B. Test of Hypothesis.

PROBLEM NO. 3
a. Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis.
Null Hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between the class of vertebrate
and whether they are endangered or threatened.
Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant relationship between the class of
vertebrate and whether they are endangered or threatened.
b. Set the Level of Significance

level of significance is α = 0.05

c.
i. Test Statistic

Chi – Squared Test of Independence

ii. Critical Value

Critical value at 0.05

iii. Decision Rule

If the calculated p value is less than the critical value, reject the null hypothesis.
If the calculated p value is greater than the critical value, accept the null
hypothesis.

d. Value of Statistic

Results
  Mammal Bird Reptile Amphibian Fish Row Totals
Endangered 68  (54.22)  [3.50] 76  (60.91)  [3.74] 14  (24.77)  [4.68] 13  (15.40)  [0.37] 76  (91.70)  [2.69] 247
Threatened 13  (26.78)  [7.09] 15  (30.09)  [7.57] 23  (12.23)  [9.48] 10  (7.60)  [0.75] 61  (45.30)  [5.45] 122
 

 
Column Totals 81 91 37 23 137 369  (Grand Total)

Expected = (Row Total * Column Total) / Grand Total

 Chi – squared statistic = ∑ [ (O−E )2 / E ] = 45.32
P – value ¿ 0.00001

e. Decision
The calculated p – value of the square test statistic of 45.32 is less than 0.00001
which is less than the critical value of 0.05. Since the 0.00001 is less than 0.05, we
can reject the null hypothesis.

f. Interpretation.

Since the null hypothesis was rejected, then it can be concluded that there is a
significant relationship between the class of vertebrate and whether they are
endangered or threatened. Moreover, it can be concluded that the observed data is
significantly different from the expected values. In other words, the result is
significant at p < 0.05, and it can be said with confidence that the observed data
does not occur by chance alone.