design MOTe 'ndtical as f sophisticated analys' well walls. Use of sop! Oomical, as rectangular Scanned with CamScanner”" 256 Advanced Design methods of analy: commonly used in th le de: imate owever there are approx! ‘ ay inate method, it is assumed that in case of circular tanks bottom 1/3rd height o; S18n, Jy oe wens predominantly under cantilever action where as in case of rectangular a Im, w ich, thy is greater, mainly under cantilever action. Rest of the a bong all is i yr 1m, whichever is greater is ler ca height © | directions. Approximate method is aly, ays y Joped in horizontal water pressure by forces devel 1 d side il hence design is uneconomical. However it has the following advantages: (i Iris simple (ii) Ingives feel of Hence designer oT site engine y confusion of sign conventions in the analysis. We may have lot of sophisticatee methods of analysis to assess the design forces, but j + but it ig necessary for engineers to develop feel of structural behaviour. Hence the approximation meth; analysis should be leamt by gineering students, In this book designs are carted oit'star ne sing approximate methods for the analysis. 8 On s haviour. f the structural bel always avoid disasters of mistakes of draftman or th 10S due 1g gineer can IGN OF CIRCULAR TANKS RESTING ON GROUND rigid base. Fig. 13.1 shows typical circular tanks. In case of tward when internal water pressure is applied and hence, the 13.4 DES Circular tanks can have flexible base or flexible joints, the wall is free to move ou! ‘wall is subjected to hoop forces ‘T’ only comer reinforcement Sliding surface ‘or rubber pad (2) Sliding base _ {b) Sliding base Fig. 13.1. Typical circular tanks D T= — 1H p (13-1) where = Unit weight of water H = Height of tank and D = Diameter of circular tank. The reinforcement for hoop forces i a force i it scistinen on tobe ah era to be given in horizontal directions. In vertical di Incase of rigid joint, lower portion i Incas , lower portion is having : mainly in ri : ig predomi i 5 rly in oop tension Fig. 13.2 gives the approximated i ntly cantilever action while upp? , then cantilever moment at base joad diagram for the two actions. If rection onlY portion is wp’ is the Scanned with CamScanner, Pe LL —_— — 2k 1 agg OTE” Geran Sie Pas Load taken by | | | bh 4 H | DLoad taken ‘ by cantileve 2 action 2 wH c (@) Load sharing (6) Load for cantilever action Fig. 13.2 = (H- mit . 3 en(13.2) pedmaximum hoop tension at D D T=y(H-A)— YIN For circular tanks ‘h’ may be taken as 2 or 1 m whichever is more, Examples 13.1 and 13,2 illustrate the method of design. 143.5 DESIGN CONSTANTS Referring to Fig. 13.3, depth of neutral axis is ‘nd’ where eK b> Sere : Te ae Wee} Za mos Fig. 13.3, (13.3) MO cre n= ly MO cbc +Oy Ver arm ig ‘jd’ where i n \ tie 3 Ment of resistance is given by M=kbd” bs ot Scanned with CamScanner58 Advanced R.C.C. Design SET onkgrs ct Parse my ge Sag where 7 The equivalent concrete section , ASA, +mAy= Ag+ (m= 1) Ag oll In the above expressions, ty cue = Permissible compressive stress in concrete in bending 5c 6, = Permissible stress in steel m = Modular ration and = 780 which is usually rounded of to nearest full number 3Gcte (13) A. = Area of concrete A,,= Area of steel A, = Gross area of cross-section. Free Board Inall water tanks a free board of about 200 mm is to be given; in other words depth of water tanks jn kept 200 mm more than the required depth for the full capacity. However for the design depth of water is taken as the total depth only since occasionally a stagnant water upto full height may be stored. Example 13.1: Design a circular water tank with flexible base resting on the ground to store 50,00) litres of water. The depth of tank may be kept 4 m. Use M25 concrete and Fe-415 steel. Solution: Capacity of tank = 50,000 litres = 50 m? Depth of tank =4m +. IfD is the diameter, then Rp? =D x4 = qDi x4 =50 D=3.989 m Provide 4 m diameter Free board =200 mm Total height of tank H=440.2=42m Unit weight of water = 9.8 kN/mm? Permissible tensile stress in Fe-415 steel = isi i 150 N/mm? Permissible tensile stress in concrete = 1.3 N/mm? Maximum hoop tension D T=yH2= a Y 2 98x42 x oe 82.32 kN/per meter height at base Scanned with CamScanner. . 5150 Némm2 ., Area of steel required for taking hoop tat 7 on Ag, = 8232x) ee 150 ~ = 548.8 mm? Using 12 mm bars, Spacing Water Tanks 259 Ex in2 ©5488 “1000 = 206 mm Provide 12 mm bars at 200 mm cle, Aa provided Thickness of Wall Maximum hoop tension T= 82.32 kN Permissible stress in tension = 1.3 N/mm? Modular ratio for M25 cone: rete alent area of concrete per metre height = 1000 2+ (m~ IA, Hence § - 230 ais? : 82.32 x 1000 his 10001 + (11 = 1) x 5655 s = 57.66 mm Provide = 100 mm Vertical Steel “nly minimum reinforcement is required. oa 1000 = 300 mn? Ey *Ayminimum = 509 * 100% = = Using 8 mm bars, ‘ E xg? h 4 x1000 = 167 mm 300 Provide g mm bars at 150 mm c/c. as, Scanned with CamScanneroY ered with tarfelt. Since the load gets Base SI 475 mm lean mix Be co ided with mini 1 7 i i The base slab will vei thickness of 150 mm may be provided with minimum reinforce, Sng to ground direct" an “ti poth direction” ? - 03 e150 «1000 = 459 = ky minimum 100 ear each face e reinforcement nt providing half tht 2 Age 225mm Using 8 m™ bars, Ex? po 4x 1000 = 223 mm 225 . ee Provide 8 mm bars at 220 mm c/c on both faces in both directions. details of reinforcement. Fig. 134 shows the a 400 21m 2 S50 alm @ 150 cle same yt| Asset compound 1° S; mm @ 200 cic on both faces 150 Fig. 13.4 Exar S is enti HN ‘water tank for the data given in example 13.1 assuming that the joint ise slab is rigid. Approximate method may be used for the analysis. Solution: Dimensions of the tank: Diameter D = 4 m Total height H=42 =42m Mix used: M25. Steel to be used Fe-415 Gcy¢= 8.5 Nim? and ayn 2 .. Modular ratio L280 ie oa =e eli . Design constants are aes n= cbc ee Od BS MO te +Oy IEXBS TIED te Oy TBS 4150 = 0384 Scanned with CamScanneroa 1.0384 | 37 = 0.872 Fe oa Kens : 2 ~ 2°85 0872 xo 384 = 1.428 pesign for Cantilever Action he height ‘A’ above base upto which Cantilever action £xist is given by h= zo Im Whichever ig more 42 he 3S 14m 1 Cantilever moment SSYHxhxt 2 7 = 1 A 7X98 42 14M 13.466 eNom . Depth of balance section M 13.446 x 10° d= | ~ [13.446 x10" | kxb Y 1428x1009 7°73 mm To keep the section sufficiently under reinforced, le d $x973 = 129.7 mm Letus keep d = 130 mm and total thickness 165 mm. (Note: Minimum thickness of 150 mm is ‘orally kept to avoid leakage problems). M 13.446 x 10° Au= Using 10 mm bars, 2x10? 4 1000 = 99.32 790.8 Provide 10 mm bars at 95 mm c.c. near inner face, keeping clear cover of 30 mm. n i L4m, Hence let us provide 10 mm bars at 95 mm c.c. at base and curtail alternate bars at a height of 1.4 m, 24 spacing of 190 mm is available in top 2.8 m height. Scanned with CamScanner7 262 Advanced R.C.C. Design Design of Section for Hoop Action For this reinforcement is to be provided in horizontal direction, Max ho OP tens at height h =1.4 min this case. Hoop tension is given by ON is to egy T=y(H-A) x D2 = 9.8(4.2 - 1.4) x : = 54.88 kN A = 5488x1000 = 365.8 mm? ‘sh 0 Using 10 mm bars, spacing Exo s= 4 — x 1000 = 214 mm 365.8 Provide 10 mm bars @ 200 mm cic. Check for tensile stress in concrete: Ex10? Actual Ay= 4 x 1000 = 392.6 mm? T Equivalent concrete area = 54.88 x 1000 = = 1,10 N/mm? 1651000 + (111) x 3926 ae Permissible 6,, for M25 concrete = 1.3 N/mm? Hence safe. For bottom 1.4 m above base the spacing of 100 mm may be maintained. In the remaining portion it may be raised to 300 mm c/c. Distribution Steel (In vertical direction) Minimum steel required = = oe 165 x 1000 = 495 mm?, «Vertical steel for cantilever action serves this Purpose also. Base Slab Provide nominal thi ick 5 . sa fe it both direction: ‘ness of 150 mm with nominal reinforcement of 8 mm bars at 220 mm ¢ Provide 150 mm x 159 sae! m gts Junction reinforcement of & ym, wunches at junction, To ensur provi ; my , cantilever steel ™ bars at 220 mm efc, e the rigidity of. connection Fy (s It takes care of development length req! Fig. 13.5 shows the details of sina, cement, Scanned with CamScannerWater Tanks 263 10mm @ 300 lOmm @ 95 cle 10 mm @ 200 le 8 mm @ 200 cle on both faces Fig. 13.5 36 RECTANGULAR TANKS RESTING ON GROUND consider the design of rectangular water tank of size L x B x H, where L—Length of tank p—Breadth of tank H—Total height of tank Inthe approximate methods such tanks are divided into two categories: {a Tanks with LB <2 (i) Tanks with L/B 2 2 (i Design of tanks with L/B < 2: Similar to design of circular tanks, here also lower part is ssumed to have predominantly cantilever action and upper portion to have resistance by horizontal stion, The load taken by the two actions is shown in Fig. 13.6(a), where D is a point at a height h=H/4 or 1 m, whichever is more (13.8) Hence maximum cantilever moment on the wall 1 h =-—yHhe +(13.9) a ead For horizontal action, maximum pressure is at (H — h) m below top (at D). Hence py, = y(H—h)as stown in Fig. 13.6 (b). , ae B f 42 I na Hy Load taken by horizontal «12 | [5 frame action t=: ‘ | wth) f™ Load taken by horizontal | Je fs Cantilever action wae boyd ea ; ¢ (b) (a) Fig. 13.6 Pressure Diagram - ——— Scanned with CamScanner264 Advanced R.C.C. Design ‘This is resisted by closed frame action. The frame being symmetric, analysis is simple. The fig end moment at A are Boa BS wil Paty and “12 (13.19) Using moment distribution the moments may be balanced. Since long wall supports short wall and short wall supports long wall, horizontal tension developy in the walls. At D, horizontal forces developed are TL= 1S -(13.8(@)) L and Ty =H) -(13.8(6)) The effect of horizontal tensile forces is to reduce the net moment in walls to an extend Tx, where xis distance of tensile reinforcement from the centre of wall. Thus final horizontal design moment is =M-Tx +(13,8) The bending moment reduces towards top above ‘h’. Hence spacing may be increased towards the top. However minimum reinforcement requirement should not be violated. It may be noted that, near corners bending tension is on inner face and near centre it is on outer side. (ii) Design of tanks with L/B > 2: In such cases, long walls behave like cantilevers of height H. Thickness of walls may be decided on the basis of cantilever moments in long wall. The horizontal steel required in. the long wall is to resist direct tension T, = y(H — ne. Designer will find this requirement is automatically satisfied by providing minimum reinforcement of 0.3 per cent. Lower portion of short wall of height ‘h’ is resisting the load by cantilever action and top H - h resist the load by horizontal frame action, as discussed in case (i). Hence cantilever moment in short Pa walls is 1(H —) = ue ‘ - 2 Due'to horizontal frame action, bending moment may be taken equal to woe « both at ends and centre. At ends, tension is on inner face and at centre it is on outer face. Though long walls are redomi isti 7 i ea really resisting the load by cantilever action, end 1 m may be considered as supported by wt at T, =y(H-h) x1 ! wi i ill reduce the design moment by Tpx, where x is the distance of reinforcement from centre of section. The reinforcement i ec] ction. The rent is calculated for bendit i i i provided inborsonte een ing and direct tension separately and total steel is The design procedure is illustrated with two examples below: Scanned with CamScannerDesign a rectangular wate Water Tanks 285 13. Tt . ple Use M25 concrete and mild steel, nk of sizes im 4 mx3 az al a deep resting on firm te =Smx4 of tan! mx3m, di 2 pot Be M25 re Scbe = 8.5 Nim? 280 3x5! 6, = 115 N/mm? Design constants are = 75. cbe 11x85 ne — eS Ste Me +S, 1Ix85S+115 O48 n_,_ 0 1-88 350 3. Pas lL Seocdn = 5 8.5 x 0850 x 0.448 = 1.619 In this problem, Hence both long and short wall resist the load by cantilever action for height A = 1 m and by horizontal action resist the load in the top H-h - 1=2m. In such water tanks, moment due to torizontal action is considerable and it governs the selection of thickness of walls. Hence horizontal frame action is first considered. Horizontal Frame Action Thecritical section is at a height h = a or I'm whichever is more, Hence in this @eh=1m py = YH — h) = 9.8 ~ 1) = 19.6 kN/m? + Fixed end moments are pul? _ 19.6 %5* _ 40,933 kN-m, in long wall 12 B? _ 1964 _ 96.133 kN-m, in short walls 12 f = thickness of short and long walls are maintained same, at joints are as shown below: distribution Scanned with CamScanner266 Advanced R.C.C. Design Member Stiffness Total joint stiffness Distribution factor 4EL Short wall oe | ide 4El Long wall 5 =0.8EI | Due to symmetry one balancing will tke care of moment distribution as shown in table below: Short wall 0.556 0.444 Long wall 26.133 40.883 0 6.55 34.333 34,333 ©. Corner moment = 34,333 KN-m, tension outside. Effective thickness required for balance section is 3 fe- 3433310" _ 146 mm ke 1619x1000 Section is to be kept sufficiently under reinforced. Hence let us keep overall thickness of 200 mm with effective cover of 35 mm. cs d= 200 -35 = 165 mm Direct pull on long and short walls are given by ‘ T= pax B=196x5 = 39.2 KN and Tp = py XE #196 x2 = 49 KN 2 2 Eccentricity of reinforcement from centre of wall x= ~ -35 = 65mm «. Design moment at corner =M-Tx = 34,333 — 39.2 x 0.065 = 31.785 kN-m Hence at corner, horizontal reinforcement required for bending resistance _31.785x10° ___31.785x10° 7 = 197 ? o,jd 11Sx0850x165 | ™ stl for direct tension _ 39.2 1000 Aa= 5 = 341 mm? Scanned with CamScannerTotal 2311 mm’ Water Tanks 267 20 mm bars, spacing required is 2 202 ss “Bair %1000 = 136 mm provide 20 mm bars at 130 mm c/c, Ttis to be : Provided on wat Reinforcement at middle of long walls; ait ee: 2 Bending moment = eae ~ Moment at comer 2 3 34333 = 26.917 kN-m Design moment =M-Tx =19.6x = 26.917 ~ 39.2 x 0.065 = 24.369 Nem 24,369 x 108 Ag = Xs ? “1150850165 = !511 mm A. = 3921000 Ee SAR, TIS s Ag = Ag + Ay =1852 mm? Using 20 mm bars, spacing = 341 mm? Ex 207 4 1852 These bars are to be provided at outer face. Here also bars may be provided at 130 mm c/c, so that bars may be bent and used. «1000 = 169 mm Relnforcement for Short Wall M = 34,333 - Tpx = 34.333 - 49 x 0.065 = 31.148 kN-m _ 31.148 x108 31 T15 x 0.850 x 165 49 x 1000 Am= “15 A, = 2357 mm? = 1931 mm? = 426 mm? Total : 2x20? “sing 20 mm bars, spacing = Aggy 71000 = 133 men Scanned with CamScannerDesign 268 Advanced Provide 20 mm bars at 130 mm cle. Bending moment at centre of wall Be d —h)— ~ Moment at ends = YH-AZ qt = 9,8(3-1)x ig 34.333 = 4.867 KN-m It is quite small. It is taken care by minimum reinforcement. Bend alternate bars Provided fore : B i ining hal moment at a distance ois 1m from each end and continue remaining half throughout, Hence at cent of wall reinforcement consist of 20 mm bars at 260 mm c/c. Reinforcement In Vertical Direction 2 2 Cantilever moment iy ae =98x3x = = 4,9 kN-m 6 Age SS TARO 504 tae? ©, jd 115x0850x165 Minimum reinforcement = 23 200 x 1000 = 600 mm? Provide 304 mm? area on each face so that required distribution steel is also available. ‘ Exio? Using 10 mm bars, se 7 x1000 = 258 mm 104, Provide 10 mm bars at 250 mm e/e on both faces, Note: Inside bars should not be bent as shown in Fig, 13.7 (a) To avoid bursting of concrete due to resultant force they should be bent as shown in Fig. 13.10) Wrong (a) Correct (b) Fig. 13.7 Scanned with CamScannerWater Tanks 269 sl 6 - 90 inal base slab of thickness 150 mm with 8 mm b pot sla A lean concrete bed of 100 mm may be aie of info cement are shown in Fig. 13.8, petal an mm cle in both direction at top led on which bottom slab can rest, Inside bar tobe sent lick this 206 @ 260 Inner Bar to be Section Plan bent line this Fig. 13.8 Bample 13.4: Design an open rectangular tank of size 3 m x 8m x3 m deep resting on a firm around. Use M25 grade concrete and Fe 415 steel. Approximate method may be used for the analysis. Solution: Size of the tank 3 m x 8 mx 3 m deep Grade of concrete: M25, Grade of steel Fe-415 eye = 8.5 N/mm? and 6, = 150 N/mm? Modular ratio ct Ux8S 20384 T1x85+150 Scanned with CamScanner™ 270 Advanced R.C.C. Design Li_,8) Now, Bits il ight H = 3:m Hence long wall predominantly acts as cantilever of heigh Design of Long Wall 3 YH? 99x 244.1 KN-m M regres 3 Equating moment of resistance to bending moment, for balanced section we get kbd? =M 6 IM 44.1100 176 mm kb 1.423 x 1000 Provide 220 mm total thickness with effective cover 35 mm. Hence d = 220 ~ 35 = 1g5 mn ~. Reinforcement for cantilever action (vertical on water side) or 6 A ih ch ea 4898 ire? Gi jd 150X0.872 x 185 Using 16 mm bars, spacing is Exe 1823 Provide 16 mm bars at 110 mm c/c in vertical direction near innerface of the tank. Curtailment of bars: Since moment is given 4? at any depth ‘h’ ae = yp Of A = 2.38 m from top or 0.62 m from base, However the above value is on ob *1000 = 119 mm below top, theoretical. As per code requirement actual curtailment should be at = 0.62 + 12 x diameter of bar =0.62412x 16 _ Toop = 0812 m Hence curtail alternate bars at 0.9 m from base, Reinforcement In Long Wall In Horlzontal Direction Direct tensile force transferred by short wall on long wall = B TLS YH-A)> = 98-1 x2 = 29.4 KN Scanned with CamScanneree oe 4 = zontal reinforcement required Water Tanks. 274 . Ho! = 294 «1009 150; = 196:mm?, too small imo reinforcement to be provided Mi! : 03 = To0 * 220 x 1000 = 660 mm? pence 330 mm? area may be janis on each face, Using 8 mm bars, ox 8 ss = 3307 % 1000 = 152 mm ,, Provide 8 mm bars at 150 mm c/c near each face in horizontal direction. pesign of Short Wall genforcement in vertical direction: * 2 98x3x1? Ma DE 2 28X3xE ; $= 49 KN-m 49 x10° Als ee 2 = 750x087? x 185 202 mm‘ Too small. Provide minimum reinforcement of 8 mm bars at 150 mm c/c near each face. Relnforcement In Horlzontal Direction Water pressure at h =1 m above base Ph = 9.8.x (3= 1) = 19.6 KNim? B? _ 19.6x3? .. Bending moment at ends may be taken as a a = 14.7 kN-m Actual tension due to 1 m length of long wall Ty = (Hh) x1 29.83 - 1) x1 = 19.6 KN 6 a 14.7x10' = 607 mm? stl * 150 x 0.872 x 185 _ 19.6 1000 = 139 mm? 12 = 150 U ‘Ay = 607 + 130 = 737 mm? “ing 12 mm bars spacing, A, Ry 2 sien = = 153 mm * Provide 12 mm bars at 150 mm ae near inner face at ends. Scanned with CamScanner272 Advanced R.C. Design In the middle portion, : 2 3 M=1H-M5q =98X2% 57 = 7.35 kN-m 6 Ag = SSO = 3035 mm? at = 750 x 0.872 x 185 pare (ote rItis ze of Ay, required atey| } Hence provide 12 mm bars at 300 c/c. Base Slab Provide nominal base slab. Reinforcement details are shown in Fig. 13.9. Sectional plan at bare 8o@ 151 126@ 150. 8 @ 220 in both direction Section through short (Section y-y) wall Section through long wall (Section y-y) Fig. 13.9 13.7 UNDERGROUND TANKS per unit area is large, re ; . Fectangul, t ne ectangular tank 10 be designed to sustain the falloving tne Out cheaper for small capacities. Und id tanks a /0 cases: ‘ies. Under grount Case (i) Tank full and no earthfill Case (ii) Tan ive 8 from our Tank empty and active earth Pressure acti Dutside. ing fr tside, Scanned with CamScannere Water Tc jor ese (18 same as explained for tanks resting on ground, ‘anks 273 . In case (; ff back fill, nthe type © " . external pressure 5 UI Ove earth pressure due to dry soil or wet cohesionless soil ce | H ai TKK] yA | (a) Dry or back fil of cohesionions cat (b) Submerged saturated sand fil Fig. 13.10 jive earth pressure acting on wall varies linearly (Ref. Fig. 13.10) and its maximum value is Pr=KyH : (13.13) K — Rankines coefficient of earth pressure ‘ The act >, — Unit weight of soil H— Total depth of tank. genhines coefficient of earth pressure is given by ing 1+sing sue, is angle of repose. (t) If back fill is saturated sandy soil consist of active earth pressure due to saturated backfill (y’,) and due to water pressure from is. This situation for water table upto top of tank is also shown in Fig. 13.10. In this case simum pressure from outside is Pa= Ky H+ YH ', — Unit weight of saturated sandy soil % —9.8 kN/m? is unit weight of water. signer has to adjust the reinforcements judiciou: Apart from designing the walls bottom slab 'e from saturated soil below. The tank should not get fe is projected beyond the walls so that weight 0 hward load to resist upward water pressure. ; weiaund tanks need roof slab to keep water clean. Hence t ch is similar to design of slabs in buildings. (13.17) sly to take care of both loading cases discussed also needs the design. It is designed for uplift lifted due to this uplift pressure. Hence f soil on this projected portion helps in Ming he designer must design the roof , Jar tank. On the same lines design .d to hoop forces 1n tion. ® cing ae Pe below illustrate the design procedure for a rectangu : bojgy ut Hanks also may be taken up noting that circular sections are subjectet vont: a i ‘I plane where as rectangular sections are subjected to continuous frame act Scanned with CamScanner274 Advanced R.C.C. Design : Example 13.5: Design an underground water tank of size 3m X8m X3 m for the olionng . ample 13.5: ; Type of soil: Submerged sandy soil with ; y= 16kNim’, 9 = 30 Water table can rise upto ground level. Grade of concrete (i) For tank =: M25 (ii) For roof slab: M20 Grade of steel : Fe-415 Unit weight of water = 9.8 kN/m? Live load on roof slab =2 N/m? Solution: Design of Roof Slab Size 3 mx 8m . >2 B Hence may be designed as one way slab. It may be designed by working stress method with higher permissible stresses (230 N/mm? for Fe-415 steel or 140 N/mm? for mild steel) since there is no leakage problem for this element. One can use limit state method also. Concrete of grade M20 is preferred from the consideration of economy. Le d= 220. 120mm 25° 25 Let us select d = 120 mm and overall depth D = 150 mm Using M20 concrete and Fe-415 steel, the slab will be designed Self weight = 0.15 x 1 x 1 x 25 = 3.75 kN/m? Live load 0 kN/m? Finishing load 0.5. kN/m* Total = 6.25 KN/m* M= 625 cs = 7.03 kN-m M, = 15 x 7,03 = 10,55 kN-m My tim = 0.38 fix ba? = 0.138 x 20 x 1000 x 1202 = 39.444 x 10° N-mm = 39.444 kN-m > M, Hence under reinforced section. Equating moment to moment of resistance, M, = 087/,A, {ite ft , fy A id * 7 swe get Scanned with CamScannerao Wet Teas 278 6 10.55 x 10 O87 415 x Ay x 129(1- Ay a1) 1000 x120 * 20° 243.5 = afi ~—A 578313 A,? - 5783.13 Ay, + 243.5 x $783.13 = 0 Ag = 254.7 mm? : 0.12 Minimum to be provided = 71000120 = 144 mm? Using 10 mm bars, 2x10? se a 2 547% 1000 = 308 mm Provide 10 mm bars at 300 mm c/c Distribution steel = 0.12% = 144 mm? Using 8 mm bars, Exs a 2 2 s 144 1000 = 349 mm’ Provide 8 mm bars at 300 mm c/c. Design of Walls These are to be designed with working stress method with lower values of permissible stresses to avoid leakage problem. Using M25 concrete and Fe-415 steel, cue = 8.5 KN/m? meal 6,, = 150 N/mm? _ MO cbe__ 8 X85 _ 9394 Gage ty 11K85+150 I- os = 0.872 8.5 x 0.384 x 0.872 = 1.423 = Fut nj= |i such tanks usually cantilever moment, when tank is empty, governs the choice of thickness. ‘nce let us first consider the design of long wall (®) When tank is empty p= Ky’, H+ eH Where x 1+sing _1~sin30°_1 l+sing 1+sin30° 3 Vs=,~ y= 16 — 9.8 = 6.2 KN/m™ Scanned with CamScanner276 Advanced R.C.C. Design Ye = 9.8 KN/im? Pre $x62%3498%3 = 35.6 kN/m? 3 Ms prasoxnx B=} xas6xax2 = 53.4 kN-m «+ Depth of balanced section Provide d =195 mm and D = 195 + 35 = 230 mm 6 A,= —234%10° _ _ 5094 mm? "150 x 0.872 x 195 Using 20 mm bars, spacing required is 2x20? =4 =150 Sog* 1000 = 150 mm Provide 20 mm bars at 150 mm c/c near outer face of the wall. Alternate bars may be curtailed where bending moment is half that at base i.e., at a depth 1 n= (3)3=238 m = ie., at a height 3 ~ 2.38 = 0,62 m from base. ‘The above value is theoretical value. As per code requirement add 12 x diameter of bars to above Yalue. Hence the bars are to be curtailed at a height = 620 + 12 x20 = 860 mm from base, Hence curtail alternate bars at 0.9 m from base. (©) When tank is full and no earth pressure Pr %y H= 9.8 x 3 = 29.4 kN/m? ++ Hence cantilever moment M = 4.x 29.43 x3 = 44.1 kN-m 44.1 10° Ay= 150 x 0.872 x 195 = 1729 mm? Using 16 mm bars, © qt! “Trap * 1000 = 116 mm Provide 16 mm bars at 110 mm c/c on inner face in vertical direction, Horizontal Bars in Long Walls Since long wall is predominantly acting as a cantilever, distribution steel is provided and checked for axial tension when tank is full without earth pressure from outside, Scanned with CamScannerWater Tanks 277 + HD i: . since thickness of wall is more than 225 mm, minimum. Percentage of steel to be provided is = 03-012307100 _ 4 4, = 9.263 Au= 9% 230% 1000 = 604 mm? eel equited on each face = 302 mm? Using 8m bars, spacing required Teo _4 x8 302 provide 8 mm bars at 160 mm c/c. They hold the vertical steel provided for cantilever action due to ihe two loading cases considered. 1000 = 166 mm check for Direct Tension TLS Yw(H- ne = 98(3-1) x3 = 29.4 KN «. Area of steel required _ 29.4 x 1000 150 .. Distribution stee] takes care of this tensile force. = 196 mm? < 604 mm? Design of Short Wall Design of lower portion for cantilever action (Vertical reinforcement) or 1 m whichever is more = 1m, in this problem When tank is empty and outside sandy soil is saturated Pp = 35.6 KN/m™ M= 15356 x1x4 = 5.933 Nm 2 6 ae M2 8933x108 2932 ram? st G jd 1150x0872 195 Direct compression due to load on 1 m wide long wall p= 35.6(3 -1) x1 = 71.2 KN Concrete alone can resist it. en the tank is full and no earth fill: py= 9.8% 3 = 19.4 KN/m? Scanned with CamScanner278 Advanced R, Design. 4,833 KN-m, quite small Me ix29.4x1%3 = 2 i hich is 8 mm bar at 160 mm ¢y ical direction, W’ nt in vertical direc eas fay faces. 2 m portion reinforceme! Provide minimum ded neat both earlier, It is to be provi Rane ~pusn-i= Design of top H he i ae ie at 6 = 1 (16-98) B-) +98 -1) = 23.73 Nin? a3 23.73x3" _ 17.8 kN-m Moment at support = ap heal ___178x10°___ 698 mm? * 150 x 0872 x 195 ‘At mid span bending moment is half of 17.8 kKN-m Hence Ay = 399 mm? ‘At support, using 10 mm bars spacing required is 2x10? 4—_ 1990 = 112 mm 698 Provide 10 mm bars at 110 mm c/c (near outer face). At middle portion alternate bars may be bent inside. s Bottom Slab Assuming thickness of bottom slab = 0.2 m, H=3+02=3.2m +. Upward pressure when sandy soil is saturated =98 x 3.2 = 313 ° The bottom slab is to be et Aowtation of tank, Hence fist the eae gn oF tank so that soil over it helps i weit Fig. 13.11. © required project is to be determined. Let it be x metres as O23 z 3.46 2 TH x be. 4 « = =| x cy ae Fig. 13.11 Scanned with CamScannerWater Tanks 279 pownward Loads (a) Weight of top slab = 0.15 (8 + 2 0.23) (3.4.9 0.23) x 25 = 109.77 kN () Weight of long walls = 2 x 0.23 (8 42 x 0.23) x 3 x 25 = 291:9 KN (¢) Weight of short walls = 2 x 0,23 3 3X 25 = 103.5 kN (@ Weight of bottom slab = (8.46 + x) (3,46 + x () Weight of soil on the projection of bottom slab = (8.46 + 22) 3.46 + 25) 8.46 3,46] x3'x 16 = 23.84 x + 4x2) x 48 = 1144.32 x 4192 22 0.2 x 25 = 146.4 + 59.6x + 5x? Uplift force on bottom slab = 31:36 (8.46 + 22)(3.46 + 2) = 917.96 + 747.62x +125.44x2 Equating upward force to total downward force, 917.96 + 747.62x + 125.44: = 19. minimum x required can be obtained. 9.77 + 291.9 + 103.5 + 146.4 + 59.6x 452% 1144.32x 4 1928 T1560 + 456.3 x ~ 266,39 =0 x= 74563 + 4563? 44 x 7156 x 26639 = EOS 4 X71.56 X 26639. = 0538 2x 7156 fd Hence provide a projection of 0.6 m all around. The base « The loads acting on this slab is shown in Fig, 13.12. 25.9 kN lab is to be designed as one way slab. 26.36 kNim’ (a) Tank empty,Submerged sandy soil Presume from out side 0.23, ‘x0 7 0.23 2 || 48 km? vn ip CAT 26.36 kN/m (b) When tank is full, and no earth pressures on wall Fig. 13.12 Scanned with CamScannern 280 Advanced R.C.C. Desig! ce oar Pi 0B cog fy to soil. Hen Self weight of slab directly get transferred bending moment calculation is im? _ = 31.36 - 02x 1x1%x25= 26.36 KN Weight of soil on projected portion =16x3=48 kN/m? 3 i 24+0.2=12m = 53.4 KN acting at —+ Reaction on wall= +P x3 =ix 35.6x3 3 Cantilever moment at the face of the wall = 2636x284 934%12- $8208" 2 60. 18 kN-m. Moment at Centre of Slab Load transferred by wall per meter length of base slab i- = weight of Im long wall + 5 weight of roof slab per meter length =0.23 x1 x3 x25 +5 X B02 0.23) x02 x25 = 25.9 KN + Moment at centre of slab (3.46 +12) 2 = 26.36x +s3axi2—4axasx (26 4 96). ass(is+2) = 25.2 kN-m, producing tension at bottom. Moment at centre of slab is critical when tank is full and there is no outside pressure. In this a weight of water directly gets transferred to soil without carrying flexure. Water pressure acting # Betm from the base is P 1 3 a> =44.1kN -. Moment at centre of slab (see Fig. 13.12 b) 3.46 +12 6 = 2536 C4512) | 44.1x1.2- 4806 x 245208 =~ $0.23 kN-m 50.23 KN, carrying tension at top Thickness of slab required for balance section 14231000 = 205 mm Scanned with CamScannery, Water Tanks 281 wged = 215 mm and D = 250 mm pov 60.18 x 10° Ag= IOs 2 “= 150 x 0872x215 ~ 2139 mm ising 16 mm bars : Exit = 4 x1000 = s= 4p * 1000 = 94. mm provide 16 mm bars at 90 mm c/e near bottom face for the cantilever moment. Inthe middle portion, reinforcement required at top is 50.23 x 10° 150 x 0.872 x 215 Continue cantilever reinforcement throughout i.e., 16 mm bars at 90 mm c/c. Atbottom Ag = 1786 mm _ 252x108 © 1500872 x 215 Using 26 mm bars, spacing required is = 896 mm? st Ex 122 4 896 Provide 12 mm bars at 120 mm c/c. ss 1000 = 126mm Distribution Steel ‘% of steel a “a 250% 1000 = 571 mm? Aon each face = a = 286 mm? Using 8 mm bars gt s = 4x 1000 = 175 mm 286 Prov; “vide 8 mm bars at 170 mm e/e in longitudinal direction near both faces. Scanned with CamScanner= 282 Advanced R. Design in Fi 13. Reinforcement detail is shown in Fig. 13 (a) Section along xx 209@150__ -84@ 160 "166 @ 110 “4 109 @ 110} (€) Section along yey Fig. 13.13, 13.8 OVERHEAD WATER TANKS Various overhead tanks being used may be classified ag (a) Rectangular over head tanks, (6) Circular overhead tanks, and (©) Intz type tanks, jitets- Rectangular overhead tanks are used for mien Capacities only, say 50,000 liters to 75,000 0 For larger capacities they become “neconomical. Circler overhead tanks are used to store water Scanned with CamScanner, Water Tanks 283 jiters. Their diameter varies from 5 to 15 m while hei i so , eight varies from 3 to 4.5 m. Intz tanks 130k to store large quantity of water. Intz tanks of capacity one million liters are commonly used ser supplies in cities. io ‘ d water tanks need top slab cove d als i: ii ‘alt overhea’ ver and also staging to support them. When top slab is pide the top edge of tank wall may be treated as hinged, Walls are always monolithic with base gab. Hence walls may be treated as having edges fixed at base, and hinged at top. Incase of circular tanks, dome is preferred to top flat slab. Many times bottom flat slab is replaced ty dome. ‘The exact analysis of over head tanks is not simple since all structural elements (top slab, walls sotiom slab and beam supporting bottom slab) are built monolithic. The continuity analysis is required. qe attempt of Jai Krishna and O.P, Jain (Ref.1) for continuity analysis is note worthy. However since now a days finite Element Analysis packages are available one can think of using them to get better results. Approximate analysis based on assumed boundary conditions and membrane theories may be practiced, provided detailing is made to take care of edge disturbances in the form of edge moments. Inthis book designs are made by approximate methods. 43.9 RECTANGULAR OVER HEAD WATER TANKS Top slab may be designed by limit state method or by working stress method in which permissible sess in mild steel = 190 N/mm? and for Fe-415, 6,, = 230 N/mm”. Live load on tank may be taken as KNim?. ‘The walls may be designed by approximate method as discussed in this chapter eatlier or one can make use of moment shear coefficients given in IS: 3370 (Part IV) (reaffirmed in 1999). Base slab is heavily loaded when tank is full. Hence it is designed for the water pressure when tank is full, taking edges as fixed. Thé base slab is supported along its edges by wall or beams and some time additional beams may be there in the middle also. Beams are supported by columns of the staging. For the design of tank and base’ slab working stress method with reduced values of permissible stesses in steel should be used, since in these elements crack widths are to be kept minimum to avoid leakage problem, 13.40 CIRCULAR OVER HEAD WATER TANKS As stated earlier circular water tanks are preferred upto 750,000 litres capacity. They are usually ovided with dome as top cover. The investigations of author for optimum design of such dome tas shown that the rise of spherical dome may be kept as zh of diameter. Referring to Fig. 13.14. Scanned with CamScanner284 Advanced R.C.C. Design Fig. 13.14 D = Diameter of Dome R= Radius of curvature dome h= Rise of dome, zh D. mum of 75 mm and maximum of 100 mm. The load on the 1 = Thickness of dome usually mini dome is self weight plus live load. Self weight may be foun load may be assumed about 1.5 KN/m’. Finishing load may area of surface. If ‘w’ is load on the surface per unit area, following expression: \d by assuming thickness of 75 mm. Live be added to get total load acting per uni, membrane theory of shells give the . per unit length Meridional thrust, 1-22 1+cosd 1 ‘. Circumferential force. T, = {ose iz a): per unit length 1+cos@ Maximum values of above forces occur when 9 = ®, ie., at junction with top ring beam. The reinforcement is provided in meridional and circumferential directions. The dome rests on top ring beam. Top ring beam is subjected to load from meridi Hence hoop tension in top ring beam is given by jonal thrust T). coséD 2 Tensile stress in concrete should not exceed the values given in Table 13.1 for direct tension- Based on this, size of ring beam ray be determined. Cylindrical wall may be designed for cantilever action in lower potion and hoop action in UPR potion. Because of continuity with slab, the lower edge cannot be treaded as fixed, Along wi thes cylindrical wall also rotates. This results into decrease in cantilever moment and increase in the dept of tank in hoop action. The exact analysis involves cylindrical shell analysis of wall and plate anal of sab to find the rotations and ensure same values to get continuity. As indicated earlier on can tht Of finite element analysis of the tank. In approximate method one can design lower oto (H/3 or 1 m, whichever is more) for cantilever action and consider entire depth H for hooP action T, Scanned with CamScannerfa Water Tanks 285 astm ension in wall soe Het HD AO and cantilever moment is Ly Hh! z 2, forcement is to be provided for the above forces on appropriate side. Provide minimum Retr ment on the other side. To ensure the continuity in actual structure bars on inner face of tank it ibe looped at comer and anchorage length is ensured. shod Desi sao gn of base slab depends on how it is supported, Fig. 13.15 shows different methods of ase slab. (Plan (e) Plan Fig. 13.15 Scanned with CamScanner28 vance Sad ARCO, Design quired at lesser heights, circula, wy flat bottom slab is designeg in a x tank ret ° In such cases to Peale weight. The end condition may be assur, dial and circumferential moments are tives in smaller diamete! (a) Tank supported on wall : pn may be built to support the tank along its per circular plate subjected to water pressure ow ra simply supported, From circular plate theory we kn by the expressions M,= Zorm(e -r) #34 )- 2430) and Me= 9758 +H)- 16 where g = Load per unit area = , H + self weight a = Radius of bottom slab 11 = Poissons ratio r= Radial distance where values are required. Lf ; Radial and circumferential reinforcement may be designed. Tank wall is provided with arbitrazly steel to act as beam to support its own weight. The additional steel is provided at top and bottom of tank wall. (6) Tank supported on ring beam: In case of larger tanks it is economical to support circular base slab with a ring beam of diameter 0.75 of the diameter of tank as shown in Fig. 13.14 (6). The ting beam is supported by a number of columns spaced at regular intervals. If is the angle subtended by the arc between any two consecutive columns at the centre of ring beam, then 200 n where n is number of columns supporting ring beam. If ‘w" is the load per unit run of beam, the shear force at support is F,=YRO 2 Let support moment =kwRo Mid-span moment =KwR6 and Maximum torsional moment wre The angle at which maxi : imu: Then structural analysis (Ref, Structural Analysis, - of k, WK” and 0: for various number of columns us 'wisting moment occurs. Vol. II by the author) gives the following values ed to support ring beam, Scanned with CamScannerE's Water Tanks 287 fficient for Bendin, ‘ gable 13-4 Coste Ring Beams “Ome Torsional Moments and Location of Point of Maximum Column - ‘No. of a for Maximum sgpors_| (Desress) oe 72 19.25 15.25 a 12.75 6 9.33 ae 7.50 6.25 ris to be noted that the section at which torque is maximum bending moment is zero and at port there is no torsional moment. 09h Insuch case, slab may be analyzed by of total weight of dome, top ring beam ar gstributed load of y,, H plus self weight, ring beam from slab may be found. whi analyzed as plate theory, Fig. 13.16 shows load on slab which consists ind wall transferred at the edge of base slab and uniformly ‘The slab is resting on ting beam of radius b. The total load on ich consists of total load ‘on slab. Let it be W. Then slab is Weight of water Reaction from ring beam Fig. 13.16 © Circular slab simply supported at outer periphery by walls and subjected to WH pus non ‘0 Circular slab simply supported at outer periphery by walls and subjected to total ring *concentric circle of radius b. i low: InPla theory the expressions for moment for the above two cases are given below: Case J; M, Lo+w(e-") qa? qe is 3y) tiv re 16° “ < ny designer takes it as zero. Then, “"eatlier, For concrete value of j1 is small and many Scanned with CamScanner288 Advanced R.C.C. Design 3q/-2_,? M,==2(a r) 3a” _ gr? = Mo= 1616 For case I: Forrb at daly (+0) a) \r 2. by md (2-3) a Note that in this case M,=0 at r=a. (©) Slab supported on four beams as shown in Fig. 13.15 (c) (i) The slab between the beams.has size L= 2asin45°= 2 a. The square slab of size V2 a x V2 a is designed as a two way slab with comers held down. Sufficient reinforcement is provided in the'beams to take up negative moment. (ii) If W is the total load of water and self weight of slab, each beam carries a load of % The load is triangular in shape with maximum ordinate at mid span of beam. Hence maximum moment in the beam is = xe E a. The beam is designed as a T-beam. (iii) The tank wall needs additional reinforcement so as to act as a beam to support own weight. This is achieved by arbitrarily providing additional horizontal (hoop) reinforcemest at top and bottom of tank wall. (d) Slab supported by two crossed beams (Fig. 13.15 d): In this case slab may be designed #5# two way reinforced slab of span equal to 0.45 times the diameter. ‘The beam is designed to carry half the total load. The span of the beam is equal to diameter! the slab and it acts as a T-beam, The tank wall acts as a curved beam and hence needs additional steel at top and bottom of = (€) Slab supported on a number of beams. (Fig. 13.15 e): If the base slab diameter is 1210 15" slab needs support from several beams.\Common arrangement of beams is shown in FP (13.15. e). Each panel of slab between the beams is designed as continuous slab. The bea™ designed as continuous beams subjected to triangular loading. The tank wall is provided with additional steel to act as a beam. Scanned with CamScannery ere Water Tanks 289 Je 13.6: Design a flat bottom circular el . earch ii be supported by ving boas ey aetted Water tank of diameter 10 m and total height di i e : eens equally placed. Use M25 concrete ma ameter. The ring beam is to be supported by six tims Fe-415 steel. Design the following components of voter : (a) Top dome i) Top ring beam ic) Culindrical wall (d) Bottom slab (e) Bottom ring beam. solution: Diameter of tank = 10 m H=4m. Diameter of bottom ring beam = 7.5 m +. Radius b = 3.75 m Concrete Mix:M 25 Steel: Fe-415 *. Radiusa=5m Design of Top Dome Referring to Fig. 13.14, D=10m Rise=h= 1D, sty h=15 m, R= radius of dome Then QR-h)h= (By * QR - 1.5) 1.5=57 “Se 41S? "2x15 a(R-h -1 9.083 - LS ++ Semi central angle @ = cos (FP) s00s tT gg = 33.4°. = 9,083 m. Assuming thickness of dome 75 mm, Self weight of dome = 0.075 x 1 x1 x 25 = 1.875 KN/m™ Live load = 1.5 kKN/m? Finishing load = 0.5 KN/m? ase = Total w = 3.875 KN/m? wR _ 3825% 9.083 _ 19 18 kN/m. Tr cos 14008334 Max. meridional thrust, Maximum circumferential force T= {co 1+ 15) Scanned with CamScanner290 Advanced R.C.C. Design i = 3.875% sass{cos4 = na) = 10.202 kN/m. 19.18 x1000 _ 9.956 N/mm? . Maximum stress =Spoxs ; ion = 6 N/mm”. Hence safe. issil it te in compression = 6 NI ° Permissible stress in M25 concre! 1 aim clo in both circumtreni . . Provide only nominal reinforcement of 8 mm dia at meridional directions. Design of Top Ring Beam Hoop Tension 2 ,coso2 1918008847 = 80.062 KN. 3 ‘A, = 830.062.1000 _ 533 mm? es 150 Provide 6 bars of 12 mm. Ag provide =6x 4 x12? = 678 mm? m= modular ratic <. Area of concrete required is given by 80.062 x 1000 _ A, +11x678 A, = 54122 mm’, Provide 250 mm x 300 mm top ring beam with 6 bars of 12 mm main reinforcement. Nominal stirrups of 6 mm at 225 mm c/c are to be provided in the beam. Design of Tank Wall Depth of water tank =4m and diameter of water tank =10m ~. Maximum hoop tension in the wall AD = 98x 4y 10 = 196 KN 2 2 196 1000 = 2 PAO 1306 mm Scanned with CamScanner-Water Tanks 291 16 130 on each face =m 653 : uuing 12 mm bars spacing required is 5 x12? 4—— x 1000 = 17 ass 3 mm. provide 12 ee at 170 mm c/e near base, on each face. It may be gradually increased to 300 ain spacing t 59g” =2-3 m below the top. In the top 2.3 m maintain 300 mm spacing, $ x12? Ay provided at base = T79 7% 1000 = 665 mm? Let thickness of wall be ¢. Then to keep direct compression in wall within limiting value 196x1000__ 14 1000r+11x665 t= 188.7 mm. Provide 200 mm thickness. Vertical Steel 4 Bottom < = 1.333 m is under cantilever moment YH? _98x4 x 1333 Cantilever moment ate Z = 11.61 KN-m For M25 concrete and Fe-415 steel. eye = 8.5 N/mm m=11 G,,= 150 = 0.384 j=0.872 and K= 1.423. Effective depth d= 200-35 = 165 6 A= 1161x102 538 mm? st 150 x 0.872 x 165 2x10? Using 10 mm bars se 47 1000 = 145 mm. Minimum steel to be provided in vertical direction = 93 52001000 = 600 mm? Agy min = 795 x 20 _ —- Scanned with CamScanner292 Advanced R.C.C, Design 2 <. Minimum steel on each face = 300 mm X10? =x 10 4 00 = 261 mm. se 4x10 Using 10 mm bars 300 Hence provide 10 mm bars at 130 mm e/c in the lower 1.3 mon inner face. Curtail alternate 5, On outer face provide 10 mm bars at 260 mm c/c. Design of Base Slab D Total load from dome , sin @ x 2 z = 19.18 sin 33.4 x 20 X5 = 331.7 KN Weight of ring beam 25 x 0:30 x 2n x5 x 25 = 58.90 KN Weight of wall 20 x (4-03) x 2m x 5.2 x 25 = 604.4 KN Total weight = 995 kN 2 0 Weight of water =n BD nosxannx [30788 kN On edge of slab Self-weight of slab: Assuming slab thickness im z = 0.29 m, say 300 mm. Self-weight of slab =03x1x1x25=75 kN/m? 7 “. Total self-weight (Note, total slab diameter = 10 + 2 x 0.2 = 10.4 m) = 15x Ex 104 = 637.1 KN. Finishing load = 06 xix 10? = 47.1 KN. Total downward load = = 995 + 3078.8 + 637.1 + 47.1 = 4758 KN : ‘Total upward force from ring beam = 4758 KN. 3763 kN 995 kN 10.2m 4758 KN Fig. 13.17 Load on Bank slab Scanned with CamScanneree Water Tanks 293 1317 shows free body diagram of base slab in which total loads are indicated. if ww the slab may be treated as freely supported by walls and subjected to No’ niformly distributed downward load of q = po = 46.05 kN/m?. a «102% i Upward ring load of W = 4758 KN. Oe case (i) loading 34(42 _ 2 qv gr M, = =£(a? - 7?) and Mg= 2-2 7 iol" 7) andMa= 5-16 10.2 tere a= = 51m | Moments at critical points are as listed below: rinm 0 1.875 3.15 5.1 M,inkNem 224.6 194.2 103.2 0 MyinkN-m 224.6 214.5 184.1 149.7 In Case Il, For r< 3.75 For r> 3.75 m= fame 2-2) (2) moe amet} o2-(F)| Noting that a = 5.1 m and b = 3.75, Moment at critical points are as listed below: (Note: W upward. Hence may be taken as ~ve) rin 0 1.875 3.15 5. M,inkN-m — -201.4 201.4 201.4 0 MyinkN-m — -201.4 201.4 201.4 -99.23 + Net moment in the slab is as given below: rin m 0 1.875 3.75 5. MinkN-m 423.2 12 98.2 0 MyinkNem 23.2 13.1 -173 50.47 Scanned with CamScanner294 Advanced R.C.C. Design = 98.2 kN-m a= | 982%10 «262.7 mm 1.423 x 1000 “. Provide d = 265 mm and ¢ = 300 mm 6 Ase 97.2 x 108 = 2804 mm. 150 x 0.872 x 265 Design moment Using 25 mm bars E x25? 4 x 1000 =175 mm. 2804 “+ Provide 25 mm bars at 175 mm c/c. This is required at top of the slab in radial direction, Aj, edges s Mg = 50.47 KN-m, hogging, d = 265 - 25 = 240 mm 6 50.47 x 10' = 1654 mm’ 150 x 0.872 x 240 Using 20 mm bars Ex 207 s=4 1654 Provide 20 mm bars at 175 mm c/c at top of slab in circumferential direction at the outer edges of 1000 = 189 mm. slab. In the central portion of about 1.8 m, sagging moment exist. Maximum Sagging moment is 25.5 kN-m 255x10° Ay= = 812 mm? "=. 75003872240 = 81? mm Provide a mesh of 20 mm bars at 300 mm c/c in two mutually perpendicular directions near boom face ofthe slab. Size ofthis mesh may be kept 2 m2 m since actual length required is 12 6 mot than required. Design of Bottom Ring Beam Radius =3.75m Total load on it from slab = 4758 KN _ 4758 + Load per meter un = >> = 202 kN Scanned with CamScannery Water Tanks 295 ais subjected to torsion, let as use wider beam, Say 350 mm wid wide. Se Ltn of diameter, D = 600 mm, goss 15 F _ seeweisht Oe EEN pis oad ee sa ishing $89 a ” Fing beam W = 202 + 6 = 208 kNim, onder of columns supporting beam n = 6, q WRo _ 208%375x2 «Maxim sear at support = “823. og py Support moment =kWR? = 0.089 208 x 3.75? xt = 272.6 KN-m. Mid-span moment =F WR? 9 = 0.045 x 207 x 3.75? xt = 137.8 kN-m. Maximum torsional moment — = k” W R? @ = 0.009 x 207x 3.75? x = = 27.68 kN-m. Ieoccurs at 0. = 12.75° with radius joining the column position. Let us use limit state method for design and make use of SP 16 for design. Keeping effective cover of 50 mm. d = 550 m © 01 d 6 M, _ 15x272.6x10 = 3.86 bd? 350 x 550* * Referring to Table $1 in SP - 16, p, = 1.333 and p,=0.146 gx 1333%350%550 y= 9146 350 550 : 100 109; = 2566 mm? = 281 mm’. rs i l. pose 8 bars of 20 mm as tensile steel and 2 bars of 20 mm as compression stee! “Provided = 2875 mm?, at top near support “Provided = 628 mm?, at bottom near support a ; o a ces ce provide 4 bars at mid span as tens} “Sfocement }oment is almost half of that at support. Hence Scanned with CamScannerCheck for torsion at ' = 12.75° “It's distance from support = 3.75 x 0.2225 = [227.6 kN-m T= 15% 27.6 KN-m- soni 0.835? = 200 kN-m. 2 0.835 m Torsional moment Bending moment = 272.6 - M, = 300 KN-m. 1+ 600 350__ = 366.1 KN-m. M, = 300 + 1.5 x 27.6 Tq — 3 M, = 15 x 272.6 = 408.9 kN-m. At support at support may be continues Hence the reinforcement provided d to take care of this section als Shear reinforcement: V=408 KN V,, = 609 KN 1, = 091000 v "350 x 550 >3.1 N/mm? . Increase the section. Let b = 400 mm. A,, provide 2875 mm? = 3.16 Nimm* _ 2875x100 400 x 550 0.70 N/mm? Vis = Vu ~ t bd = 609 x 1000 - 0.70 x 400 x 550 = 455000 N Using 2 legged 12 mm stirrup = 1.309 N/mm? O87f Ay d _087X415x2x2 x 12? x 550 Vue 455000 Provide 12 mm 2 legged stirrups at 95 mm c/e near support. Shear reduces by W = 208 KN metre length. Hence increase the spacing t : at 160 sim c/o in the tnidale bale ne (© 160 mm after 1 m ie., provide 2 legged 12 mm sti = 98.7 mm. Side face reinforcement = 2 en Too x 400550 = 229.8 mm?, Provide one bar of 16 mm at mi Fig 1218 mid-depth on both faces. Reinforcement details are sto" ® Scanned with CamScannerWater Tanks 297 ‘Top Ring Beam 1 mx t, square mesh B#20 2#20 of 20 thm bars iim ' t2mm@o Dt 800 12 mm @ 160 400 Ro#20 7 1 aoa # 20 Section of ring beam Section of ring beam near column at mid span Fig. 13.18 Details of reinforcement 13.41 INTZ TANK For larger capacity of over head tanks, flat bottom circular tanks become uneconomical, since thickness of slab required increase considerably. In such cases Intz tanks are more economical. A ‘pical im tank is shown in Fig, 13.19. ‘Top Spherical Dome Bottom Ring Bram Fig. 13.19 Typical ints tank Scanned with CamScanner298 - Advanced R.C.C. Design lowing structural elements: Intz tank consists of the fol . Top spherical dome . Top ring beam (Beam A-A) |. Cylindrical wall, |. Bottom ring beam (Beam B.B) . Conical shell . Bottom spherical dome eo . Bottom circular girder (Beam C- irs The tank proper is supported by suitable staging as is case of any other over head tank, uctural Elements ank has attracted many researches. The authors study reveal thy, ed, it results into tanks with lesser diameter but tale, 7 the usage of tank. If this cost is also added to the total Cost s with larger diameter with ‘lesser heights. Considering thi following optimum values for a water tank with Dis, tAMVeaUne Economical Proportion of Str The economical design of intz t only material cost of tank is consider results into additional pumping cost in water tank suitably, it results into tank: aspect of cost also, author suggests the diameter of cylindrical wall. Rise of top dome hy = 3D Height of cylindrical tank proper, fig = 0.4 D Height of conical dome hy = 0.2 D Rise of bottom spherical dome hy = Diameter of bottom circular girder, D, = 0.6 D Design Principles of Various Elements Membrane theory is the easiest method for the analysis of various structural elements. However sist all joints are rigid continuity analysis of joints is required which involves expressions of defection rotations of circular beams and shells. Effect of continuity is discussed latter. ' a 1 (® Design of top dome: Its rise may be kept 7th of diameter of cylindrical wall and ust % mmm thickness i sufficient. However if environmental conditions requize more thick Sat sting ven 10 mm thickness. Design is for meridional thst ad circu __ entia ‘ case of flat bottom circul (ii) Design of top ring beam (A-A): It is to be de: fala ie enti i i i i le (id) Cyltndrical wat Wis designe signed as discussed in the previous artic vertical direction. {gned for hoop tension and is provided with 0.3% reinforce™ (iv) Bottom ring beam (beam B-B): Let = Let thi i per metre rum. It tries to push out ten Be a Hence resisting force H, is developed by the bea V ight of roof, top ring beam and side wal by rotating it about bottom ring be” © we res m B ~B as shown in Fig. 13.20. 7 Scanned with CamScannerWater Tanks 299 ge wo forces Ry should be along the slanting edge of conical dome, since we are treating og ese 0 tong the membrane. If is the angle made by conical dome with the vertical, then af fore eR, is such that fhe resulta Me Hy Ba \ Ry = resultant of, m Vand H, Membrahe action ‘of conical dame Fig. 13.20 R, sin =H, R, cos @=V, tang = Hh 9 vy H,=V, tang. a ‘Thus tension in the ring beam B — B, due to vertical load from wall is équal to D D H,> =V, tangx > ny = Vi tan gx > Apart from this ring beam is subjected to hoop tension due to horizontal water pressure which is fiven by D he Yh Total hoop tension in beam B - B D = (V; tan 9 + Yh) > The reinforcement is designed to resist this oy and cross section is decided from the ‘consideration of limiting tensile stress in concrete. ( Conical dome: This is subjected to meridional thrust as well as hoop tension. These forces can be found as explained below: Fig. 13.21 Scanned with CamScanner300 Advanced Design (® Meridional thrust: This is maximum at the base of conical dome. Referring to Fig. 13.21 V, = Total load from wall pe . Total load W = V, xD W,, = Weight of water on conical shell =W,+W2 ¢ metre rum. = n(D? - D?) hy + 7(volume ‘of water on frustum of cone — volume of Cylindy of diameter D, and height /) Ep, 2 -y— = Fo Dj?) fy + (D2 + Dy? + DD) - 1G its If tis the thickness of conical dome, self weight of conical dome W, = =x Average diameter x slanting length x thickness x unit weight of concrete D+D, =n} of 2Pihe, where y, = 25 kN/m? for R.C.C. ‘. Total vertical load = xDV, + W,, + W, .. Total vertical load per unit length on ring beam CC hs nDV, +W, +W, nD, «. Meridional thrust per unit length in the wall of conical shell RDV,+W,+W, me where @ is angle made by conical wall with vertical, (if) Hoop tension: V2 2 COS = Fig. 13.22 Forces on conical dome Scanned with CamScannertia Water Tanks 301 ibject to w: 22 shows conical me subje ater pressure + ia eras area, If D is diameter at this level, Then hoo sei P’ at depth h from top ring, and sel P tension is given by: eaten geri T=(pcosh+g tang) may be calculated at top, ion middle and bottom of coni cop tensio! ° 3 a 1m of conical dome and steel rei aeaied to take full tension. Thickness of conical dome is to be checked for pe eames is prowror direct tension. permissible stress in ncrete 5 i > Bottom spherical dome: It is designed for meridional and ci i ‘ a) ane id self weight. and circumferential forces due to weight (ri) Bottom ring girder C-C: Fig. 13.28 Forces on girder Fig. 13.23 shows the bottom ring beam subject to in ward inclined thrust T, and outward thrust T, from bottom dome. z. Net horizontal thrust on ring girder p,=T, sin @ Tp cos 0 , D, + Hoop compression =P The vertical pressure on girder is given by p,=T, cos © +T, sin 9 per unit length. The ring girder is to be designed for this superimposed load. The various elements of Intz tank may be designed for the membrane forces. Effect of ci entinuity eflect and rotate, But this is not the actual Membrane . i de . ‘brane analysis holds good if each element is free to develop in teution. All joints are vigid Hence edge disturbances in the form of cma erie i; rice members meeting at a joint to keep all elements together. yess sing theory of shell. However it ¢ rotat ig gr ntiOns of each element due to edge moments and edge foe away OCD joints membrane faces 1S obs . ; hepied that these edge perturbations are localized and a a and ie nce of ysis facility, one can actual forces. One can take care of these edge Pe neat ral ‘ent to other element. In the present scenario of finite ed ‘ i ® Perturbations properly and can take care in the design. Scanned with CamScanner302 Advanced R.C.C. Design — mbrane analysis and effect of continuity is taken cg, mei nto other while detailing. ter tank of capacity 1 million liters supported on Dey i re The Example 13.7 is solved using ly taking reinforcement of one element i Example 13.7: Design an Intz type wat placed 8 column. Use M25 concrete and Fe-415 steel. Solution: ‘ = 10,00, 000 liters = 1000 m’. Capacity of tank may 64, = 150 N/m’, m= 11 5 N/m? 4 1.3 N/mm? 6, = 6 N/mm n= 0.384 §=0.872, k= 1.423 Dimensions Let diameter of cylindrical portion of water tank be = D and Diameter of bottom ring girder be = D, = 0.6 D Height of conical shell h; = 0.2 D. Height of bottom spherical dome = — The Volume of Tank Noting that purpose of free board is served dy top dome portion. V = Volume of cylindrical portion + Volume of conical portion - Volume of bottom spherical dome portion —iny , k 2 mhz = GD'he + Ty hs(D? + Dj +D,D,)- ZGRa ~ he) a Dias: Ff we select D; = 0.6D, fh, = 0.4 D, hy = 0.2 D, hy = 7 fadius of bottom dome R, is given by D D D? >| 2R. - =| = 036 — = 0.09 D? 7 ( 2OnT ) 6 009 D : R? = 0,386 D n 02D 2 Ve {D*x04D+ 2x95 (0? +0360? + osp2) — (0.20) (3 ~0.386D- 2) 3 = 0.374 D? 0.374 D? = 1000 D= 13.88 m Let D=14m,D,=06D=85m m= 04D=5.5m; hy=02D=2.8 m; hee 2 = 2m Scanned with CamScannerWater Tanks 303 Fi yolumne of tank actu! 8.5? pos DEG R= 5.52 verx x14? x554 7 x 2.8(14? a a +85? +14x85) — Bx? 34 552- 2) = 1069 m?. Dome pesign of Top : i =-xl4e paneer = 14m. Let se be a 2m guiiuso spherical dome Ry is given by 20R,-2)=7 = 13.25 m. 13.25-2 cesicenal angle @ = c08""(25—2) = 319° Letthe thickness of dome be 75 mm. Self weight = 0.075 x 1 x 1 x 25 = 1.875 kN/m? Liveload 1.5 KN/m* Total = 3.375 kN/m? Say with finishing load W=4kN/m’ + Meridional thrust 1 4x13.25 = wR, ———=————— = 28.66 KN WE\Tycos@ 1+ c0s31.89 7 +. Metidional stress = 28.66%1000 _ 9.382 N/mm? < 6 Nimm?, Hence safe 75 x 1000 Cin i 1 cumferential force, T, = wR, (cose a 4 1 = : 1,89 - ——1_—_ = 16.34 kN/m 4x 13.2s{cos 99- =) * Gitcumferential stress = 1634%1000 _ 9.218 N/mm? < 6 N/mm”. Hence safe. Provide ny 75 x 1000 12 “ominal reinforcement of 0.3% in circumferential and radial directions. Ay = 23 x75 x 1000 = 225 mm? Scanned with CamScanner304 Advanced R.C.C. Design Using 8 mm bars zx 4 3? 1000 = 223 mm. 5 Provide 8 mm bars at 200 mm c/c in radial and circumferential directions. Design of Top Ring (Beam A-A) is D Hoop tension = T, cosh 14 = 28.66 cos 31.89 x > = 170.33 KN , 170.33 x 1000 _ 1136 mm? Aa= T50 Provide 6 bars of 16 mm diameter A, provided = 6x 5x16" = 1206 mm’, +. Area of concrete A, required is obtained by consideration of limiting direct tension in concrete to permissible value of 1.3 N/mm”. 17033x1000 _ 17033 x 1000 A,+mA, A, +11x1206 A.= 117757 mm? Provide 400 x 300 mm top ring beam with 6 bars of 16 mm bars (3 at top and 3 at bottom). Alo provide nominal shear reinforcement of 6 mm bars at 300 mm C/C; 13= Design of Cylindrical Tank Wall Hoop tension at base of tank =98x55x = =377.3 KN 377.3 x 1000 Aye = 2 i iad 2515 mm Using 16 mm bars on each face 2x2 x16? se—4_ @ 3515 7% 1000 = 159 mm +. Provide 16 mm bars on each face at 150 mm centre to centre, f n «Ay provided = 2x 2x16? x = = 2680 mm?/m height. Scanned with CamScannerWater Tanks 305 _ area of concrete required per metre height is obtained by restricting direct tensile stress , 3773x1000 __ 377, 1.3 = 3273x1000 _ 3773x1000 ActmA, Al+11x2680 A, = 260750 mm*/m height 160750 1000 provide = 275 mm. It may be kept constant throughout (Some time tapered to 200 mm at top). Percentage of distribution steel. = 260.75 mm. 275-100 450-100 «, Area of distribution steel required p=03-01 = 0.25 025 = Fo % 275% 1000 = 687.5 mm’, «. Area of distribution steel required on each face = Ss = 343.75 mm, Using 8 mm bars, -ao = 146 mm. 343.75 Provide 8 mm bars at 140 mm c/c on each face. Extend the vertical bars on outer face into the conical shell to take care of moments due to continuity. Spacing of hoop steel may be increased towards top..-At 2 m from base (3.5 m from top). Hoop tension = 98X35 8 = 240.1 kN/m 240.1 x 1000 2 = = 1600 mm’ Aw 150 A, on each face = 800 mm Using 12 mm bars 2x12? set x 1000 = 141 mm 800 35 i in =x 140 =240 Use 12 mm bars at 140 mm e/e on each face. At 2: from top, it may be increased to =>" 140 = 2 ™Mm cle, Deslgn of Bottom Ring Beam (B-B) Vertical load: (9 Load from top dome Scanned with CamScanner306 Advanced R.C.C. Design 5.14 kN/m T, sin 9 = 28.66 sin 31.89 = 1 (ii) Weight of top ring beam = 04x03 x1 x25 = 3 kN/m (iii). Weight of wall = 0275 x 5.5 x1 x 25 = 37.81 kNim (iv) Self-weight of ring beam: =a tly beyond wal ; : : so that it projects sufficiently beyond wall and sery The width of this beam is usually kept larger tht 2m. Assuming depth s 600 ev" as a platform for tank maintenance. Let us =1.2x06x1x25= 18 kKN/m Self-weight fs V,= 15.14 +3 + 37.81 + 18 = 73.95 KN Slope of conical dome with vertical - -85 D-D, 14 = tan! —2— = tan! —2— = tan” 0.982 = 44,48° .. Hoop tension due to this load 4 = V, tan oF =7395 tan aaasex = 508.4 KN Hoop tension due to water pressure = gaxssxit = 377.3 KN <. Total hoop tension in the beam = 508.4 + 377.3 = 885.7 kN eo 885.7 x 1000 150 Provide 20 bars of 20 mm diameter = 5905 mm? Au provided = 20x ox 20? = 6283 mm? Area of concrete required is given by 885.7 x 1000 A, +11 x 6283 A, = 612195 mm? Provide 1200 mm x 600 mm beam Provide nominal stirrups of 12 mm @ 150 c/e, I. Scanned with CamScannerWater Tanks 307 n of Conical Dome 1 od fom oid wall (i) a Vi RD = 73.95 xn x 14 = 3259.49 a Weight of water = NY, (i = 1069 x 9.8 = 10476.2 kN ii) self-weight of conical dome (iid gianting length ae Diameter at mid-height =. =11.25m Assuming thickness of 400 mm, Ws = 1X 11.25 x 3.925 x 0.4 x 25 = 1387.2 kN Total load = 3252.49 + 10476.2 + 1387.2 = 15115.9 kN 151159 Vo= 7 2 gg = 566.06 N/m :. Meridional thrust = V, cos = 566.06 x cos 44.48 = 403.88 KN/m . Meridional stress = 20888 71000 me LE 400 x1000 01 N/émm? < 6 N/mm? Design for Hoop Tension Hoop tension is maximum at the top of dome since diameter is more there. Hence, q=04X1X1X 25 = 10 kNim? p=98 x 5.5 = 53.9 kN/m* = 44,48° * Hoop tension near top edge D T= (pcos $+ q tan 6) > is 4 KN = (53.9 cos 44.48 + 10 tan 44.48) > = 337.9 A, = 332.94 1000 | 9953 mm* 150 * Avon each face = 1126.5 mm? “ng 12 mm bars, Scanned with CamScanner308 Advanced R.C.C. Design = x12? 4 x 1000 =100.39 mm 1126.5 Provide 12 mm bars at 100 mm c/c on both faces. ‘i From the consideration of limiting tensile stress in concrete, we have 1.3 = 33794 1000 OTA, + 11% 2253 A, = 235170 mm? ++ Thickness of conical dome may be kept as 300 mm. Hoop Tension at Lower Edge P=98 x (5.5 + 2.8) = 81.34 kN/m T, = (81.34 cos 44.48 + 10 tan 44.48) x 288.38 kKN/m Hence same reinforcement is provided throughout A 300 x 1000 = 900 mm? 100 A,, on each face = 450 mm? Using 8 mm bars, Exe 1000 = 111. s= 4 x1000 7 mm Provide 8 mm bars at 110 mm c/c on both faces. Design of Bottom Spherical Dome Diameter Central rise <. Radius of the dome R, is given by 2 2(2R, - 2) = (2) R,= 5.52 m (Ry -h, Ss: = cost a is) ~ cos 82. 2 = so.ag° 2 2, Let thickness of dome be = 250 mm Then self-weight = 2nR, hyt x 25 = In x 5.52 x2 X 0.25 x 25 = 433.54 KN Scanned with CamScanner7 a Water Tanks _309 =fexgs? r vight of WaT = E *85°(5.5 +2)—x27(3x5.52— a}xas = 3231.9 kN seallal = 3665.44 kN . 3665.44 . Load per unit area = egy? = 04.59 kN? # 85 2) ; 217.71 1000 ., Meridional strees = 3530x1000 = 0-87 Nimm? < 6 N/mm? ence safe : 1 Circumferential force = wal aa | 4.59 x 5.52] 1-——!_| = 138.83 KN + cos 1+ 0050.38 138.83 x 1000 :. Hoop stress = 50x 1000 = 555 Nimm? < 6N/mm? Hence safe. Minimum reinforcement to-be provided 250-100 = 03-01 x——— _ = 0; : 450-100 = 0757 0.257 A, = ? Tap” * 250% 1000 = 642.85 mm + Ayon each face = 321.43 mm? Using 8 mm bars, Exs? s = 4 x 1000 = 156 mm 321.43 Provide 8 mm bars at 150 mm in meridional and circumferential directions, Design of Bottom Ring Girder Wis Subjected to inward thrust due to T, = 288.38 KN and outward thrust due to T; = 217.7 KN from Spherical shell, Vertical load on the beam =T, cos 6 +T; sin @ = 288.38 cos 44.48 + 217.7 sin 50.38 = 373.5 kN/m a Scanned with CamScanner310 Advanced R.C.C. Design 00 x 1200 mm ‘i ion of 6 ‘Assuming a section of 96x 12x25 = 18 ina Self-weight oe «Total vertical load ints The girder is supported on 8 colum 391.4 x85 =. = 1306.5 kN 2 :. Maximum shear force = 366.5 KN-m ols 8sy Support moment = 0,066 x 391.4 x zr x= = 166.6 kN-m 85) m Mid-span moment = 0.030 x 391.4 x zr 4 8.5 T Maximum toriosnal moment= 0.005 x 391.4 (2 y x a. 27.8 kN-m The section at maximum torsional moment is at «= 9.33° with line joining centre of circle and te column. <. Design moment = 366.5 KN-m As this beam is not directly in contact with water limit state method can be used. Size of this beam is governed by shear consideration at support V= 1306.5 kN 5 x 1306.5 = 1959.75 kN _ 1959.75 x 1000 ~~ 6001200 Hence shear reinforcement can be provided to take care of shear. = 2.72 N/mm? < 3.1 N/mm? (t, max.) Reinforcement for Moment 3 M, = 15 x 366.5 = 550 kN-m d= 1200-50 = 1150 mm : My tim = 0.138 x 8,5 > a M, Hence singly reinforced seetion * 600 x 1150? = 930.77 x 10° N-mm > 6 550 x 10 = 087x415x A, xis 1- Scanned with CamScanneryo Water Tanks 311 1324.6 = A,{i- Ay 4156627 14456627 Ay + 1324.6 x 4156.27 = 0 hs Ag = 1369-mm? anim area of steel to be provided is put 100 = 2160 mm paige 8 bas of 20 mm diameter x ayprovided = 8X 7x20? = 2513.3 mm? armid-span bending moment is almost half of that at support. Hence 4 bars of 20 mm diameter are enough. Torsional moment is maximum at a = 9,33° 1=R,a= 552x233 xn = 0.89 m Bending moment reduces 0.89? M = 366.5 -391.4x = 211.5 kN-m M, = 1.5 x 211.5 = 317.3 KN-m T, = 27.8 x 1.5 = 41.7 kN-m 14 1200 = 317.3+41.7x oo = 390.88 KN-m Hence continue 8 bars of 20 mm to take care of a section also. Shear reinforcement Avtovided = 2513.3 mm? p= 35133 x10 = 0.349 600 x 1200 form Table 19 of 1S: 456 ~ 2000, is 0.41 N/mm? Vus= Vy thd a Usi = 1959.75 1000 - 0.41 x 600 x 1150 = 1676850 N ‘ing 2 legged 12 mm stirrups. 2: x7 zs 12? x 1150 87h And ats 087x415 See aah renee —~‘Y. Scanned with CamScannerDesign 312 Advanced ym cic. d 12 mm stirrups at 110 m1 he middle half portion increas ’ the spain Hence provide 4 legge N/m length. Her Shear reduces by w = 391.4 220 mm cle nce in tl x 600 x 1200 = = 720 mm? nown in Fig. 13.24. Side face reinforcement Provide 3 bars of 12 mm on ae face as s! 16001 4#20 Fig. 13.24 RC Net horizontal thrust P,=T, sin §-T, cos = 288.38 sit sin 44.48 ~ 217.7 cos 50.38 = 63.23 kN/m Scanned with CamScannery —_ _ 63.2285 Hoop compression = “> = 268.73 kN 268.73 x1000 600x120 = 0-37 Nim? Water Tanks 313 pirect compression in concrete = it safe. ‘ Herforeement details are shown in Fig, 13.23, 43.42 DESIGN OF TOWERS SUPPORTING CIRCULAR AND INTZ TANKS ro supply water under gravity, the tanks are supported at an elevation of 8 -12 m in cities and towns. ‘The bottom ring beam of the tower rests on a number of columns placed at equal intervals. Larger the diameter more is the number of columns required. A guide line for selecting the number of columns ray be keep the curved length of girder 4 to 5.5 m. To make the tower economical, column should be taced at 3 to 4 m interval as shown in Fig. 13,25, Bracing reduces the effective length of column and =i pence increases load carrying capacity. TP Ring girder Fig. 13.25 Typical tower for circular tanks Scanned with CamScannerSena 314 Advanced R.C.C. Design hence it is found easily. For wing a Analysis of Tower akes the following assump Vertical load is shared approximate method of anal 1, Point of contraflexure develop 2. The vertical forces in the columns are bending [foundation slab is rigid]. 4 ; Iemay be noted that wind may blow in any direction, Hence in the analysis critical directions , be considered. Xelg Due to wind, axial load on column in leeward side increases and on wind word side it reduces, 7}; increased load is to be determined, Moments develop in the colunin and braces. Braces are be ted to shear force. e columns, ay be used, which m umns and braces. 1 to the distance of the column from axis of Malysig equally by all th ions. ysis of frames ™ at mid point of col proportional Py f Pas ion aN, FA _—},P26 Pos h lo, —_ a Ny, P, — bos Pare| h ’ i 0, a / Seth ot Fig. 13.26 5 . t i j ht of columns If the wind load acting on various components are estimate: 1 mid hei 4 timated, the moments at mid heig] Now we are interested to find vertical forces developed in the column di : toM, ; nsit Let V be the force in ¢; Let xtreme column, ich i: resisting mi it i Which is a di ig moment by ith column at distance ‘a’ from the ben a from axis of bending. Consider ing axis. This is equal to - Resisting moment of ith column = V4 r Scanned with CamScannerWater Tanks 315 a moment of al . Bquating resisting of all columns to total external moment at level 0, we get M=ve*=Yy5 7 r nce maximum compression in column carried by wind is found, He te Moment at the Base of the Column exer the equilibrium of columns below the hinge at mid height (Ref. Fig, 13.27) { | Applied load Wind load ‘Q ' a t m=ah Cot Fig. 13.27 Total moment at the base of the column = Q, * i 1 + Moment in each column. =-— Q, n The columns are designed for enhanced vertical load and the moment. i 2 Design Forces in Braces Consider joint A as shown in Fig. 13.28 Joint moment due to wind loads + ange Qh Qh = Mj +Mj = S42" Viqes 2a Qn The braces meeting at the joint have to develop above moment for equilibrium. Tobe on safer side approximation is made that M3 = Mj. Then moment resisted by braces may be taken as 2M Direction of wind (b) Elevation (a) Plan Fig. 13.28 Moment ‘in braces shown in Fig. 13.28(@), the brace AB will not {ben wind is blowing normal to one of the braces as moment. If @ is the angle of deviations of re i : «St any moment and brace AC is subjected to maximu e ‘Wo braces, then ~ Scanned with CamScannerMac = 2M’ sec © be designed for the above moments. Hence all braces are to oa race. Hence shear in the 7 Aces ie Point of contraflexure is assumed to be at mid-point of the bi L ==M, Sx> = Mac some? where / is length of the brace. Hence a brace is to be designed for Mac and shear §, Example 13.8: Design a tower of 12 m height to support the Intz tank of Example 13,7, Assume pressure is 1.5 kN/m?. Wing Solution: Fig. 13.29 shows the tower to be designed. No. of columns = 8 0.275: Fig. 13.29 Scanned with CamScanner‘cal Loads on Each Column Water Tanks _317 vel toa fom tank proper = 391.4 x length of ting beam between the two col columns. =3914x 852 DXF = 1306.47 en self Welght of Column ming 700 mm diameter, wea 12 m high, column, Weight X a 2 4% 07 12x25 = 115.45 kN elght of Braces assuming size of 300 mm x 600 mm and noting that length of each brace 3.33 m Weight of three braces =3x03 x06x3, «. Total vertical load on each column. .33 x 25 = 45 kN = 1306.47 + 115.45 + 45 = 1467 kN, Wind Loads Intensity of wind pressure = 1.5 kN/m? Shape factor for dome, cylindrical wall, conical dome and bottom ring beam = 0.7 +. Wind load on dome, cylindrical wall and conical dome p= 1sxar[2ri4x2 (1442x0278) x55+ 46491 x23] = 138.46 KN This may be assumed to act approximately at 0.52D from: top of bottom ting girder when dimensions are selected as recommended by the author. Otherwise centroid of projected area of the above is to be found. Hence in this case it is assumed to act at a height 7.3 m above top of the sirder ie. at a ia 0 =18.5 m above the point of contraflexure of bottom most part of column i.e., from 0,. Wind load o ‘he bottom girder =15 07X12 x (85 +2 x 0.6) = 12.2 kN Wind load on columns = 1.5 x 0.7 X 0.7 x 12 X 8 = 70.4 KN Wind load on bracing = 15X03 X06 X85 X2=4.0KN Wind load on columns and bracings = 75 KN i 6 m from bottom i.e., at This force may be assumed to act at mid height of tower, ie 6m 6-2=4 mabove 0). Scanned with CamScanner318 Advanced R.C.C. Design. <. Wind load moment at the level of 0). = 138.46 x 18.5 + 12. = 2990 KN-m v 2990=— ya? 2 1 = faceas' «(128 xsr2%0) 2x 10.6 +75 x4 = 35x05 . V=176 kN .. Maximum load on column = 1467 + 176 = 1643 KN Qj = total wind load = 138.46 + 12.2 + 4.6 = 155.26 kN Total moment at base of the columns = 155.26 x 2 = 310.52 KN-m Moment at base of each column = 31052, _ 38.81 kN-m 8 Forces In the Braces Moment at joint from lower column 2 Qh aE a2 = 38.81 kN-m n Moment from upper column = 40.365 KN-m Total joint moment from columns = 80.73 kN-m If wind is normal to one of the brace at the joint moment in the brace is = 80.73 _ 80.73 = 114.2 kNs cos® cos4s 2 kha 2. The shear in the brace =—— 1142 _ 1142 Dass 35.1 KN 2 length of brace 8.5 sin Be The’column and braces may be designed by limit state method. Design of Columns Axial force due to DL and IL=1467 kN Axial force due to wL =176 Moment due to wind load = 38.81 kN-m ol 400 , 300 1467 +176 7 0024 < egy, = 200 4, 300 500 30 Scanned with CamScannerWater Tanks 319 iy dead load and live loads are considered fom P, = 1.5 x 1467 = 2200.5 kN seat load live and wind loads are considered If P, = 1.2 (1467 + 176) = 1971.6 kN ene designs based on only axial load ent P, = 2200.5 kN using per cent steel, area of concrete required A, is obtained by Pu= OAS A +0.67f, Are : 2200.5 x 1000 = 0.4 x 25 (0.99 A.) +.0.67 x 41 15 x 0.01 A, A. = 173534 mm? Tv =D’? =1 es 4 73534 D=470 mm Provide column of diameter 500 mm 1 1 Ag= Too * Me = 4pp % 143534 = 1435 mm? 100 :. Provide 8 bars of 16 mm diameter. Use 6 mm laterals at 250 mm c/ce Design of Bracing M=114.2 kN-m My = 15 x 114.2 = 171.3 kN-m Selecting the size of 300 mm x 600 mm overall with effective depth 550 mm My tim = 0.138 x 25 x 300 x 550? = 313.08 x 10° N-mm = 313.08 kN-m > M, Hence singly reinforced section can be designed Ag M,=087f,Ayd{ 1-42 4.) A, 415 171.3 x 10° = 0.87 x 415 x Ay, x 550 (: ty ) ~ 300x550 25 Ag ) 862.6 = A,(t- sabe A,2 — 9939.8 Ay, + 862.6 x 9939.8 = 0 Brxt A,,= 954 mm? vide 5 bars of 16 mm diameter Au ptovided = 1008 mm? ~ Scanned with CamScanner