REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

An application of Bio-mimicry on nature according to Benyus (2007) has

mastered the construction of nanostructures with well-defined macroscopic effects and
purposes. Structural colouration is a visible consequence of the particular patterning of
a reflecting surface with regular structures at submicron length scales. Structural
colours usually appear bright, shiny, iridescent or with a metallic look, as a result of
physical processes such as diffraction, interference, or scattering with a typically small
dissipative loss. These features have recently attracted much research effort in
materials science, chemistry, engineering and physics, in order to understand and
produce structural colours. In these early stages of photonics, researchers facing an
infinite array of possible colour-producing structures are heavily inspired by the
elaborate architectures they find in nature. We review here the recent technological
strategies employed to artificially mimic the structural colours found in nature, as well as
some of their current and potential applications.

The philosophy of biomimicry, I argue, consists of four main areas of inquiry. The
first, which has already been explored by Freya Mathews (2011), concerns the “deep”
question of what Nature ultimately is. The second, third, and fourth areas correspond to
the three basic principles of biomimicry as laid out by Janine Benyus (1997). “Nature as
model” is the poetic principle of biomimicry, for it tells us how it is that things are to be
“brought forth” (poiēsis). “Nature as measure” is the ethical principle of biomimicry, for it
tells us that Nature places ethical limits or standards on what it is possible for us to
accomplish. And “Nature as mentor” is the epistemological principle of biomimicry, for it
affirms that Nature is the ultimate source of truth, wisdom, and freedom from error.
Within this overall framework, I argue that seeing Nature as physis—understood as
“self-production” or “self-placing-into-the-open”—constitutes the requisite ground for the
poetic, ethical, and epistemological principles of biomimicry, and that biomimicry thus
conceived involves a new philosophical paradigm, which I call “enlightened naturalism”.

According to Leslie Eadie and Tushar K. Ghosh ( 2007) the natural world around
us provides excellent examples of functional systems built with a handful of materials.
Throughout the millennia, nature has evolved to adapt and develop highly sophisticated
methods to solve problems. There are numerous examples of functional surfaces,
fibrous structures, structural colors, self-healing, thermal insulation, etc., which offer
important lessons for the textile products of the future. This paper provides a general
overview of the potential of bioinspired textile structures by highlighting a few specific
examples of pertinent, inherently sustainable biological systems. Biomimetic research is
a rapidly growing field and its true potential in the development of new and sustainable
textiles can only be realized through interdisciplinary research rooted in a holistic
understanding of nature.

Also, according to M Fisch (2017) Biomimicry is a rising popular ecology

movement and method that urges the derivation of innovative and environmentally
sound design from organic systems. This essay explores the notion of nature in
biomimicry as articulated by the movement’s founder, Janine Benyus, and the nature of
biomimicry as practiced by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) media
ecologist Neri Oxman. Benyus’s approach, I show, promotes biomimicry as a science of
nature in which nature is treated as a source for innovative design that can be emulated
in technological apparatus. Such an approach is problematic, I argue, for its valorization
of organic form, which results in both a rigid system of ethics demanding absolute
separation of nature and technology. By contrast, Oxman’s work, I show, pursues
biomimicry as a technology of nature. In so doing, I argue, it mobilizes a neomaterialist
style of interaction with organic materials that ultimately enjoins a radically different way
of thinking nature, technology, and technoethics.

And also MJ Maglic (2012) stated that the relationship and connection between
architecture and nature is one that has brought forth many questions, criticisms, and
solutions. Today there is a new form of design that was introduced several years ago
which requires modern man to look at the natural processes found in nature for
inspiration. These processes have been around for decades but only recently has their
true potential begun to emerge. The question is, can we take the philosophy behind
natures living organisms and use them to aid in the development of mankind? We can
and it is called Biomimicry.

J Goldstein and  E Johnson (2015) Advocates of biomimicry encourage a new

industrial paradigm that ostensibly leaves behind the crude violence of Francis Bacon,
the domination of nature-as-machine, and a history of toxic production processes that
have given rise to a present and coming climate crisis. As part of a broader trend
towards the conceptualization and development of a ‘bioeconomy’, we argue here that
biomimicry produces ‘nature’ in new ways. At face value, these new approaches to
valuing nature may seem less violent and exploitative. Yet, new natures can and are
tortured in new ways. We argue that biomimicry produces ‘nature’ through well-worn
logics of resource enclosure and privatization, focusing upon two fundamental shifts in
how nonhuman life is figured and put to work: (1) the production of nature as intellectual
property (as opposed to raw materials); (2) the production of nature as an active subject
(as opposed to a passive receptacle or vehicle).
 Also to the definition of F Tavsan and E Sonmez ( 2015) Biomimicry is an applied
science that derives inspiration for solutions to human problems through the study of
natural designs, processes and systems. The widespread and practical application of
biomimicry as a design method remains unrealized; interior architecture commonly use
biology as a library of shapes, but this alone is not biomimetics; it has to have some
biology in it. This paper reviews key points and case studies of applications of
biomimicry in interior architecture. A critique of the applications shows that biomimetics
is the way to innovation and sustainability and interior architecture must move beyond
the formalistic characteristics of nature.

And to G Zhang (2012) Biomimicry (literally defined as the imitation of life or

nature) has sparked a variety of human innovations and inspired countless cutting-edge
designs. From spider silk-made artificial skin to lotus leaf-inspired self-cleaning
materials, biomimicry endeavors to solve human problems. Biomimetic approaches
have contributed significantly to advances biomedical research during recent years.
Using polyacrylamide gels to mimic the elastic modulus of different biological tissues,
Disher’s lab has directed meschymal stem cell differentiation into specific lineages.They
have shown that soft substrates mimicking the elastic modulus of brain tissues were
neurogenic, substrates of intermediate elastic modulus mimicking muscle were
myogenic, and substrates with bone-like elastic modulus were osteogenic. This work
represents a novel way to regulate the fate of stem cells and exerts profound influence
on stem cell research. Biomimcry also drives improvements in tissue engineering. Novel
scaffolds have been designed to capture extracellular matrix-like structures, binding of
ligands, sustained release of cytokines, and mechanical properties intrinsic to specific
tissues for tissue engineering applications. For example, tissue engineering skin grafts
have been designed to mimic the cell composition and layered structure of native
skin.4 Similarly, in the field of regenerative medicine, researchers aim to create
biomimetic scaffolds to mimic the properties of a native stem cell environment (niche) to
dynamically interact with the entrapped stem cells and direct their response.

Gaining inspiration from nature has a new name: biomimicry. As a supposedly

novel technical practice, biomimicry makes promises about solving the world’s
technological problems and environmental problems simultaneously. After posing
questions about the features, assumptions and ambitions of biomimicry, it is concluded
that biomimicry might be a productive way to render nature’s secrets available for
commercial and industrial purposes, but for it to move society towards eco-friendliness
as it’s supporters often claim, they will have to actively reconstruct the concept with the
help from ecocentric ideas

The need for and the benefits of a more sustainable approach to business
management according to GM Perron, RP Côté, JF (2006 ) have been widely
discussed in the literature. Many organizations have engaged in environmental
management initiatives to improve their environmental performance and have found
other benefits to the process, such as financial savings and reduced risk of liability.
However, many constraints can inhibit the transformation to an environmentally
conscious and responsible organization. These constraints include issues related to
organizational culture and change management. To overcome these constraints and
succeed in implementing a successful environmental management initiative, the
literature suggests the importance for members of the organization of understanding the
environmental impacts and policies of the organization through participation in
environmental awareness training efforts that produces enduring knowledge and
commitment. Armed with this knowledge, employees can then understand how the
environment can affect and be affected by their duties and decisions. Various
companies have used different approaches to environmental management training. It is
important that organizations evaluate the efficiency of their training investment to ensure
that the benefits will be generated. A case study of two electricity companies is used to
illustrate the importance of evaluating environmental awareness efforts. The results of
the study suggest that the training performed did not sufficiently increase employee
environmental awareness of the company's environmental impacts despite a
considerable time and financial investment in a one-time environmental awareness
training program. Results are briefly discussed and recommendations are made to
improve the results of the training investment.

With increasing awareness of environmental issues according to DL Gadenne, J

Kennedy, C McKeiver (2009) there has been rising demand for environmental-friendly
business practices. Prior research has shown that the implementation of environmental
management practices is influenced by existing and potential stakeholder groups in the
form of external pressures from legislators, environmental groups, financial institutions
and suppliers, as well as internally by employees and owner/manager attitudes and
knowledge. However, it has been reported that despite business owner/managers
having strong “green” attitudes, the level of implementation of environmental-friendly
practices is low. In order to explore the connection between pressures for improved
practices and the management actions taken, this article examines how influence from
various stakeholders is related to awareness of environmental issues, and how this
awareness relates to actions taken within the businesses to reduce the environmental
impact of their operations. The results indicate that legislation does result in general
environmental awareness, and that organizations are then willing to␣change their
business processes and environmental strategies. However, despite their actions they
have little awareness of the benefits that might arise from cost reductions from their
environmental-friendly practices. Those influenced by their suppliers act to reduce
waste, but do not put into place formal environmental management systems, or use
environmental messages to market their goods or services. Nevertheless, it can be
argued that they have a real commitment to environmental issues, as evidenced by a
willingness to voluntarily contribute to environmental organizations. . (A. Marshall, 
2009)

National Environmental Performance Index (EPI) NS Mei, CW Wai, R Ahamad –

(2016) is evaluated every two years to examine the environmental performance in
Malaysia concerning different indicators such as climate change and water quality.
Considering the causes of environmental degradation are mainly due to anthropogenic
activities, this study aims to explore the need of indicating the social-psychological
factors among Malaysians in qualifying the level of public environmental awareness and
behaviour. A nationwide study has been conducted to examine environmental
awareness and behaviour from 13 States and three Federal Territories. The result
demonstrated current level of environmental awareness and behaviour among
Malaysians, as according to the four categories; water pollution, air pollution, waste
management and climate change.

Also,L Fisman (2005) the author examine the effects of an urban environmental
education program on children's awareness of their local biophysical environment. She
examined changes in environmental awareness among 3rd- and 5th-grade participants
in the Open Spaces as Learning Places program in New Haven, Connecticut. Results
showed a significant positive effect of the program on students' awareness of the local
environment and on their knowledge of environmental concepts. Improvements in
environmental knowledge were uncorrelated with the children's socioeconomic status,
whereas improvements in local environmental awareness appeared only among
students living in high socioeconomic neighborhoods.

Increasing economic activities in developing countries result in more energy and

consumption demand according to M Iizuka ( 2016) which generally lead to
environmental degradation. There is a conventional belief that such environmental
degradation would resolve as soon as these countries grow economically since that
would enable them to afford environmental friendly technology as well as pro-
environmental regulations and policies.1 However, several studies indicated that many
developing countries already equipped with environmental policies, legal frameworks
and economic instruments, which are regarded as highly sophisticated by international
standards (Huber et al, 1998, Fujisaki et al, 1997) and yet face the worsening of
environmental conditions. Major difficulties these countries confront are not only the lack
of legal and economic framework for environmental protection, but also lack of
participation among general public in pro-environmental behaviours.

“Green” consumers value the physical and environmental attributes of the good
they purchase while “brown” consumers only value the physical attributes. We find that
more environmental awareness may not be good news for the environment as the firm
that produces the good without environmental attributes may increase its sales. The
result depends on the degree of product differentiation and the cost to achieve it. Social
welfare can also be inversely related to environmental awareness if the negative
environmental effect dominates the positive market effect. R Rodriguez-Ibeas (2007)

The purpose of the study is to assess the awareness and attitudes of student
teachers in Turkey. The relationship between the student teachers' attitudes and their
gender, academic major, grade level, geographical region and socioeconomic status
(level of family income, their parents' education level and occupation, residence) was
evaluated with an instrument developed by the researcher. The present descriptive
study was carried out at the University of Adıyaman in Turkey, Faculty of Education on
830 Subjects. A 30-item Likert-type questionnaire containing four dimensions
(awareness of environmental issues-AEI, awareness of individual responsibility-AIR,
general attitudes towards environmental problems-GAEP and general attitudes towards
environmental solutions-GAES) was developed to measure student teachers'
environmental attitudes by the researcher. Results of T-test and ANOVA showed that
the female elementary student teachers in the last year of an instruction programme
who have less than three brothers and sisters with high socioeconomic level (student
teachers' income level of family, father's job and education, mother's job, living
residence) living in Marmara Region had more positive attitudes towards the four
dimensions of environmental attitude than the other student teachers. M Özden (2008 )

European Journal of Operational Research, This paper focuses on the impact of

competition and consumers’ environmental awareness on key supply chain players. We
consider both the production competition between partially substitutable products made
by different manufacturers, and the competition between retail stores. We use two-stage
Stackelberg game models to investigate the dynamics between the supply chain players
given three supply chain network structures. We find that as consumers’ environmental
awareness increases, retailers and manufacturers with superior eco-friendly operations
will benefit; while the profitability of the inferior eco-friendly firm will tend to increase if
the production competition level is low, and will tend to decrease if the production
competition level is high. In addition, higher levels of retail competition may make
manufacturers with inferior eco-friendly operations more likely to benefit from the
increase of consumers’ environmental awareness. Moreover, as production competition
intensifies, the profits of the retailers will always increase, while the profits of the
manufacturers with inferior eco-friendly operations will always decrease. The profitability
of the manufacturers with superior eco-friendly operations will also tend to decrease,
unless consumers’ environmental awareness is high and the superior manufacturer has
a significant cost advantage related to product environmental improvement. ZL Liu, TD
Anderson, JM Cruz (2012)

X Chen, B Huang, CT Lin - Economic Modelling, 2019 – Elsevier

We study the impacts of environmental awareness on environmental quality and
income-pollution relationship. For our theoretical analysis, we examine a non-
cooperative transboundary pollution control game between a less developed country
(LDC) and a more developed country (MDC), and find that a higher level of
environmental awareness by the government and citizens of the LDC has
comprehensively beneficial effects on environmental policy and regional environmental
quality. It also flattens the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) and shifts it to the left.
Our empirical findings confirm the theoretical projections. In the LDCs, environmental
awareness plays an influential role in determining environmental expenditure; also,
EKCs arrive at the peaks earlier, in countries where the public has higher environmental
awareness.

M Takala - International Journal of psychology, 1991 - Taylor & Francis

The historical and societal background of the Framework for Research on Human
Dimensions of Global Environmental Change is described in the first part of the paper.
Increasing global risks and the destruction of the environment have driven international
organisations to take initiatives for research programmes which are both cross-
disciplinary and cross-national. The main portion of the article examines the
psychological problems of the prerequisites for sustainable development. A part of them
is concerned with various aspects of risk perception. Another part is described in terms
of environmental awareness and human activity. Awareness includes both cognitive and
affective components. Human activity should be examined at different levels, including
decision making, choice behaviour, consumption patterns and the general way of life.
Examples of both descriptive and analytic studies are presented. They indicate
individual inconsistencies of various aspects of awareness and activity and
discrepancies between them. Ways of decreasing the discrepancies are essential for
sustainable development.

QM Duroy - Journal of Environment and Development, 2005 - core.ac.uk

This paper investigates the determinants of environmental values across countries. Its
purpose is
to put the role of economic affluence into perspective by challenging the conventional
wisdom
that states that the level of economic affluence influences the level of environmental
concern
expressed by the population. While this paper does not question the fact that large
scale
environmental defensive activities are likely to be influenced by the level of income in a
country,
it is hypothesized that environmental awareness and individual involvement in
environmental
protection need not be a function of the level of economic affluence. To test this
hypothesis,
three variables are created—Positive Environmental Attitudes, Willingness to Pay to
Protect the
Environment, and Human-Environment Relationship—using data from the World Values
Survey
(1995-1997). The variables are regressed against a set of economic, demographic,
political,
psychological and education variables. The results show that economic affluence has,
at best, a
marginal direct influence on environmental awareness and no direct impact on
environmental
behavior. The paper demonstrates that the degree of urbanization, the level of
subjective wellbeing and the level of income equality have direct effects on awareness,
while education,
population pressure and happiness are significantly correlated with environmental
behavior.

Despite its importance, environmental stewardship is not always the top priority in the
hotel industry in Europe. This study investigates the influence of the geo-political,
economic and socio-cultural context of a country on the environmental attitudes and
pro-ecological initiatives incorporated in this sector. To illustrate the differences, hotels
in Sweden and Poland were targeted and a total of 349 hoteliers participated in an e-
mail-based survey. The study reveals that hotel operators generally recognize the need
for environmental protection and are involved in a number of activities. The economic
situation and pro-environmental efforts initiated by the government were found to have
an impact on certain aspects of hoteliers’ attitudes and actions. The survey has further
indicated the two major directions that need to be followed when introducing
environmental sustainability into the hotel industry. The first involves incorporating
responsible technical and behavioural practices in the sector. The second highlights the
necessity of initiating greater demand for “green” practices from the customers. P
Bohdanowicz (2006)

Also, according to the study of R Esfand, DA Tomalia (2001) Designers and

engineers are constantly searching for inspiration to solve their problems. One source of
inspiration that has been used for centuries is nature. This practice is often referred to
as ‘biomimicry’; innovation inspired by nature. This paper reviews existing literature and
explores biomimicry information relevant for industrial design. Perceived benefits and
pitfalls of using biomimicry in design are critically discussed. The paper stipulates that
when used reductively – with the goal of finding a solution, not to necessarily create an
ecologically sound product – biomimicry can be seen as a supplement to the designer's
existing toolkit. However, it should not be used bombastically as if only nature can
provide the panacea for all (sustainable) design challenges. Based on the review, a new
biomimicry tool is presented in the form of a card deck, displaying categorized sources
of inspiration towards design solutions. This provides industrial designers with an easy
starting point to work with this subject. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and
ERP Environment.
Biomimicry is an applied science that derives inspiration for solutions to human
problems through the study of natural designs, systems and processes. This thesis
represents an investigation into biomimicry and includes the development of a design
method based on biomimetic principles that is applied to the design of curved building
surfaces whose derived integral structure lends itself to ease of manufacture and
construction.Three design concepts are produced that utilize a selection of natural
principles of design outlined in the initial biomimetic investigation. The first design
visualizes the human genome as a template on which the process of architectural
design and construction can be paralleled. This approach utilizes an organizational
structure for design instructions, the adherence to an economy of means, and a holistic
linking of all aspects of a design characteristic of the genetic parallel. A Lakhtakia, RJ
Martín-Palma ( 2013)

DU Weerasinghe, S Perera… - Textile Research …, 2019 

In the Panama context, energy consumption in the building sector is mostly related to
the conditioning of indoor spaces for cooling and lighting. Different nature strategies can
be mimic to strongly impact these two aspects in the building sector, such as the ones
presented here. A comprehensive analysis regarding literature related to biomimicry-
based approaches destined to improve buildings designs is presented here. This
analysis is driven by the increasing energy regulations demands to meet future local
goals and to propose a framework for applications in Panama. Such biomimicry-based
approaches have been further analyzed and evaluated to propose the incorporation of
organism-based design for three of the most climate types found in Panama.
Consequently, a SWOT analysis helped realized the potential that biomimicry-based
approaches might have in improving the odds of in meeting the local and global
regulations demands. The need for multidisciplinary collaboration to accomplish
biomimicry-based-designed buildings, brings an increment in the competitivity regarding
more trained human-assets, widening the standard-construction-sector thinking. Finally,
the analysis presented here can serve as the foundation for further technical
assessment, via numerical and experimental means.

E Royall - UTSoA-Seminar in Sustainable Architecture, 2010

Designers and engineers are constantly searching for inspiration to solve their
problems. One source of inspiration that has been used to some degree for centuries is
nature. This practice is often referred to as “biomimicry”; innovation inspired by nature.
This paper reviews existing literature and explores biomimicry information relevant for
industrial design, as it is rather dispersed or intertwined with information from other
areas. Perceived benefits and pitfalls are critically discussed, and the paper stipulates
that to get the most out of biomimicry, it should be regarded as a way to enlarge the
designer’s solution-space. When used reductively - with the goal to find a solution, not
to necessarily create an ecologically sound product – biomimicry can be seen as a
supplement to the designer’s existing toolkit. However, it should not be used
bombastically and without consideration as if only nature holds the most suitable
solution a design challenge. The paper includes the presentation of a newly developed
tool for designers in the form of a card deck, displaying categorized sources of
inspiration towards design solutions. This provides industrial designers with an easy
starting point to work with this subject.