BIOTECHNOLOGY

AND ITS APPLICATION

BIOTECHNOLOGY : AND ITS APPLICATION

Therapeutics
Agriculture
(Medicine)

Processed APPLICATIONS OF
Diagnostics
food BIOTECHNOLOGY

Bioremediation Energy
production
BIOTECHNOLOGY : AND ITS APPLICATION
Agriculture :- There are three options that can be
thought for increasing food production :–

I. Agro-chemical based agriculture:-

Based on chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides.
By this increase production but quality decrease.

II. Organic farming/agriculture :-

Chemical free agriculture.
Based on biofertilizers and biopesticides.
BIOTECHNOLOGY : AND ITS APPLICATION
III. Genetically engineered crop-based agriculture:-
For this desired gene is transferred in plant.
Now this plants called as Genetic Modified (GM)/
Transgenic plant/ Tailor-made plants
 BIOTECHNOLOGY : AND ITS APPLICATION

(1) Enhanced Nutritional Value of Food

e.g. Vitamin ‘A’ enriched rice.
 In golden rice some genes of Daffodil plant and some
genes of Erwinia bacteria has been transferred.
 This genes are responsible for synthesis of beta (β)
carotene.
 APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURE / USE OF TRANSGENIC PLANT
(2) To Reduce Post Harvest Losses Eg. Flavr Savr Tomato
 APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURE / USE OF TRANSGENIC PLANT
AntiSense
(B) To Reduce Post Harvest Losses
T P
Sense
Transfer in plant

Sense Sense AntiSense

P T P T T P
AntiSense AntiSense Sense

(RNA) (RNA) (RNA)

Protein Protein ( ds RNA)

Protein
 APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURE / USE OF TRANSGENIC PLANT
(B) To Reduce Post Harvest Losses
Eg. Flavr Savr Tomato

 This transgenic tomato has longer shelf life

(delayed ripening).

 It developed by antisense technology.

 By this technique the activity of

polygalacturonase enzyme is inhibited

 This enzyme is responsible for ripening of

fruit(dissolved pectin).
 APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURE / USE OF TRANSGENIC PLANT
(3) To Increase Tolerance Against Abiotic Stresses
Abiotic stresses like - cold, drought, salt, heat
 APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURE / USE OF TRANSGENIC PLANT
(4) To Produce Biopharmaceutical Products
Production of Hirudin in seeds of transgenic Brassica napus
 APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURE / USE OF TRANSGENIC PLANT
(5) To Produce Weedicide / Herbiside Resistance Plant
Glyphosate (Weedicide) resistance plants have been developed
 APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURE / USE OF TRANSGENIC PLANT
(6) Increased Efficiency Of Mineral Usage By Plants
This prevents early exhaustion of fertility of soil.
 APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURE / USE OF TRANSGENIC PLANT
(7) Pest- Resistant Crops
Pest-resistant plant increase yield and reduced reliance
(dependence) on chemical pesticides.
Two category :-
(a) Insect resistance plant
(b) Nematode resistance plant
APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURE / USE OF TRANSGENIC PLANT
(a) Insect resistance plant :-
 Bt Plants / crop is best example of insect resistant
plants.
 In BT plants a special cry gene of Bacillus
thuringiensis (BT) bacteria have been transferred.
 cry gene produces insecticidal toxin which kill insect
of three order:-
 Lepidopterans :- Tobacco budworm , Army worm,
Cotton bollworm, corn borer
 Coleopterans :- Beetles
 Dipterans :- Flies, Mosquitoes.
 APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURE / USE OF TRANSGENIC PLANT
cry gene cry Gene
transfer
RNA in plant

Bacillus thuringiensis

Cry

Bt plant
 APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURE / USE OF TRANSGENIC PLANT
 Once an insect ingest the inactive toxin, in the
alkaline ph of midgut of insect crysataline protein
is dissolved and toxin is activated.
 The activated toxin binds to the surface of midgut
epithelial cells.
 Now this toxin create pores that cause cell
swelling and lysis and eventually cause death of
the insect.
 APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURE / USE OF TRANSGENIC PLANT
 Most Bt toxins are insect-group specific.
 The choice of genes depends upon the crop and the
targeted pest.
 The proteins encoded by the genes -
cryIAc and cryIIAb :- control the cotton bollworms
cryIAb :- controls corn borer.
e.g. of BT plants are :-
Bt cotton
Bt corn
Bt soyabean
Bt brinjal
APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURE / USE OF TRANSGENIC PLANT
(b) Nematode resistance plant :-
 Nematodes parasitise cause disease in both
plants and animals including human beings.
 A nematode Meloidegyne incognitia infects the
roots of tobacco plants and causes a great Nematode
reduction in yield.
 To prevent this nematodes a novel strategy was
adopted called RNA interference (RNAi).
 RNAi is a process of gene silencing.
 RNAi takes place in all eukaryotic organisms as a
method of cellular defense.