ABE 30A – (Basic Farm Machinery and Mechanization) Laboratory Report 2

Name: Mark Louie D. Suganob Date Given:

Section: Date Due:

Laboratory Exercise 2
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

I. Introduction

Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) plays an integral part in the development

of agricultural lands as one of the power sources in the farm. It is widely used
mobile applications for transportation and machineries for different processes such
as threshing, shelling, milling, and in agricultural processes that electric motors
cannot be utilized. Knowing the different parts and function of an ICE would be
helpful on understanding the processes involved in an internal combustion Engine.
This activity will enable students to understand the principles behind how ICE
works and see for themselves the difference between a 2-stroke and 4-stroke cycle
engine as well as general knowledge on the difference of diesel and gasoline
engine. Through this activity, students will have better understanding on how
tractors and farm machineries operate utilizing internal combustion engines.

II. Objectives

At the end of the laboratory exercise, the students must be able to:
1. Familiarize the parts and function of an internal combustion engine
2. Explain the principle of operation of an internal combustion engine
3. Differentiate two-stroke and four-stroke cycle engine
4. Differentiate diesel and gasoline engine
5. Identify the parts of an engine

III. Materials and Methods

Two-stroke engine and four-stroke engine/diesel or gasoline engine

Methodology

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ABE 30A – (Basic Farm Machinery and Mechanization) Laboratory Report 2

A. Two-stroke and Four-stroke engine

1. Visit the MinEc building and locate the four-stroke cycle and two-stroke
cycle internal combustion engines.
2. Take a photo of the engine and identify the parts of a four-stroke cycle
internal combustion engine, especially the piston, piston ring, piston pin,
intake valve, exhaust valve, spark plug, connecting rod, crankshaft, rocker
arm, cylinder head, cylinder block, crank case, engine block, and flywheel,
etc.
3. Identify the parts of a two-stroke cycle internal combustion engine,
especially the piston, piston ring, piston pin, intake port, exhaust port, spark
plug, connecting rod, crankshaft, cylinder head, cylinder block, crank case,
engine block, and flywheel, etc.

4. Write the function of each part in the Table 1.

B. Principle of Operation of an Internal Combustion Engine

1. Attach a photo that illustrates the principle of operation of an Internal

combustion engine
2. Discuss in Table 2 the processes that takes place during each stroke.

C. Two-stroke and Four-stroke Cycle Engine

1. Differentiate two-stroke cycle engine from four-stroke cycle engine and write
it in Table 3.
2. Provide an illustration if possible

D. Diesel and Gasoline Engine

1. Differentiate diesel engine from a gasoline engine and write your answer on
Table 4
2. Attach a photo of the two engines and provide an image of what is inside
the combustion chamber of the diesel and gasoline engine.

IV. Results and/or Discussion

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ABE 30A – (Basic Farm Machinery and Mechanization) Laboratory Report 2

A. Parts and Function of an Internal Combustion Engine

Figure 1. Four-stroke Engine

Table 1. Parts and function of a 4-stroke internal combustion engine

Parts Function
INTAKE Air and fuel enter the small engine through the carburetor. It’s the job of the
carburetor to supply a mixture of air and fuel that will allow for proper
combustion

COMPRESSION Just after the piston moves to the bottom of its travel (bottom dead center),
the cylinder bore contains the maximum air-fuel mixture possible

POWER When the piston reaches the top of its travel (top dead center), it will be at
its optimum point to ignite the fuel to get maximize power to your outdoor
power equipment.

EXHAUST When the piston reaches bottom dead center again, the exhaust valve
opens. As the piston travels back up the cylinder bore, it forces the spent
combustion gases through the exhaust valve and out of the exhaust systems

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ABE 30A – (Basic Farm Machinery and Mechanization) Laboratory Report 2

Figure 2. Two-stroke Engine

Table 2. Parts and function of a 2-stroke internal combustion engine

Parts Function
Exhaust The burnt gas expands, thus exerting pressure on the piston. As a result,
the piston’s downward motion begins, followed by the opening of the
exhaust port. This removes the exhaust gases from the cylinder.
INTAKE The upward motion of the piston opens the inlet port, and the air or air-
fuel mixture enters the cylinder. The further movement of the piston
compresses the mixtures. A spark plug ignites the compressed air-fuel
mixture and initiates the power stroke.
PISTON-CYLINDER Like any IC engine, these also have pistons and cylinders that contain
the air-fuel mixture and transfer the energy to the mechanical rotation of
the crankshaft.
CRANKSHAFT It converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into the rotational
motion. It also helps in the compression process.
TRANSFER PORT The transfer port is located inside the engine, it is used for transferring
the charge from the crankcase to the cylinder head portion through the
descending piston

B. Principle of Operation of an Internal Combustion Engine

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ABE 30A – (Basic Farm Machinery and Mechanization) Laboratory Report 2

Figure 3. Principle of operation of an internal combustion engine

Table 3. Principle of operation of an internal combustion engine

Stroke Discussion on the Operation

Air and fuel enter the small engine through the carburetor. It’s
INTAKE the job of the carburetor to supply a mixture of air and fuel
that will allow for proper combustion
Just after the piston moves to the bottom of its travel (bottom dead
COMPRESSION center), the cylinder bore contains the maximum air-fuel mixture
possible

When the piston reaches the top of its travel (top dead center),
POWER it will be at its optimum point to ignite the fuel to get maximize
power to your outdoor power equipment.
When the piston reaches bottom dead center again, the
exhaust valve opens. As the piston travels back up the cylinder
EXHAUST
bore, it forces the spent combustion gases through the exhaust
valve and out of the exhaust systems
C. Two-stroke and Four-stroke Cycle Engine

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ABE 30A – (Basic Farm Machinery and Mechanization) Laboratory Report 2

Table 4. Two-stroke vs four-stroke cycle engine

Two-stroke cycle engine Four-stroke cycle engine

In a 2 Cycle engine this is done in 2 For a 4- cycle engine the piston moves up
piston strokes (one up and one down and then down the engine cylinder 4 times
the piston cylinder). to accomplish fuel intake or induction,
compression, fuel ignition (combustion)
and exhaust
Requires more lubricating oil as some oil Requires less lubricating oil
burns with the fuel.
In a 2-stroke engine, all five functions In a 4-stroke engine, the five functions
of the cycle are completed in only two require four strokes of the piston (or two
strokes of the piston (or one revolution revolutions of the crankshaft).
of the crankshaft
A 2-stroke engine goes through 2 4-stroke engine goes through four stages,
stages, or one complete revolution, to or two complete revolutions, to complete
complete one power stroke. one power stroke
D. Diesel and Gasoline Engine

Figure 4. Diesel and gasoline engine

Figure 5. Diesel and gasoline engine combustion chamber
Table 5. Diesel vs gasoline engine
Diesel engine Gasoline engine
The fuel is mixed with air Air and the fuel are mixed in a carburettor

inside the cylinder

ignition is achieved with the Fuel is ignited with an electric spark

help of the hot, compressed

air.

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 ABE 30A – (Basic Farm Machinery and Mechanization) Laboratory Report 2

High compression ratio Relatively low compression ratio

The Diesel engine is also an Petrol engines are internal combustion

internal combustion engine
which is also known as the
compression-ignition engine.
It is named after Rudolf
Diesel.
engines which have spark-ignition. They
run on relatively volatile fuels such as
petrol.

In these engines, the fuel is Petrol engines work on the Otto cycle,
injected into a combustion which consists of two isochoric processes
chamber and is then ignited and two isentropic processes.
by the high temperature of
the air in the chamber.

I. Conclusion
 The invention of the internal combustion engine revolutionized power generation, enabled
the development of the airplane and other forms of mobility, and aided in the liberation of
men from the most taxing manual labor. It enabled common modes of transportation such
as the car, Uber, bus, and motorcycle. We took to the skies in planes, spreading our wings
across the entire globe. Even war, complete with ships, submarines, and tanks, was
planned.

II. Citation

Central Mindanao University Engineering Center

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ABE 30A – (Basic Farm Machinery and Mechanization) Laboratory Report 2

III. Appendices

This photo was taken during our laboratory exercise in Mindanao Engineering center

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