SANS10144

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SANS 10144:2012
Edition 3
SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Detailing of steel reinforcement for concrete
Published by the South African Bureau of Standards

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SANS 10144:2012
Edition 3
Table of changes
Change No. Date Scope
Acknowledgement
The South African Bureau of Standards wishes to acknowledge the valuable assistance received
from SAICE (structural division) Concrete Committee.
Foreword
This South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS/TC 081/SC 01,
Construction standards – Cement, lime and concrete, in accordance with procedures of the
South African Bureau of Standards, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement.
This document was published in November 2012.
This document supersedes SABS 0144:1995 (edition 2).
Annexes A to E are for information only.
Compliance with this document cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.
Reaffirmed and reprinted in March 2019.

This document will be reviewed every five years
and be reaffirmed, amended, revised or withdrawn.
© SABS
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Edition 3
Introduction
This standard is intended to cover all types of reinforced concrete. Some specialized structures,
such as silos and reservoirs, are not mentioned specifically, but the general principles apply.
The methods set out in the standard are derived from South African practice as evolved over a
period of 50 years. They are used by consulting engineers and reinforcement suppliers, and
represent a good standard of detailing. The provisions set out are not mandatory, but are intended
as a guide to normal procedures.
The object of the standard is to present those methods that will save time and effort in the drawing
office and at the same time facilitate placing of reinforcement and communication with the
construction site, and reduce the likelihood of errors.
NOTE The drawings contained in this standard have been derived from various sources, and do not
necessarily comply with the ISO requirements for drawings. The way in which the drawings have been done, is
therefore not prescriptive.
In writing the standard, it has been found impossible to separate design considerations from
detailing rules because of their interdependence. To avoid confusion, therefore, the reasons for
some of the rules have been included.
The standard is intended to be in accordance with the provisions of SANS 10100-1 but note has
been taken of overriding recommendations in other similar modern standards (ACI1), CEB-FIP2),
Australian, British, German) and recent research findings. Adjustments based on the experience of
members of the committee who prepared this standard have also been made.
It must be emphasized that with the new limit-state approach, the stress in the reinforcement under
normal or even self-weight load conditions is considerably higher than was usual. As a result, good
detailing has become extremely important.
1) ACI: American Concrete Institute.
2) CEB-FIP: Comité Européen du Béton – Fédération Internationale de la Précontrainte.
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Contents
Page
Acknowledgement
Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope .................................................................................................................................. 7
2 Normative references .......................................................................................................... 7
3 Detailing considerations ...................................................................................................... 8

3.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 8
3.2 Design ........................................................................................................................ 8
3.3 Bending schedules ..................................................................................................... 8
3.4 Placing and wiring in position ...................................................................................... 9
3.5 Support of reinforcement ............................................................................................ 9
3.6 Preassembly of cages and mats ................................................................................. 9
3.7 Concreting .................................................................................................................. 9
3.8 Openings, pockets, other trades and services ............................................................ 9
3.9 Measurement of quantities .......................................................................................... 10
3.10 Economical use of reinforcement ................................................................................ 10
4 Detailing of reinforcement .................................................................................................... 11

4.1 Placing drawings ......................................................................................................... 11
4.2 Referencing of bars and placing instructions .............................................................. 13
4.3 Revisions .................................................................................................................... 18
4.4 Preferred spacing of reinforcement ............................................................................. 18
5 Scheduling of bar reinforcement .......................................................................................... 18

5.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 18
5.2 Paper sizes ................................................................................................................. 18
5.3 Title panel ................................................................................................................... 18
5.4 Numbering .................................................................................................................. 19
5.5 Drawing and dimensioning .......................................................................................... 19
5.6 Bending details ........................................................................................................... 20
5.7 Cutting and bending tolerances .................................................................................. 20
5.8 Methods of expressing quantities ............................................................................... 20
5.9 Combined placing drawings and bending schedules .................................................. 21
6 General requirements for all components ............................................................................ 21

6.1 Cover to reinforcement ............................................................................................... 21
6.2 The maintenance of cover and position of reinforcing bars ......................................... 22
6.3 Splicing of reinforcing bars .......................................................................................... 27
6.4 Bends and anchorages for reinforcing bars ................................................................ 28
6.5 Bundling of bars .......................................................................................................... 29
7 Component detailing – Beams ............................................................................................ 30

7.1 Numbering of beams .................................................................................................. 30
7.2 Types of detail ............................................................................................................ 30
7.3 Preferred methods of detailing .................................................................................... 30
7.4 Practical requirements ................................................................................................ 34
7.5 Stirrups ....................................................................................................................... 39
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Contents (continued)
Page
7.6 Beams of depth exceeding 750 mm ............................................................................ 48

7.7 Intersections ............................................................................................................... 50
7.8 Maintaining bars in position ........................................................................................ 51
7.9 Minimum reinforcement requirements ......................................................................... 52
7.10 Curtailment of bars in beams ...................................................................................... 52
7.11 Bent-up bars for shear reinforcement ......................................................................... 56
7.12 Corbels and halving joints ........................................................................................... 56
7.13 Splicing of tension bars ............................................................................................... 60
7.14 Prefabrication of beam cages ..................................................................................... 60
7.15 Corners and cranked beams ....................................................................................... 61
7.16 Deep beams ............................................................................................................... 64
8 Component detailing – Slabs ............................................................................................... 69

8.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 69
8.2 Minimum reinforcement in slabs ................................................................................. 69
8.3 Spacing of bars in slabs .............................................................................................. 70
8.4 Diameters of bars in slabs .......................................................................................... 71
8.5 Scheduling of steel ..................................................................................................... 71
8.6 Maintenance of position of steel ................................................................................. 71
8.7 Openings and corners in slabs ................................................................................... 71
8.8 Cantilever slabs .......................................................................................................... 73
8.9 Curtailment of top-tension reinforcement .................................................................... 79
8.10 Corner reinforcement in two-way slabs ....................................................................... 79
8.11 Slabs of other types .................................................................................................... 79
8.12 Flat slabs .................................................................................................................... 79
9 Component detailing – Columns ......................................................................................... 83

9.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 83
9.2 Detailing method ......................................................................................................... 83
9.3 Main reinforcement ..................................................................................................... 83
9.4 Stirrups ....................................................................................................................... 86
9.5 Splicing of column reinforcement ................................................................................ 90
9.6 Large change in column size ...................................................................................... 91
10 Component detailing – Walls ............................................................................................... 92

10.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 92
10.2 Detailing methods ....................................................................................................... 92
10.3 Reinforced and plain concrete walls ........................................................................... 92
10.4 Kickers ........................................................................................................................ 92
10.5 Cranking of vertical bars ............................................................................................. 92
10.6 Layers of reinforcement in thin walls ........................................................................... 95
10.7 Layers of reinforcement in thicker walls ...................................................................... 95
10.8 Prefabrication of reinforcement ................................................................................... 96
10.9 Vertical stages ............................................................................................................ 96
10.10Clips ........................................................................................................................... 96
10.11Pockets ...................................................................................................................... 96
10.12Splices at top of wall ................................................................................................... 97
10.13Splices to slabs and beams ........................................................................................ 98
10.14Walls with nominal reinforcement or plain concrete walls ........................................... 99
10.15Walls in which the required area of vertical reinforcement exceeds 0,4 % of the
plan area of concrete .................................................................................................. 100
10.16Walls constructed by means of sliding or climbing shuttering ..................................... 100
10.17Retaining walls ........................................................................................................... 101
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10.18 Walls, other than retaining walls, contributing significantly to horizontal stability
of a structure, for example tank walls, silo walls, shear walls, core walls .................. 104
10.19 Walls with corners subjected to horizontal bending ................................................... 104
10.20 Walls subjected to bending forces ............................................................................ 106
11 Component detailing – Foundations ..................................................................................... 106

11.1 Detailing methods ..................................................................................................... 106
11.2 Main reinforcement ................................................................................................... 107
11.3 Combined bases ....................................................................................................... 110
11.4 Pile caps ................................................................................................................... 111
11.5 Raft foundations ........................................................................................................ 111
11.6 Wall foundations ....................................................................................................... 111
11.7 Machine foundations ................................................................................................. 111
11.8 Strap beams ............................................................................................................. 111
11.9 Column starter bars .................................................................................................. 113
12 Staircases ............................................................................................................................ 115

12.1 Diagrammatic details ................................................................................................ 115
12.2 Re-entrant corners .................................................................................................... 115
13 Welded steel mesh ............................................................................................................... 118

13.1 Use of mesh .............................................................................................................. 118
13.2 Types of mesh .......................................................................................................... 118
13.3 Specifications ............................................................................................................ 118
13.4 Mesh placing drawings ............................................................................................. 120
13.5 Scheduling of mesh .................................................................................................. 123
13.6 Bending of mesh ....................................................................................................... 125
13.7 Galvanized mesh ...................................................................................................... 125
13.8 Lapping ..................................................................................................................... 125
14 Detailing with respect to aqueous liquid retaining structures ................................................ 127

14.1 General principles ..................................................................................................... 127
14.2 Causes of cracking ................................................................................................... 127
14.3 Detailing to minimize effects of cracking ................................................................... 128
14.4 Cover ........................................................................................................................ 130
14.5 Joints ........................................................................................................................ 130
15 Detailing of steel reinforcement for post-tensioned concrete slabs ......................................... 131

15.1 General principles ........................................................................................................ 131
15.2 Causes of cracking ..................................................................................................... 131
15.3 Detailing to minimize effects of cracking ..................................................................... 132
15.4 Tendon profiling and positioning ................................................................................. 133
15.5 Cover .......................................................................................................................... 134
15.6 Joints .......................................................................................................................... 135
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Contents (concluded)
Annex A (informative) Steel reinforcement ............................................................................ 136
Annex B (informative) Shape codes ……………………………………………………………….. 138
Annex C (informative) Tables of the area and mass of reinforcing bars .................................. 139
Annex D (informative) Table of bond and lap lengths for fully stressed bars ........................... 140
Annex E (informative) Additional information on corners and cranked beams ………………. ... 141
Bibliography ………………………….………………………………………………….................... 150
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Detailing of steel reinforcement for concrete
1 Scope
1.1 This standard recommends methods for detailing steel reinforcement for concrete and is
applicable to most reinforced concrete.
1.2 The detailer is not expected to make decisions based on design aspects and should always
seek instructions from the designer if there is any doubt as to methods of detailing.
NOTES 1 In this standard, stirrups and ties are measured externally.
NOTES 2 The word "rebar" (meaning "reinforcing bar") is being used overseas and it is possible that in time
it will become common usage in this country.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For
dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Information on currently valid national
and international standards can be obtained from the South African Bureau of Standards.
BS 8007, Code of practice for design of concrete structures for retaining aqueous liquids.
SANS 282, Bending dimensions and scheduling of steel reinforcement for concrete.
SANS 920, Steel bars for concrete reinforcement.
SANS 1024, Welded steel fabric for reinforcement of concrete.
SANS 10100-1 (SABS 0100-1), The structural use of concrete – Part 1: Design.
SANS 10100-2, The structural use of concrete – Part 2: Materials and execution of work.
SANS 10143 (SABS 10143), Building drawing practice.
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3 Detailing considerations
3.1 General
In preparing drawings and bending schedules, bear the following factors in mind:
a) the designer's design requirements;
b) that the quantity, location, and cover of steel reinforcement should be simply, correctly and
clearly shown;
c) that the placing drawings and bending schedules should be adequately cross-referenced,
easily read and capable of easy checking in the drawing office and on site;
d) that it should be possible to locate a detail readily, should a query arise;
e) that one detailer should be able to take over from another with a minimum of delay and
supervision;
f) the cutting and bending of the reinforcement;
g) the sequence of the placing and wiring in position of reinforcement;
h) maintaining the position of reinforcement;
i) the preassembly of cages;
j) the effects of the concreting operation;
k) the accommodation of other trades and services;
l) the measurement of quantities;
m) economy in the use of steel; and
n) the position of construction joints.
3.2 Design
The designer should ensure that the detailer is informed of special considerations for secondary
stresses caused by items such as (but not limited to) support conditions, shrinkage, temperature
variations, bursting effects of laps and splices, and stress concentrations arising from hooks and
bends.
3.3 Bending schedules

Prepare bending schedules on standard size sheets that are small enough to facilitate handling
by clerical, fabrication and placing personnel.
Ensure that bending details are simple and easy to read. Large structural units should be broken
up into components as dictated by construction joints or into readily identifiable units such as
"Floor", "North (East/South/West) wall", "Roof at level xxxx", etc. So compile the schedules that
delivery of the required reinforcing for each component can be affected without the need to
abstract from schedules. Ensure that the system of bar-referencing is coherent and systematic,
and lends itself to easy identification and to use in computer systems.
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3.4 Placing and wiring in position

Ensure that drawings are simple, pictorially clear and adequately detailed to enable the steel fixer
to place bars where required. Avoid crowding drawings with information by detailing by
components. Ensure that reinforcing steel that connects elements to be cast at different times is
so detailed that it is included with that portion to be cast first, for example splice bars for columns,
and continuity reinforcing for beams and slabs to be cast in portions. If the order of casting is not
clear, use suitable cross-references to detail splices in one of the sections. Where the complexity
of the detail is such that an out-of-the-ordinary sequence is required to place the reinforcement,
ensure that the sequence is shown on the detail.
Give consideration to detailing reinforcement that occurs in different layers (for example top and
bottom steel in slabs, and near and far face steel in walls), on separate views if the readability can
be improved by reducing the crowding of information.
3.5 Support of reinforcement
3.5.1 Reinforcement that is placed at cover distances from formwork will be maintained in
position by suitable lifting or spacer units provided for in the main specification. Ensure that
adequate space is allowed for such units by the correct dimensioning of stirrups and clips, taking
required tolerances into consideration.
3.5.2 Top reinforcement in slabs and other components could become displaced as a result of its
own mass or by construction traffic normally expected before or during the placement of concrete.
Provide bracing bars or stools (or both) of suitable rigidity and at suitable spacings with or without
supporting bars of a similar nature, to make it difficult for the reinforcement to be displaced. This
is particularly important where the spacing of bars is so close as to make it difficult or
inconvenient to avoid standing on the reinforcement. Bear in mind that the contractor could raise
an objection regarding the adequacy of the stools provided.
3.6 Preassembly of cages and mats

In components such as columns, foundations, beams and walls, give consideration (when
dictated by specific requirements or to allow the economic use of reinforcement) to so detailing
reinforcement that it can be conveniently preassembled (see 7.14) before it is placed in position.
Ensure that assembled units are sturdy enough to stand up to handling, erection and construction
loads, and that they are not too heavy to be lifted by the men or equipment available for the work.
3.7 Concreting
Ensure that the reinforcement is so spaced as to allow the placing and the efficient consolidation
of the concrete.
3.8 Openings, pockets, other trades and services

Consider holes and openings of significant proportions as permanent features of the structure and
detail the reinforcement to suit. Do not use detailing instructions such as "cut to suit on site"
(see SANS 10143).
Take note of the positions of down pipes (especially inlets and outlets), sleeves, pipes and
electrical conduits, whether shown on the structural layout or not. To avoid site difficulties, show
them on the reinforcement details where necessary.
A typical example of a rainwater inlet is shown in figure 1.
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A Minimum specified cover
B May be less than minimum specified cover
Figure 1 — Rainwater inlet
3.9 Measurement of quantities

It is important to be able to compute the mass of steel used at any stage in a contract. Bending
schedules prepared in accordance with 3.3 will assist in meeting this requirement. Ensure that
placing drawings and bending schedules are adequately cross-referenced and that all revisions
are suitably recorded. If, in the case of a revision, there is any possibility of doubt regarding the
alteration, prepare separate schedules showing only the revision, with adequate cross-
referencing. (For methods of expressing quantities, see 5.8.)
3.10 Economical use of reinforcement

Economy in the use of reinforcement can be achieved if both the type of steel used and the labour
involved in cutting, bending and placing are considered. When considering the types of steel, bear
the following in mind:
a) that where high tensile steel (HT) is used instead of mild steel (MS), considerable savings can
be achieved;
NOTE The consent of the designer should be obtained before MS is substituted for HT.
b) that for stirrups, the difference in the bend radii of high tensile and mild steel should be
considered with regard to the effect that the larger radius required for high tensile bars will
have on the position of corner bars and the resultant reduction in the available space for other
bars; and
c) that reinforcement costs can be reduced:
1) when larger diameter bars are used, since fewer bars would be required; this also saves
labour costs;
2) by the use of maximum lengths (stock lengths) up to 13 m; and
3) possibly by the use of mechanical splices (instead of lapped splices) for larger diameter
bars.
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Labour costs could be further reduced by the minimum usage of bends in bars, reducing the
number of bars and providing clear unambiguous reinforcement details.
4 Detailing of reinforcement
4.1 Placing drawings
4.1.1 Paper sizes
Prepare reinforcement placing details on sheets of size A0 or smaller. Combined placing

drawings and reinforcement bending schedules (see 5.9) should preferably be on sheets of size
A3 or A4. Alternatively, larger sheets may be used, provided that they are so subdivided that they
can be cut down to A3 or A4 size for use in the workshop or on site.
4.1.2 Title panel
4.1.2.1 To facilitate reference when prints are filed or folded, place the title panel in the bottom
right-hand corner of the sheet.
4.1.2.2 In the title panel, put the following information:
a) the drawing number and the revision suffix;
b) the project number;
c) the scale, the date of drawing, and the names or initials of the persons who design, draw and
check the drawing;
d) the project title;
e) the drawing title; and
f) the name, address and telephone number of the organization.
4.1.2.3 In the title panel or in a notes panel, put the following information:
a) the revision details, including the date;
b) the reinforcement cover; and
c) the reinforcement abbreviations.
Update the revision suffix each time the drawing is issued after revision.
4.1.3 Drawings and details
Draw bars in thick lines to ensure that they stand out clearly in relation to structural outline and
dimension lines (see SANS 10143). The recommended methods of indicating bars are shown in
figure 2, and either method may be used. Bars with right angle bends are not normally shown with
a radius.
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True shape of bars Conventional representation of bars
Figure 2 — Recommended methods of indicating bars
Ensure that, for ease of understanding, details are clear and legible and that the different bars in
an arrangement are shown diagrammatically and in correct relationship with one another (see
figure 3).
Figure 3 — Different bars in an arrangement
Give enough information to enable the bars to be correctly placed, including any dimensions that
are required to position ends of bars; these dimensions should be given from a fixed object, such
as a side shutter. When bars are superimposed on others of different lengths, indicate the ends of
the bars by means of the bar mark (see figure 4). On all placing drawings, indicate clearly the
numbers of the related bending schedules. If drawings are to be reduced for issue by photocopy
methods, the reduction should not be such as would impair the readability.
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Figure 4 — Bar mark
4.1.4 Numbering of components
Ensure that each component, such as a slab, panel, beam, column and foundation, has a unique
distinguishing number or other identification, irrespective of whether reinforcement details are
identical in two or more components; for example identical panels could be numbered A1, A2, etc.
4.2 Referencing of bars and placing instructions
4.2.1 Identification and labels
When referencing bars, consider the identification labels or tickets. The labels or tickets are
attached to the bars after they have been cut to length and remain on the bars until they are ready
to be placed in position. For positive identification at each stage, give the following information so
as to enable the correct generation of labels or tickets:
Component/
Type/size Mark Number of Length location
Bending x x x x
Sorting on site x x x x
It can thus be seen that the bar mark need not be unique; every beam can have an A bar.
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4.2.2 Placing and bar notation
When bars are to be placed in position, the essential information required is the number of bars in
the set, the type and size, the mark, the spacing, the location, and, if needed, comment. Typical
examples of the way this information should be indicated on placing drawings are as follows:
a) 14 Y16-08-200 T, which describes fourteen bars type Y of 16 mm diameter, mark 08 at

200 mm centres, in top of member (see figure 5);
b) 25 R8-Q-150 B ABR, which describes twenty-five bars type R of 8 mm diameter, mark Q at

150 mm centres in bottom of member, with alternate bars reversed; and
c) 7 Y16-09 and 7 Y16-10 ALT at 200, which describes seven bars type Y of 16 mm diameter,
mark 09, and seven bars type Y of 16 mm diameter, mark 10, placed in order 09, 10, 09, 10,
09, 10, etc., the spacing between successive bars being 200 mm.
Either of the methods shown in figure 5 may be used to show bar placing requirements.
Method 1 Method 2
Figure 5 — Bar placing
4.2.3 Type of steel
Use the following symbols to refer to the type of steel (see SANS 920 and annex A) or steel mesh
(see SANS 1024 and 13.2) to be used and, where necessary, give a more detailed description in
the specification.
R = plain round mild steel bars of strength 250 MPa;
Y = high yield deformed steel bars of strength 450 MPa;
Z = types of steel not covered by R or Y; and
SM = standard mesh) high tensile wire of strength 485 MPa.

DM = design mesh)
Explain the meaning of Z in the specification, on the drawings and in the schedules.
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Detail bars of symbol Z on separate schedules. Give the symbols and the types of reinforcement
on the bar bending schedules.
NOTE Unless specifically noted otherwise, different types of steel may be used in the same member.
4.2.4 Size of bars
Show the size of bars, i.e. the nominal diameter, in millimetres, as follows:
8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40 or 50.
NOTE Y8 reinforcement is generally unavailable but high tensile wire of diameter 8 mm is commonly
available.
4.2.5 Bar marks
NOTE The bar size is not part of the bar mark.
4.2.5.1 The bar mark could consist of one of the following:
a) a two-digit number in the range 01 to 99, with or without a letter prefix or suffix, for example
B25 or 87K;
b) a three-digit number in the range 001 to 999;
c) a letter in the range A to Z or a pair of letters, AB to AZ; and
NOTE Avoid the use of lower case letters, since they are easily confused with numbers, and do not use
“I” or “O”.
d) a letter or letters as in (c) above, followed by a single-digit number, for example K5 and AL9.
4.2.5.2 No bar mark should consist of more than three characters. Ensure that prefixes or
suffixes of letters or numbers that are used to describe the location of the bars or to describe any
other function are not included in the bar mark. An example of a system that uses the bar mark to
describe the bar location is given in table 1.
4.2.5.3 When detailing by components, it is convenient to start scheduling each component with,
say, mark "A" and to rely on a component marking system to distinguish the bars on site, i.e. the
same mark may be used in different components on the same drawing or bending schedule.
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Table 1 — Location method of bar marking
1 2 3
Location in component Number Letter
Vertical bars in columns and walls
Stairs 01 to 29 A to F
Horizontal bars in foundations, pile caps, beams, and
slabs – bottom
Horizontal bars in foundations, pile caps, beams, and G to L and T
30 to 49
slabs – top (omit I)
Shaped bars in beams and, e.g., shear bars 50 to 59 U to Y
Stirrups 60 to 79 S, S1, etc.
Horizontal bars in walls
M to P
Spacer bars 80 to 99
(omit O)
Bars other than the above
NOTE Where the allocated numbers are insufficient, use 30A, 30B, 30C, etc., or G1, G2,
G3, etc.
4.2.6 Symbols — Location or comment
Ensure that the location or comment relating to the placing of a bar is not ambiguous. Use only
the symbols listed below:
ABR = alternate bars reversed
ALT = alternately
B = bottom
B1 = lowest of the bottom layers
B2 = second lowest of the bottom layers
B3 = third lowest of the bottom layers
CHC = continuous high chair
EF = each face
EW = each way
FF = far face) Ensure that the direction of viewing is made clear on the key plan
NF = near face)
HC = high chair
HOR = horizontal
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NTS = not to scale
STG = staggered
T = top
T1 = highest of the top layers
T2 = second highest of the top layers
T3 = third highest of the top layers
TOG = together
VER = vertical
Examples of the use of some symbols are given in figure 6.
Figure 6 — Examples of the use of some symbols
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4.3 Revisions
Ensure that revisions are so made that confusion, omissions and double delivery can be avoided.
When it becomes necessary to revise a previously issued placing drawing or bending schedule,
do so by crossing out (but not erasing) the letters and figures that are to be changed. Show the
new figures/letters and a revision letter set in a triangle adjacent to the correction. (This revision
letter is not necessarily related to one on a corresponding drawing or bending schedule, though it
could, by coincidence, sometimes be the same.) Ensure that, on any revised placing drawing, the
number(s) of the relevant revised schedule(s) is/are clearly stated, and vice versa.
4.4 Preferred spacing of reinforcement

The preferred spacings of reinforcement are from 75 mm to 200 mm, in increments of 25 mm, and
from 200 mm upwards, in increments of 50 mm (see 7.4.1 and 8.3.5).
5 Scheduling of bar reinforcement

5.1 General
Scheduling is the operation of listing the size, type, length and bending details for each bar (or
sheet of welded mesh) detailed on the placing drawings for the purpose of cutting, bending and
bundling the bars for dispatch to site.
A recommended reinforcing bar schedule format is given in SANS 282 and in figure 56, where the
shape code columns may be omitted. A recommended schedule format for welded mesh is
shown in figure 89.
5.2 Paper sizes

Schedules should be on sheets of size A3 or A4 and should be of one size only for any one job.
The sheets should have a clear margin of at least 10 mm all round to allow for filing, and for
registration errors during printing. Where sheets of size A0 or A1 are used, ensure that they are
so subdivided that they can be cut down to A3 or A4 size for use in the workshop or on site.
5.3 Title panel

5.3.1 To facilitate reference when prints are filed or folded, place the title panel in the bottom
right-hand corner of the sheet.
5.3.2 In the title panel, put the following information:
a) the schedule number and the revision suffix;
b) the project number;
c) the reference drawing number;
d) the date of the schedule and the names or initials of the persons who design, draw and check
the schedule;
e) the project title;
f) the sheet title and the section; and
g) the name, address and telephone number of the consulting engineer.
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5.3.3 In the title panel or in a notes panel, put the following information:
a) the revision details, including the date;
b) the reinforcement cover;
c) the reinforcement type;
d) the reinforcement abbreviations; and
e) the reinforcement masses, if required.
Update the revision suffix each time the drawing is issued after revision.
5.4 Numbering
Ensure that the schedules have simple consecutive numbers and that they are cross-referenced
to the related placing drawing or key plan. (Similarly, ensure that the bending schedule numbers
are shown on the placing drawing or key plan.) Ensure that each schedule refers to one drawing
only and to one specific section of the job and component (foundation, column or beam).
For large projects, the schedule number may also incorporate the section identification, for
example 1075/FF/27, which indicates job No. 1075, first floor slab, sheet No. 27. (Ensure that the
sheet number in this example, i.e. 27, is not used for any other sheet in the same project.) This
facilitates grouping and identification. Avoid such terms as "page number" or "sheet 2 of 14",
which can be confusing.
5.5 Drawing and dimensioning

Ensure that bar shapes and dimensions are clear and unambiguous. Dimension obtuse or acute
angles for bends by using either offsets or slopes, whichever is more important. Because of the
radii, there is no point on the bar that can be identified as a "corner". Calculate the slope length as
the distance between intersection of the projections of the outer bar lines as seen in elevation,
measured parallel to the slope, as follows:
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Only use overall dimensions where slopes are not critical but the overall dimensions are critical.
Otherwise show the slope, even if it means using a non-standard bar, but ensure that the overall
dimension is not critical. Avoid details where both slope and overall dimension are critical. Where
it is unavoidable to do so, mark the drawing to indicate critical dimensions. Indicate dimensions as
follows:
NOTE Compare with shape code 49 of SANS 282.
Example of critical and non-critical dimensions Example of critical overall

and critical slope
In the case of a bar that has multiple critical dimensions, it is advisable that a dimensioned section
of the component that shows the bar be included with the schedule, to enable the fabricator to
draw the section and check the bar for fit.
5.6 Bending details

Use the bar shapes shown in SANS 282 and in annex B.
5.7 Cutting and bending tolerances

The tolerance on a dimension of a bar should be the applicable value shown in SANS 282.
5.8 Methods of expressing quantities

Express the quantity of steel reinforcement generally as follows:
a) bar reinforcement: the total mass, in kilograms, for each separate bar diameter for each type
of steel; and
b) welded steel mesh: in the case of
1) standard mesh (SM), the gross area, in square metres, of each mesh of the same reference
number (see SANS 1024), and
2) design mesh (DM), the mass, in kilograms.
NOTE 1 It is desirable but not essential to show the quantity of reinforcement on bending schedules.
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NOTE 2 The exact requirements for expressing quantities of reinforcement will often be prescribed by the
"standard methods of measurement" pertaining to a particular construction contract. In such cases, this can
take precedence over (a) and (b) above.
5.9 Combined placing drawings and bending schedules

It is strongly recommended that placing details and bending schedules that relate to one
component appear on the same drawing. Standardized exploded forms of placing diagrams have
been developed that serve equally well as bending schedules. The use of such techniques
facilitates the work of the detailer, the bender, the reinforcement placer, the checker and the
contractor, and considerably reduces the work in the drawing office. If complicated details
necessitate more specific description than is normally provided, make special sketches or
drawings, done to scale, on the same size drawing sheets. In such cases, provide a key plan that
locates and identifies the components.
All the principles set out with regard to placing drawings (see 4.1) and bending schedules apply to
the combined placing and bending schedules.
6 General requirements for all components

6.1 Cover to reinforcement
6.1.1 Nominal cover
Nominal cover is the dimension used in the design. Ensure that it is indicated on the
reinforcement drawings. This cover is to the outside steel (for example, in beams and columns, it
is to the outside of the stirrup).
The extent of the nominal cover should be the highest value determined on the basis of the
following:
a) the size of the reinforcement (The cover to any bar should be at least equal to the diameter of
the bar or, in the case of a bundle of three or four bars, at least equal to the diameter of the
equivalent single bar (see 6.5 for information on bundling).);
b) the degree and nature of exposure of the finished structure (The cover required to protect the
reinforcement from corrosion is reduced if higher quality concrete is used.); and
c) the fire rating of the structure, i.e. the protection required to prevent excessive temperature
increase in the reinforcement during a fire.
6.1.2 Cover required for various exposure conditions
The cover for particular conditions of exposure is given in SANS 10100-2.
6.1.3 Special cover
If surface treatment of the concrete is required, for example to produce a bush-hammered or

exposed aggregate finish, ensure that the cover is increased by the expected effective depth of
the treatment.
Additional cover might also be needed if chases are formed in the concrete surface, and porous
aggregates, such as slag, are used or if low-density concrete is specified.
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6.1.4 Cover for fire protection
6.1.4.1 Values for fire resistance of various components are given in SANS 10100-1.
6.1.4.2 Other factors that should be considered in relation to fire protection are as follows:
a) cover for fire protection that has a thickness exceeding 30 mm might have to be bound in with
wire mesh;
b) special plasters can be used to reduce the cover that would otherwise be required;
c) careful attention should be given to special type floors (see SANS 10100-1);
d) the cover for beams can be reduced if there is more than one layer of steel
(see SANS 101001); and
e) in low-rise buildings of high fire risk, it is necessary to establish the required fire rating.
6.1.5 Bar dimensions
When determining the dimensions on the bending schedule in cases where reinforcement is to fit
between two concrete faces, use the values for deductions given in column 5 of table 2. The
recommended deductions apply to reinforced concrete construction where the tolerances on the
size of the member are as specified in column 4 of table 2. Where tolerances are in excess of
these, increase the values of the deductions accordingly.
Table 2 — Deductions from bar dimensions
Dimensions in millimetres
1 2 3 4 5
Distance between Tolerances Deductions
Type of bar
concrete faces Reinforcement Formwork Totala
0 to1 000 Stirrups and +5 ±5 10
1 001 to 2 000 other bent bars + 5 to 10 ±5 10
Over 2 000 + 5 to 25 ± 10 15
Any length Straight bars ± 25 ± 10 35
a Based on limit of each "plus" tolerance (see 5.7).
6.2 The maintenance of cover and position of reinforcing bars
6.2.1 General
Steel reinforcement should be properly supported or stayed in order to ensure that correct cover
and position are maintained during the placing of concrete.
6.2.2 Spacing of supports
6.2.2.1 Horizontal bars
The spacing of supports for horizontal bars should conform to the appropriate values given in
table 3.
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Table 3 — Spacing of supports for horizontal bars
1 2 3
Nominal diameter Minimum spacing of supports
of bars High tensile steel Mild steel
8 500 400
10 and 12 600 500
16 and 20 1 200 1 000
25 and 32 1 800 1 500
6.2.2.2 Vertical bars
Support bars shall be at the vertical forces of components in at least two positions over both width
and height, the positions being not more than 1 m apart in the case of bars of nominal diameter
up to 12 mm and 1,5 m apart in the case of bars of nominal diameter 16 mm and more.
6.2.3 Methods of support
The cover and position of bars should be maintained by the use of
a) bar supports and cover blocks, and
b) steel stools and high chairs.
6.2.4 Bar supports and cover blocks
Bar supports and cover blocks are not usually of height exceeding 75 mm. A number of types are
available and the choice of the one to be used depends largely on whether the reinforcement is to
bear on the device or lean against it. In the latter case, the device should be positively attached to
a vertical or horizontal bar or to the formwork, to ensure that it is not displaced during the erection
of reinforcing steel or formwork or during the placing of concrete. Ring-type cover devices should
be used to support column bars.
Cover devices can be made of mortar, fibre cement, plastics or steel. Considerations that affect
the choice of the type to be used (other than steel) are given in table 4.
Mortar cover blocks for bottom bars are often made on site and could contain a projecting wire
with which to attach the steel bar being supported. The mortar cover blocks should be dense and
made from a 1:1 cement and coarse sand mix and cured for seven days; they should be of
thickness at least 20 mm and should be placed under the upper layer of a bottom reinforcement
mat. Plastics devices should be strong enough to withstand crushing.
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Table 4 — Suitability of different types of cover device
1 2 3 4 5 6
Consideration
Type of device Appearance Weathering

Fire Steam Corrosion of
of finished of finished
resistance curing reinforcement
concrete concrete
Mortar blocks NS WC S S S
Rings of mortar WC S S S S
Fibre-cement blocks WC WC S S S
Plastics ringsa S WC WC S WC
Plastics chairsa S WC WC S WC
Key: S suitable;
WC suitable with care; and
NS not suitable.
a Care should be taken in the choice of the shape of the spacer
6.5.2 Steel stools and high chairs
6.2.5.1 General
Steel stools and high chairs are used to support the top reinforcement of suspended slabs and
foundations. Determine the height of the supports from the cover required and from the diameter
of bars used, and specify the height in multiples of 10 mm.
6.2.5.2 Steel stools
Steel stools should be bent to shape code 83 (see annex B). They are detailed and priced as
reinforcement. The dimensions of steel stools should conform to the appropriate values given in
table 5.
Table 5 — Size of steel stools
1 2 3 4
Diameter of stools
Feature of stools mm
10 12 16
Height range, mm 100 to 300 310 to 500 510 to 1 000
Top length, mm, max. 300 450 600
Length of feet, mma 100 150 250
Bars supported 2 2 or 3 2 or 3
a When the stools are supported on the bottom reinforcement,
the length of the feet are to be equal to 1,5 times the bar
spacing plus 100 mm (see figure 7).
In general, specify stools to support the lower layer of the top mat, two bars at a time and at the
spacing recommended in 6.2.2.
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Depending on the diameter and spacing of the bars in the lower layer of the top mat, one or two
lines of bars may be left unsupported (see figure 7). In this event, ensure that the lower layer of
the top mat is well tied to the upper supported reinforcement. It may be acceptable for stools to
stand on the formwork or foundation blinding direct, but where this is not permitted, the feet of the
stools may be extended and the height adjusted to allow them to be supported on the bottom
reinforcement, two bars at a time. Care should then be taken to ensure that the cover devices to
the bottom reinforcement are of adequate strength to support the extra mass.
Figure 7 — Bar mat
6.2.5.3 High chairs (HC)
High chairs are factory made and support one bar at a time (see figure 8). They stand on the
formwork or blinding direct, and the legs may, if so required, be fitted with plastics ferrules (paint
is not satisfactory). Positioning and spacing follow the same rules as for bottom cover devices.
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High chairs are not reinforcement items and are measured separately.
Figure 8 — High chairs
6.2.5.4 Continuous high chairs (CHC)
Continuous high chairs are usually of length at least 2 m. The diameter of the top bars and the
diameter and spacing of the legs will vary according to heights and details of design (see table 6),
and for this reason, continuous high chairs are usually specified by height and are paid for by
length. They are not scheduled as reinforcement. The chair legs stand on formwork or blinding
direct and may, if so required, be fitted with plastics ferrules.
Continuous high chairs of acceptable strength can be made from bar reinforcement by welding
(see figure 9).
Table 6 — Dimensions of continuous high chairs
1 2 3
Dimension
Features of continuous high chairs Height range
80 to150 160 to 200
Diameter of leg 8 10
Top bar diameter 10 10
Spacing of legs 400 400
Height increment 10 10
Length of chair 2 2
Figure 9 — Continuous high chair
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6.3 Splicing of reinforcing bars
6.3.1 General
Splicing is the method of transferring force from one bar to another. Methods of splicing include
lapping, welding, and mechanical means.
6.3.2 Lapping splices
6.3.2.1 The following are two methods of lap splicing:
a) placing or cranking one bar next to the other with a lap of a bond length (see figure 10 and
7.13.3); and
NOTE Cranking of bars should be avoided as far as possible since it causes bursting forces and tends
to induce cracking.
Figure 10 — Lapping splices
b) butting two bars and providing a splicing bar to cover the butting point over a bond length on
each side. With the use of this method, in a series of adjacent bars, butts can be provided at
points that are at least a bond length apart. A single splicing bar extending over all the butting
points is then provided (see figure 11).
Section
Figure 11 — Single splicing bar
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6.3.2.2 Where bars are in tension, the question of crack control has to be considered and the
maximum distance between the bars on either side of a spliced bar should not exceed 300 mm
for reinforcement of nominal tensile strength 250 MPa, or 180 mm for reinforcement of nominal
tensile strength 450 MPa (see figure 11).
Outer corner bars of beams should generally be spliced in positions of least stress. Where such a
splice is essential, so place the nearest effective bar that the distance between its outer face and
the corner does not exceed 150 mm for mild steel (MS) reinforcement or 90 mm for high tensile
(HT) steel reinforcement (see SANS 10100-1 and figure 11). Because cracks induced by sudden
changes in section can induce premature shear failure and because laps induce bursting forces in
the concrete, not more than the greater of one bar and one-fifth of the steel area should be lapped
or stopped off at any one section except at ends of beams, and splices should be staggered by at
least one bond length.
6.3.3 Welded splices
Welded splices are not generally recommended but, if required, should be carried out in
accordance with an appropriate specification (see SANS 10100-1). High tensile steel reinforcing
bars that comply with SANS 920 are not weldable unless especially so specified.
6.3.4 Mechanical splices
There are a number of types of mechanical splices available, all of which use sleeves or devices
that fit over bars to be joined. When the use of mechanical splices is being considered, specialist
advice should be obtained and the splice detailed accordingly.
6.4 Bends and anchorages for reinforcing bars
6.4.1 Standard radii
The minimum standard internal radii for bends in reinforcing bars and for anchorages at the ends
of reinforcing bars are two bar diameters for mild steel bars and three bar diameters for high
tensile steel bars.
NOTE See annex C for area and mass of reinforcing bars.
6.4.2 Large radius bends
Where larger than standard radii are required to control bearing stresses such as for bent-up bars
in beams or slabs and for bars that are to be continuous around corners in connections between
beams and columns, and at junctions of retaining walls and foundations, each bar should be bent
around a former to a radius of at least 7,5 times the nominal diameter of the bar. Large diameter
highly stressed bars in poor concrete will require a larger radius. (See also 7.11.3.) Generally,
reinforcement fabricators use formers of the following sizes for bending bars of nominal diameter:
a) 8 mm and 10 mm: a former of radius 100 mm;
b) 12 mm: a former of radius 150 mm;
c) 16 mm and 20 mm: a former of radius 200 mm; and
d) 25 mm and 32 mm: a former of radius 250 mm.
Formers of larger radii are not generally available.
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6.4.3 Bar scheduling
Ensure that the required radius of bend is clearly indicated on bending schedules. In the case of
bars that are to be bent to standard shapes, insert on each bar line a suitable note calling
attention to any special radii (see SANS 282).
6.4.4 Effective anchorage values of hooks and bends
The effective value of an anchorage at the end of a bar, measured from the start of the curve of
the bend or hook (see figure 12) to four diameters beyond the curve, is the lesser of 24 bar
diameters and,
a) in the case of a bend, four times the internal radius of the bend, and
b) in the case of a hook, eight times the internal radius of the hook.
NOTE 1 The dimensions A-B and A-H are not shown on standard bending details and should be adjusted
accordingly.
NOTE 2 In the case of anchorage for lapping, A-B and A-H should be at least the appropriate values given
in annex D.
Figure 12 — Anchorage of hooks and bends
6.5 Bundling of bars
6.5.1 General
Bundled bars are groups of two, three or four bars that are tied together and that are in contact
side by side (see figure 15).
6.5.2 Advantages
Because bundled bars provide more reinforcement in less space than do single bars, it is possible
to reinforce a member more heavily and still get good compaction of concrete. In this way, beam
widths can often be reduced, with a corresponding saving in cost.
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6.5.3 Disadvantages
6.5.3.1 The bond strength of a bundle is less than the sum of the bond strengths of the individual
bars. This is owing to the smaller perimeter in contact with the concrete, and to the bursting forces
developed, which are a function of the total force transferred by bond.
6.5.3.2 Because of the effect referred to in 6.5.3.1, cover should be increased to that required for
a single bar of the same cross-sectional area as that of bundled bars. The bond reduction factors
given in SANS 10100-1 and other standards take these effects into account.
6.5.3.3 Not more than one bar at a time in bundled bars may be curtailed or spliced, except at the
end of a beam. Ensure that a full lap (tension or compression) is provided between points of
curtailment or splicing.
6.5.4 Columns
Unless patented splices are used, the bundling of bars in columns is not recommended, since all
joints have to be staggered at 40 bar diameters. However, even when patented splices are used,
the necessary staggering of splices makes assembly difficult and prefabrication impossible. It is
recommended, therefore, that a splint splice be provided for each joint or, alternatively, that an
additional bar be provided for each bundle.
7 Component detailing — Beams

NOTE This clause deals generally with the detailing of beams for which the assumption that plane sections
remain plane in bending applies. Empirical rules for the detailing of stirrups and longitudinal side bars in
beams of depth exceeding 750 mm, are given in 7.6. These beams are not to be confused with deep beams
for which the above assumption does not apply and which are not covered in SANS 10100-1. Guidelines for
the design of deep beams are given in SANS 10100-1. Recommendations for the detailing of deep beams
are given in 7.16.
7.1 Numbering of beams

Number all beams with unique numbers, even if they are otherwise identical. A recommended
system is as follows: starting in one corner of the structure, number the beams in one direction
from 1 up to 100, and number the beams at right angles to those, starting from 101. If there are
more than 100 beams in one direction, start numbering the beams at right angles at 201 or 301,
etc.
7.2 Types of detail

There are two main types of detailing for beams that have shear reinforcement, namely with
stirrups only and with bent-up bars and stirrups. Although bent-up bars used for top and bottom
reinforcement in continuous beams are economical, where special anchorage lengths have to be
detailed, stirrups are more economical and easier to bend and fix. Bent-up bars are hardly ever
used in building construction.
7.3 Preferred methods of detailing

7.3.1 General
Beams can be detailed by means of exploded views or by full detailed elevations which should be
drawn to scale. These methods are often used for civil engineering structures. (See also 7.3.2.)
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7.3.1.1 Exploded views
In an exploded view, show the main bars in their relative positions diagrammatically but not
necessarily to scale. Place top bars towards the top of the diagram, and straight bottom bars
towards the bottom of the diagram. Insert stirrup-placing details below the information that relates
to longitudinal bars (see figure 13).
7.3.1.2 Types of exploded views
Two types of exploded view detailing that could be used are as follows:
a) the placing drawing is combined with bending information; the same reinforcement schedule is
used for bending and for placing the reinforcement (see figures 13 and 14); and
b) the placing drawing is separate from the bending schedule. (For building construction, they are
often printed on the same sheet of paper.)
In either case, ensure that the order of scheduling is the same as the order of representation of
the bars (from top to bottom – see figures 13 and 14).
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Figure 13 — Exploded view Type A
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Figure 14 — Exploded view Type B
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7.3.2 Drawing to scale
Whether or not drawing to scale is necessary will depend on the complexity of the detailing and
the skill and experience of the detailer. However, in the case of beams of length exceeding 12 m,
beams that have more than two types of bent-up bars, cranked beams, and non-prismatic beams,
consider detailing exploded views to scale.
7.3.3 Identification
Indicate and identify beam supports, for example column 36A, and give dimensions and the clear
span between consecutive supports. Give the identification of adjacent beams where continuity
occurs. Bar marks should start from 01 or A for each beam, depending on whether a numerical or
an alphabetical system is used (see 4.2.5). Alternatively, a location system of numbering may be
used, but this too should start afresh for each beam, for example bottom bars may be marked 01,
02, 03, etc., and stirrups 60, 61, etc., or A, B, C, etc., and S, S1, etc. (see table 1).
Ensure that an adequate number of sections is drawn to facilitate the wiring of reinforcement in
position. The sections should show the reinforcement cages at critical points along the length of
the beam. It is not necessary to show the outline of the concrete unless this is needed to clarify
the placing requirements, but it is desirable where features such as nibs occur.
Dimension the position of the starts or ends of bars and stirrups from the face of the support, or
from the centre line of beams or columns.
Show continuity bars consistently on the same side of all beams, usually on the right-hand side.
Bars detailed elsewhere, that project into the beam, should be shown as a heavy broken line, and
a note should be given on the drawing.
7.4 Practical requirements

7.4.1 Minimum spacing
Recommendations for minimum spacing (and cover for normal exposure) of bars in beams are
given in table 7 and in figure 15. For beams that have one layer of reinforcement, the
arrangement with the use of pairs of bars enables the greatest number of bars to be used. The
numbers of bars given in the table are the maximum numbers and might have to be considerably
reduced at intersections.
The numbers given for bundles in the table refer to the bars in the bottom layer only. An odd
number given for pairs or bundles indicates that there is not enough room for an extra pair or
bundle and only one bar can be fitted in, for example the number 5 in column 7 or column 10 of
table 7 means two sets of two bars and one single bar.
7.4.2 Maximum spacing
In order to control crack widths, the clear distance between bars should not exceed 300 mm for
reinforcement of tensile strength 250 MPa and 125 mm for reinforcement of tensile strength
450 MPa in the top of the beam at continuous supports, and 175 mm for reinforcement of tensile
strength 450 MPa in the bottom of the beam (see SANS 10100-1).
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Table 7 — Beam reinforcement: maximum number of bars per layer
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Outside dimensions of Number of bottom bars Number of top bars per
Beam Bar stirrups per layer (maximum) layer (maximum) Spacing of bars
width dia. Single Pairs Bundles Single Pairs Bundles Single Pairs Bundles Single Pairs Bundles
150 16 100 100 100 1 2 2 0 0 0 30 35 40
20 100 100 100 1 0 0 0 0 0 30 35 40
25 100 100 80 1 0 0 0 0 0 30 35 43
32 100 80 60 1 0 0 0 0 0 32 45 55
200 16 150 150 150 2 2 2 1 0 0 30 35 40
20 150 150 150 2 2 2 1 0 0 30 35 40
25 150 150 130 2 2 2 1 0 0 30 35 43
32 150 130 110 2 2 0 10 0 0 32 45 55
220 16 170 170 170 2 4 3 2 2 2 30 35 40
20 170 170 170 2 3 3 2 2 2 30 35 40
25 170 170 150 2 3 2 1 0 0 30 35 43
32 170 150 130 2 2 2 1 0 0 32 45 55
250 16 200 200 200 3 4 4 2 4 4 30 35 40
20 200 200 200 3 4 4 2 3 3 30 35 40
25 200 200 180 3 4 3 2 2 2 30 35 43
32 200 180 160 2 2 2 2 0 0 32 45 55
300 16 250 250 250 4 6 6 3 5 5 30 35 40
20 250 250 250 4 5 5 3 4 4 30 35 40
25 250 250 230 3 3 4 3 4 3 30 35 43
32 250 250 210 3 3 3 2 3 2 32 45 55
330 16 280 280 280 5 6 6 4 6 6 30 35 40
20 280 280 280 4 6 6 4 5 5 30 35 40
25 280 280 260 4 5 4 3 4 4 30 35 43
32 280 260 240 3 4 3 3 3 3 32 45 55
350 16 300 300 300 5 7 6 5 6 6 30 35 40
20 300 300 300 5 6 6 4 6 6 30 35 40
25 300 300 280 4 6 5 4 5 4 30 35 43
32 300 280 260 4 4 4 3 4 3 32 45 55
400 16 350 350 350 6 8 8 6 8 8 30 35 40
20 350 350 350 6 8 7 5 7 6 30 35 40
25 350 350 350 5 7 6 5 6 6 30 35 43
32 350 350 310 5 5 4 4 4 4 32 45 55
450 16 400 400 400 7 10 10 7 9 9 30 35 40
20 400 400 400 7 9 8 6 8 8 30 35 40
25 400 400 380 6 8 7 5 7 6 30 35 43
32 400 380 360 5 6 5 5 6 5 32 45 55
500 16 450 450 450 8 12 10 8 10 10 30 35 40
20 450 450 450 8 10 10 7 10 9 30 35 40
25 450 450 430 7 9 8 6 8 8 30 35 43
32 450 430 410 6 7 6 5 6 6 32 45 55
550 16 500 500 500 9 12 12 9 12 12 30 35 40
20 500 500 500 9 12 11 8 10 10 30 35 40
25 500 500 480 8 10 9 7 10 8 30 35 43
32 500 480 460 7 8 7 6 7 6 32 45 55
600 16 550 550 550 10 14 14 10 14 13 30 35 40
20 550 550 550 10 12 12 9 12 12 30 35 40
25 550 550 530 9 11 10 8 10 10 30 35 43
32 550 530 510 7 8 8 7 8 7 32 45 55
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Table 7 (concluded)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Outside dimensions of Number of bottom bars Number of top bars per
stirrups per layer (maximum) layer (maximum) Spacing of bars
Beam Bar
width dia. Single Pairs Bundles Single Pairs Bundles Single Pairs Bundles Single Pairs Bundles
650 16 600 600 600 11 16 14 11 15 14 30 35 40
20 600 600 600 11 14 13 10 13 12 30 35 40
25 600 600 580 10 12 11 9 12 10 30 35 43
32 600 580 560 8 10 8 8 9 8 32 45 55
700 16 650 650 650 12 17 16 12 16 16 30 35 40
20 650 650 650 11 15 14 11 14 14 30 35 40
25 650 650 630 10 14 12 10 12 12 30 35 43
32 650 630 610 9 10 9 8 10 9 32 45 55
750 16 700 700 700 14 18 18 13 18 17 30 35 40
20 700 700 700 12 16 16 12 16 15 30 35 40
25 700 700 680 11 14 13 11 14 12 30 35 43
32 700 680 660 10 11 10 9 10 10 32 45 55
800 16 750 750 750 15 20 18 14 19 18 30 35 40
20 750 750 750 13 18 16 13 17 16 30 35 40
25 750 750 730 12 16 14 12 15 14 30 35 43
32 750 730 710 10 12 11 10 12 10 32 45 55
850 16 800 800 800 16 22 20 15 20 20 30 35 40
20 800 800 800 14 19 18 14 18 18 30 35 40
25 800 800 780 13 17 15 12 16 14 30 35 43
32 800 780 760 11 13 12 11 12 11 32 45 55
900 16 850 850 850 17 22 22 16 22 21 30 35 40
20 850 850 850 15 20 19 15 20 18 30 35 40
25 850 850 830 14 18 16 13 17 16 30 35 43
32 850 830 810 12 14 12 11 13 12 32 45 55
950 16 900 900 900 18 24 22 17 24 22 30 35 40
20 900 900 900 16 22 20 16 21 20 30 35 40
25 900 900 880 15 19 17 14 18 16 30 35 43
32 900 880 860 13 14 13 12 14 13 32 45 55
1 000 16 950 950 950 19 26 24 18 25 24 30 35 40
20 950 950 950 17 23 22 17 22 21 30 35 40
25 950 950 930 16 20 18 15 20 18 30 35 43
32 950 930 910 13 16 14 13 15 14 32 45 55
NOTE 1 The parameters used to calculate the table are as follows:
a) minimum clear space allowed between bars (with the use of 20 mm or 25 mm aggregate):
single bars : 30 mm or effective diameter;
pairs of bars : 35 mm or effective diameter ( dia . _ 2 );

3 bar bundles: 40 mm or effective diameter ( dia . _ 3 );
b) side cover to main bars is greater of (25 mm + stirrup diameter) and effective diameter – fire or corrosion risk could require an
increase;
c) 100 mm allowance for vibrator (top bars only) – could be reduced if small vibrator is available; and
d) 10 % of diameter allowed for ribs and 10 mm tolerance on stirrups.
NOTE 2 Allowance should be made in bottom cover if pairs or bundles are used. Radius of three times stirrup diameter allowed for
corner bars (bottom only) stirrup dia. 10 mm.
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Figure 15 — Recommendations for minimum spacing
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7.4.3 Spacing of top reinforcement at supports for concrete placing
7.4.3.1 Top reinforcement at columns or beam intersections should have a clear space of width
at least 100 mm for the placing of concrete and to permit compaction with a vibrator (see figure
16).
7.4.3.2 Where the thickness of a slab that is supported by a beam is sufficient and the stirrup
spacing is at least 100 mm, it is possible to insert a vibrator at the side of the beam (see figure
17), and in this case, for beams of width less than 900 mm, it is not necessary to leave the space
required in terms of 7.4.3.1. Table 7 can be used for such cases, but make allowance for the
space occupied by stirrup carrier bars.
7.4.3.3 In order to obtain enough space for the insertion of a vibrator, some tension zone
continuity bars could be placed in the slab. Although this helps to reduce cracking in the slab
caused by the flexure of the beams, this should not, however, be done without the consent of the
designer, who should consider the ability of the slab to transfer shear forces.
Figure 16 — Top reinforcement columns or Figure 17 — Stirrup spacing of at least

beam intersections with at least 100 mm 100 mm to allow the vibrator to be inserted
clear space
7.4.4 Bond
Tests have shown that top bars in beams have a lower bond strength than bottom bars. This is
largely because of better compaction in the bottom section and because of settlement of the
concrete after compaction.
Annex D gives required bond lengths for different grades of concrete and reinforcement. These
lengths should be increased for top bars, a suggested value for the increase being 50 % for top
bars of nominal diameter exceeding 20 mm.
If additional anchorage is required, use square bends in preference to round hooks, since square
bends interfere less with the placing of steel and concrete. Where such additional anchorage is
required and in the absence of other instructions from the designer, the radius of the right angle
bend should not be less than 7,5 bar diameters.
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7.4.5 Side cover
To reduce the possibility of spalling of the concrete because of compressive stresses in the bend
(apart from the requirements for corrosion and fire protection), place tension bars that have bends
of radius at least three bar diameters from the side face.
7.5 Stirrups
7.5.1 Diameter and spacing
Stirrups should generally all be of the same diameter, their spacing being varied to suit design
requirements. Spacing should preferably be in 25 mm increments from 75 mm to 150 mm and in
50 mm increments above 150 mm (see table 8).
Table 8 — Cross-sectional area of stirrups at various spacings
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Cross-sectional area of stirrups
mm2
Stirrup
type Nom. Stirrup spacing
dia.
of bar mm
mm 75 100 125 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Single 8 1 340 1 005 804 670 502 402 335 287 251 223 201
(2 legs) 10 2 094 1 570 1 256 1 047 785 628 523 448 392 349 314
12 3 015 2 261 1 809 1 507 1 130 904 753 646 565 502 452
16 5 361 4 021 3 216 2 680 2 010 1 608 1 340 1 148 1 005 893 804
Double 8 2 680 2 010 1 608 1 340 1 005 804 670 574 502 446 402
(4 legs) 10 4 188 3 141 2 513 2 094 1 570 1 256 1 047 897 785 698 628
12 6 031 4 523 3 619 3 015 2 261 1 809 1 507 1 292 1 130 1 005 904
16 10 723 8 042 6 433 5 361 4 021 3 216 2 680 2 297 2 010 1 787 1 608
Triple 8 4 021 3 015 2 412 2 010 1 507 1 206 1 005 861 753 670 603
(6 legs) 10 6 283 4 712 3 769 3 141 2 356 1 884 1 570 1 346 1 178 1 047 942
12 9 047 6 785 5 428 4 523 3 392 2 714 2 261 1 938 1 696 1 507 1 357
16 16 084 12 063 9 650 8 042 6 031 4 825 4 021 3 446 3 015 2 680 2 412
7.5.2 Types of stirrups
7.5.2.1 Open stirrups
Use open stirrups with clips where beam reinforcement is to be assembled in position and where
closed stirrups are not required by the designer for resisting torsion. (Normal practice is to use
one clip at every second stirrup or set of stirrups, or at 600 mm centres, whichever is the lesser
spacing.) In regions of hogging moment where there is heavy reinforcement (reinforcing
equivalent to more than three Y32 top bars), use clips at every stirrup. In regions of heavy shear
(exceeding 1,2 MPa) where more than two legs of stirrups are used at a section, use clips at
every stirrup group. Stirrups that have the tops bent outwards (such as shape code 53) have a
considerably reduced capacity where anchored in thin slabs.
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Open stirrups with or without clips (as in shape codes 72 and either 35 or 85) should always be
detailed and drawn as follows:
Clips of the same diameter as the main steel should be provided at every stirrup position in cases
where there is no top slap steel.
7.5.2.2 Closed stirrups
Use closed stirrups (shape code 74) where so required by the designer, for resisting torsion.
7.5.2.3 Multiple stirrups
Use double or multiple stirrups as instructed by the designer or where restraint against the
buckling of bars in compression is required. If there is any doubt regarding bars being in
compression, consult the designer. Multiple stirrups should also be used where they are required
to control splitting forces associated with high bond stresses at the ends of main bars or at splices
or laps in main bars. This applies where the equivalent of more than one Y32 bar is stopped off or
spliced (see 7.13.4).
7.5.2.4 Bars in compression
Because the rules for stirrups where reinforcing steel is in compression are the same as those for
columns (see 9.4.1 and 9.4.2), provide stirrups such that the legs are at centre-to-centre spacing
not exceeding:
a) 300 mm across the beam; and
b) the lesser of 12 times the diameter of the smallest bar included in the tying and 300 mm along
the beam.
Stirrups used for tying bars in compression should have a diameter not less than one-quarter of
the diameter of the largest bar included in the tying. So arrange stirrups that every alternate bar or
group of bars in the outer layer of reinforcement is restrained by a stirrup with an included bend
angle that does not exceed 135. If any unrestrained bar is separated from a restrained bar by a
clear distance that exceeds 150 mm then such unrestrained bar shall also be restrained as
above.
7.5.3 Transverse spacing of stirrups
The transverse spacing of vertical legs should not exceed 0,75 times the effective depth of the
beam.
Where multiple stirrups are used, especially in wide beams, one of the stirrups should cover the
full width of the cage (see figure 18).
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Figure 18 — Transverse spacing of stirrups
7.5.4 Force not applied to top of beam
Where a load is applied to the bottom or side of a beam (for example where one beam frames
into another), ensure that there is sufficient suspension or "hang-up" reinforcement in the form of
stirrups to transfer the force to the top of the beam. If the load is large, bent-up bars can be used
instead of, or as well as, stirrups (see figure 19).
Figure 19 — Bent-up bars
7.5.5 Beam of varying depth
Detail stirrup sizes individually where beams have varying depths and a range of stirrup sizes has
to be detailed.
The number of different stirrup sizes can be reduced by using concertina stirrups (see figure 20)
with the legs lapped at least one bond length (see annex D). The difference between the lengths
of successive groups should be at least 50 mm. In order to maintain the size of the member, use
stirrups of shape code 72 or 60 at centre-to-centre distances of at least 1 000 mm.
Ensure that concertina stirrups are adequately stiffened with clips.
Schedule the reinforcement as shown in figure 21.
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Dimension in millimetres
Figure 20 — Concertina stirrups
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Figure 21 — Schedule the reinforcement
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7.5.6 Effect of intersection on stirrup sizes
Ensure that stirrup sizes take into account the width at beam-column intersections, the depth and
top and bottom cover at beam-beam intersections, and the size and cover of slab reinforcement.
Where beam-beam intersections result in the beam top steel being too low to support the slab top
steel at the correct level, provide stools to support the slab reinforcement.
7.5.7 Minimum stirrup requirements
If the maximum shear stress in the beam exceeds half of the permissible value, the ratio of the
total area of all the legs of the stirrups in a given length to the plan area of the web over the same
length, expressed as a percentage, should be at least 0,12 % for high tensile steel stirrups, or
0,2 % for mild steel stirrups. Where the shear stress in the beam nowhere exceeds half of the
permissible value, it is recommended that the percentages be not less than 0,12 % and 0,1 %
respectively.
Guidance on minimum stirrup requirements is given in tables 9, 10, 11 and 12.
7.5.8 Anchorage
A stirrup is considered to be effectively anchored if it has a standard bend around a bar of at least
its own diameter.
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Table 9 — Minimum stirrup requirements —

Percentage 0,12 % — Minimum spacing 0,75d
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Type, size and spacing of stirrups
Depth of beams
Width of
beam 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1 000
150 Y8S Y8S Y8S Y8S Y8S Y8S Y8S Y8S Y8S Y10 Y10 Y10 Y12S Y12S Y12 Y12S
140 180 200 250 300 300 350 400 150 S S S 600 600 S 600
150 500 550 600
140 180 200 250 300 300 350 400 400 S S S 600 600 S 600
450 500 550 600
140 180 200 250 300 300 300 300 300 S S S 600 600 S 600
150 500 500 600
300 Y8D Y8D Y8S Y8S Y8S Y8S Y8S Y8S Y10 Y10 Y10 Y10 Y12S Y12S Y12 Y12S
140 180 200 250 250 250 250 250 S S S S 600 600 S 600
400 400 400 400 600
350 Y8D Y8D Y8D Y8S Y8S Y8S Y10 Y10 Y10 Y10 Y10 Y10 Y12S Y12S Y12 Y12S
140 180 200 200 200 200 S S S S S S 500 500 S 500
350 350 350 350 350 350 500
400 Y8D Y8D Y8D Y8D Y8S Y10 Y10 Y10 Y10 Y10 Y10 Y10 Y12S Y12S Y12 Y12S
140 180 200 250 200 S S S S S S S 450 450 S 450
300 300 300 300 300 300 300 450
450 Y8D Y8D Y8D Y8D Y8D Y8D Y10 Y10 Y10 Y10 Y10 Y10 Y12S Y12S Y12 Y12S
140 180 200 250 300 300 S S S S S S 400 400 S 400
250 250 250 250 250 250 400
500 Y8D Y8D Y8D Y8D Y8D Y8D Y8D Y10 Y10 Y10 Y10 Y10 Y12S Y12S Y12 Y12S
140 180 200 250 300 300 300 S S S S S 350 350 S 350
250 250 250 250 250 350
NOTE 1 Y8 bars are not always available.
NOTE 2 S: Single (2 legs) D: Double (4 legs).
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Dimensions millimetres
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Depth of beams
Width of
beam 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1 000
150 R8S R8S R8S R8S R8S R8S R8 R8S R8S R10 R10 R10 R12 R12 R12S R12S
140 180 200 250 300 300 S 300 300 S S S S S 600 600
300 150 500 500 600 600
200 R8S R8S R8S R8S R8S R8S R8 R10 R10 R10 R10 R10 R12 R12 R12S R12S
140 180 200 250 250 250 S S S S S S S S 550 550
250 350 350 350 350 350 550 550
250 R8S R8S R8S R8S R8S R10S R1 R10 R10 R10 R10 R10 R12 R12 R12S R12S
140 180 200 200 200 300 0S S S S S S S S 450 450
300 300 300 300 300 300 450 450
300 R8 R8 R8S R10 R10 R10S R1 R10 R10 R10 R10 R10 R12 R12 R12S R12S
D D 160 S S 250 0S S S S S S S S 350 350
140 180 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 350 350
350 R8 R8 R8 R10 R10 R10S R1 R10 R10 R10 R10 R10 R12 R12 R12S R12S
D D D S S 200 0S S S S S S S S 300 300
140 180 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 300 300
400 R8 R8 R8 R8 R10 R10S R1 R10 R10 R10 R10 R10 R12 R12 R12S R12S
D D D D S 180 0S S S S S S S S 250 250
140 180 200 250 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 250 250
450 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8D R8D R1 R10 R10 R10 R10 R10 R12 R12 R12S R12S
D D D D 200 200 0S S S S S S S S 250 250
140 180 200 200 160 140 160 160 160 160 250 250
500 R8 R8 R8 R8 R8D R10D R1 R10 R10 R10 R10 R10 R12 R12 R12S R12S
D D D D 200 300 0D S S S S S S S 200 200
140 180 200 200 300 140 140 140 140 140 200 200
NOTE S: Single (2 legs) D: Double (4 legs).
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Depth of beams
Width of
beam 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1 000
150 Y8S Y8S Y8S Y8S Y8S Y8S Y8S Y8S Y8S Y10 Y10 Y10 Y12 Y12 Y12 Y12S
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 S S S S S S 600
600 600 600 600 600 600
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 S S S S S S 600
600 600 600 600 600 600
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 S S S S S S 600
600 600 600 600 600 600
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 550 S S S S S S 600
600 600 600 600 600 600
350 Y8D Y8S Y8S Y8S Y8S Y8S Y8S Y8S Y8S Y10 Y10 Y10 Y12 Y12 Y12 Y12S
200 250 300 350 400 450 450 450 450 S S S S S S 600
600 600 600 600 600 600
400 Y8D Y8D Y8S Y8S Y8S Y8S Y8S Y8S Y8S Y10 Y10 Y10 Y12 Y12 Y12 Y12S
200 250 300 350 400 400 400 400 400 S S S S S S 600
600 600 600 600 600 600
450 Y8D Y8D Y8D Y8S Y8S Y8S Y8S Y8S Y10 Y10 Y10 Y10 Y12 Y12 Y12 Y12S
200 250 300 350 350 350 350 350 S S S S S S S 600
550 550 550 550 600 600 600
500 Y8D Y8D Y8D Y8D Y8S Y8S Y8S Y10 Y10 Y10 Y10 Y10 Y12 Y12 Y12 Y12S
200 250 300 350 350 300 300 S S S S S S S S 600
500 500 500 500 500 600 600 600
NOTE 1 Y8 bars are not always available.
NOTE 2 S: Single (2 legs) D: Double (4 legs).
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Depth of beams
Width of
beam 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1 000
150 R8S R8S R8S R8S R8S R8S R8S R8S R8S R10 R10 R10 R12 R12 R12 R12S
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 S S S S S S 600
600 600 600 600 600 600
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 500 500 S S S S S S 600
600 600 600 600 600 600
200 250 300 350 400 400 400 400 400 S S S S S S 600
600 600 600 600 600 600
300 R8S R8S R8S R8S R8S R8S R8S R10 R10 R10 R10 R10 R12 R12 R12 R12S
200 250 300 300 300 300 300 S S S S S S S S 600
500 500 500 500 500 600 600 600
350 R8S R8S R8S R8S R8S R10 R10 R10 R10 R10 R10 R10 R12 R12 R12 R12S
200 250 250 250 250 S S S S S S S S S S 600
400 400 400 400 400 400 400 600 600 600
400 R8 R8 R8S R8S R10 R10 R10 R10 R10 R10 R10 R10 R12 R12 R12 R12S
D D 250 250 S S S S S S S S S S S 550
200 250 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 550 550 550
450 R8 R8 R8 R10 R10 R10 R10 R10 R10 R10 R10 R10 R12 R12 R12 R12S
D D D S S S S S S S S S S S S 500
200 250 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 500 500 500
500 R8 R8 R8 R8 R10 R10 R10 R10 R10 R10 R10 R10 R12 R12 R12 R12S
D D D D S S S S S S S S S S S 450
200 250 300 350 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 450 450 450
NOTE S: Single (2 legs) D: Double (4 legs).
7.6 Beams of depth exceeding 750 mm

7.6.1 Stirrups for deep beams
To stiffen the legs of stirrups for deep beams against buckling during construction, tie clips to the
legs and horizontal bars. Space the clips horizontally at every second or third stirrup, subject to a
maximum space of 600 mm, and vertically at alternate intersections of horizontal bars (see
figure 22).
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Figure 22 — Stirrups for deep beams
7.6.2 Longitudinal side bars
In beams of depth exceeding 750 mm, provide longitudinal bars over two-thirds of the depth from
the tension face (the top of the beam at supports of continuous beams and the bottom of the
beam for span moments). Place these bars near the side faces and not more than 250 mm apart.
The diameter of the bars (in millimetres) should be at least
s . b/fy
where
s is the spacing, in millimetres;
b is the beam width, in millimetres; and
fy is the characteristic strength of the steel, in megapascals.
The minimum diameters that should be used, derived from the formula, are given in table 13 for
steel of tensile strength 450 MPa. At the non-continuous end of a beam, provide U-bars to
correspond with the side bars. (See also 7.7.1.)
Table 13 — Minimum diameters of longitudinal side bars (450 MPa)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Minimum diameter of longitudinal side bars
Bar spacing Beam width
250 300 350 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 000
250 12 12 16 16 16 20 20 20 25 25
200 10 12 12 12 16 16 20 20 20 20
150 10 10 10 12 12 16 16 16 20 20
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7.7 Intersections
7.7.1 Beam-column intersections
At beam-column intersections, ensure that the main beam bars avoid the main column bars.
If splice bars are used (as in figure 23), the beam cages may be prefabricated (see 7.14) and the
splice bars placed in position after the beam reinforcement has been dropped into place. Note,
however, that this detail requires more reinforcement because of the additional lap.
Figure 23 — Use of splice bars
If beams do not frame into a column on all four sides to approximately the full width of the column,
ensure that stirrups are provided in the column for the full depth of the beam or, alternatively, that
special U-bars are detailed with the beam, to restrain the column bars from buckling and to
strengthen the concrete in compression. This is especially important where the slab and beam
concrete is of a weaker grade than the column concrete. In general, it is advisable to supply U-
bars at the non-continuous ends of beams of depth exceeding 600 mm.
7.7.2 Beam-beam intersections
7.7.2.1 General
Ensure that, at beam-beam intersections, reinforcement is so arranged that layers in mutually

perpendicular beams are at different levels.
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7.7.2.2 Top steel
It is good practice, for the following reasons, to pass the secondary beam steel over the main
beam steel:
a) the secondary beam steel is usually of smaller diameter and requires less cover; and
b) the secondary beam top reinforcement is available to act as a support for the slab top
reinforcement.
Where the main beam is very heavily stressed, however, it might be more economical to pass the
main beam steel over the secondary reinforcement.
Whichever method is adopted, it is considered good practice to keep the top steel in each beam
at constant level, for instance in the case of beams of constant depth, make all the stirrups the
same size.
7.7.2.3 Bottom steel
To accommodate bottom bars, it is common practice to make secondary beams shallower than
main beams, even if only by 50 mm (see figure 24). When beam soffits are at the same level, the
secondary beam steel should pass over the main beam steel. Unless the secondary beam span is
short, bars of diameter less than 25 mm may be draped (see figure 25). Cranking of bottom bars
is usually unnecessary.
NOTE If the secondary beam span is short, draped bars might not sag enough to reach their correct
position.
Figure 24 — Bottom bars with secondary Figure 25 — Bottom bars with secondary beams
beams shallower than main beams by 50 mm shallower than main beams by 25 mm
7.8 Maintaining bars in position (see also clause 6)

7.8.1 Spacer bars
Spacer bars required to separate layers of reinforcement are scheduled and measured.
7.8.2 Carrier bars
Ensure that top bars that act as stirrup carriers are extended to the face of the beam support. Do
not curtail light carrier bars on the assumption that the main top-tension reinforcement over the
supports will support the stirrups.
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7.9 Minimum reinforcement requirements

7.9.1 Bottom bars
Bottom bars should be at least 2 R12 or 2 Y10 and should constitute at least 0,25 % of the cross-
sectional area of the beam if of mild steel, or 0,15 % if of high tensile steel.
7.9.2 Top bars
Top carrier bars (i.e. top bars not at supports) should be at least equivalent to the greatest of the
following:
a) 2 R10 or 2 Y8 (if available) (see 4.2.4);
b) 0,15 % of the cross-sectional area of the beam if of mild steel or 0,10 % if of high tensile steel;
and
c) the reinforcement required by the design for hogging moments.
The diameter of stirrup carrier bars should be at least equal to that of the heaviest stirrup.
7.9.3 Side bars
Bars provided at the sides of a deep beam (see 7.6.2) should be at least equivalent to Y10.
7.10 Curtailment of bars in beams

7.10.1 General
The following recommendations do not take high bond stresses into account. Where bond
stresses are high, it might not be possible to curtail bars where they are no longer required for
tension. If, however, in a series of continuous beams, the spans are equal or do not differ by more
than 15 %, and the characteristic live load does not exceed the characteristic self-weight load for
substantially uniform loading, bars can be curtailed with the use of the simplified rules given in
7.10.5.
If these conditions are not met, bending moment envelopes should be provided by the designer. It
should be noted that the use of envelopes enables economies to be made in reinforcement.
Where bundled bars are used, individual bars in bundles should not be curtailed at spacings
closer than 40 bar diameters, except at the supports of beams.
7.10.2 Bending moment envelope
7.10.2.1 If a bending moment envelope is available:
a) bars in tension should extend by at least an anchorage length (see annex D) from the point at
which they are fully stressed, for example for the first bar to be curtailed, the point of full stress,
in the case of hogging reinforcement, will be at the face of the support. The remaining bars
should be considered fully stressed at the point at which any curtailed bar is no longer needed
(see figure 26); and
b) bars should extend by at least the greater of one beam depth and 12 bar diameters beyond the
point at which the continuing bars can resist the moment (see figure 26).
7.10.2.2 A bar should not be stopped in a tension zone unless:
a) it also extends by a tension lap from the point at which it is no longer needed; or
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b) the continuing bars provide double the area required; or
c) the shear capacity of the section is greater than twice the shear force actually present.
7.10.2.3 If the shear diagram is not available, ensure that either 7.10.2.2(a) or 7.10.2.2(b) is
complied with.
Figure 26 — Bending moments envelope
7.10.3 Cut-off points
7.10.3.1 As it is undesirable to curtail more than one bar at any point, do not stop more than
20 % of the reinforcement at any point when more than one bar is curtailed.
7.10.3.2 Cut-off points should be separated by at least a tension bond length.
7.10.3.3 When deciding on cut-off points, make allowance for placing errors. Errors are less likely
to occur if bars are detailed symmetrically, especially in end spans where bottom reinforcement is
needed towards the non-continuous end. There is a tendency for fixers to place bars
symmetrically.
7.10.4 Anchoring bottom reinforcement
In the case of continuous beams, at least 30 % of the midspan reinforcement, other than bottom
reinforcement that serves as compression reinforcement, should be taken 12 bar diameters
beyond the centre-line of the support, and bottom reinforcement that serves as compression
reinforcement should extend by at least a compression bond length into the support.
In the case of simply supported beams and the non-continuous end of end spans of continuous
beams, anchor the reinforcement at the supports by means of one of the following (see also the
note below):
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a) an effective anchorage of 12 bar diameters beyond the centre-line of the support (no hook or
bend should begin before the centre-line);
b) an effective anchorage of 12 bar diameters plus half the beam effective depth from the face of
the support (no hook or bend should begin at a distance from the face of the support equal to
more than one-half of the beam depth); and
c) if the bond stress is less than half that permissible, a straight length of bar extending for a
distance beyond the centre-line of the support equal to the greater of one-third of the width of
the support and 30 mm.
NOTE As the conditions for anchoring given in (c) above will not often be susceptible to checking,
ensure that, if (c) is applied, one of the other means is also applied.
7.10.5 Simplified rules for beams
7.10.5.1 General
NOTE In this subclause, L is the effective span: i.e. the lesser of
a) the clear span plus the effective depth, and
b) the distance from centre-line to centre-line of the supports.
7.10.5.2 Simply supported beams (see figure 27)
At least 50 % of the tension reinforcement at midspan of a simply supported beam should extend
to the supports and have an effective anchorage (see 7.10.4), at least 25 % should extend to
within 0,08 L of the support centre-line, and the rest should extend to within 0,15 L of the support
centre-line.
7.10.5.3 Cantilever beams
At least 50 % of the tension reinforcement of a cantilever beam should extend to the end of the
cantilever (and be turned down for bond where necessary) and the rest should extend to a
distance (from the face of the support) of the greater of 0,5 L and 45 bar diameters. The extent of
curtailment of tie back bars should be determined by the designer.
7.10.5.4 Continuous beams (see figure 27)
7.10.5.4.1 At least 20 % of the top reinforcement in tension over the supports of a continuous
beam should be made effectively continuous through the spans. Of the remainder, half should
extend to a point at least 0,25 L from the face of the support, and the other half to a point at least
0,15 L from the face of the support, but no bar should stop at a point less than 45 bar diameters
from the face of the support.
7.10.5.4.2 At least 30 % of the bottom reinforcement in tension at midspan should extend to the
supports. Half the remainder should extend to points within 0,2 L of the centre-line of interior
supports. The remaining 35 % should extend to within 0,1 L of the centre-line of supports.
7.10.5.4.3 At a non-continuous end, 50 % of the tension reinforcement should extend to the

supports and terminate in an effective anchorage as in 7.10.5.2 above and the remainder should
extend to within 0,05 L of the centre-line of the support.
7.10.5.5 Continuous beams of which spans differ by not more than 15 %
NOTE In this subclause, L is the greater of the effective span and the adjacent span on the other side of the
support in the case of top bars, and L is the effective span in the case of bottom bars.
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7.10.5.5.1 Of the top reinforcement in tension over supports, at least 33 % in short spans
adjacent to long spans, and at least 20 % in all other cases, should be made continuous over the
whole span. Of the remainder, half should extend to a point at least 0,3 L from the face of the
support, and the other half to a point at least 0,2 L from the face of the support. No bar should
extend by less than a tension bond length from the face of a support.
7.10.5.5.2 At least 33 % of the bottom reinforcement in tension at midspan (at least 50 % in the
case of simply supported ends, where the detailing should be as in 7.10.5.2) should extend to the
supports. For interior spans, half of the remainder should extend to a point that is within 0,1 L of
the centre-line of supports and the remaining third to a point that is within 0,2 L of the centre-line
of supports.
Simplified fixing for bottom

bars of 4 bar simply
supported beam
Simplified fixing 4 bar

Equal continuous spans
Figure 27 — Simply supported and continuous beams
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7.11 Bent-up bars for shear reinforcement
7.11.1 First bend
Start the top of the first bend not more than 0,5d from the face of the support, and space
subsequent bends at distances apart equal to 0,75d (or less if so required by the design).
7.11.2 Anchorage length
Measure the anchorage length from the top bend. Annex D gives bond lengths (as recommended
in SANS 10100-1) for the shear, compressive and tensile stresses permitted in mild steel and
deformed bars of tensile strength 450 MPa. Wherever possible, give top bars an increased bond
length (see 7.4.4).
7.11.3 Bend diameter
To reduce concrete compressive stresses at the bends, bends of radius at least 7,5 bar diameters
are required. It is not, however, generally practicable to bend to radii exceeding 250 mm.
Where the side cover to a bar is less than 3 bar diameters, the radius of the bend should be at
least 10 bar diameters. If the radius of a bend in a fully stressed bar is less than 10 bar diameters,
the side cover should be more than 3 bar diameters. Additional clips or stirrups should be
provided to prevent lateral splitting at splices.
7.12 Corbels and halving joints
7.12.1 Corbels
A corbel is a short cantilever beam in which the principal load is applied in such a way that the
distance between the line of action of the load and the face of the supporting member is less than
0,6d and the depth at the outer face of the bearing exceeds one-half of the effective depth at the
face of the supporting member.
7.12.2 Main reinforcement
The main tension reinforcement in a corbel should be not less than 0,4 % and not more than
1,3 % of the section at the face of the supporting member and should be adequately anchored.
Anchor the reinforcement at the front face of the corbel either by welding it to a transverse bar of
equal strength or by bending back the bars to form loops; in either case, the bearing area of the
load should not project beyond the straight portion of the bars that form the main tension
reinforcement (see figures 28 and 29).
NOTE The limitation on reinforcement percentages is due to the limited number of tests results available.
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Figure 28 — Main reinforcement Figure 29 — Horizontal force
7.12.3 Horizontal force
When a corbel is required to resist a horizontal force in the direction H applied to the bearing plate
(see figure 28) because of shrinkage or temperature changes, provide additional reinforcement to
transmit this force in its entirety. This reinforcement should be welded to the bearing plate and
adequately anchored within the supporting member.
7.12.4 Shear reinforcement
Provide shear reinforcement in the form of horizontal stirrups distributed in the upper two-thirds of
the effective depth of the corbel at the column face. This reinforcement should have an area of at
least one-half of the area of the main tension reinforcement and should be adequately anchored
(see figure 30).
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Figure 30 — Shear reinforcement
7.12.5 Halving joints
Several recommended bar arrangements for halving joints are to be found in literature covering
practice in the United Kingdom, the United States of America and Germany. Figure 31 shows
three arrangements, each of which has its advantages, disadvantages and special requirements.
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Figure 31 — Halving joints
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7.13 Splicing of tension bars (see also 6.3)
7.13.1 Lap splices
Whenever possible, lap splices should be staggered by one bond length (see annex D).
7.13.2 Maximum number of bars spliced
Because cracks induced at sudden changes of section can cause premature shear failure, and
because of bursting forces at lap splices (see 7.13.4), do not stop or lap more than the greater of
one bar and one-fifth of the total steel area, at any one section except at the ends of beams, or
where top reinforcement is stopped off in a region of compression.
7.13.3 Cranks at splices
Splicing bars by lapping is not desirable if it is necessary to crank one of the bars (see figure 10),
since this makes bending and placing more difficult. It is preferable to butt the bars to be spliced,
and to provide additional lapping reinforcement. If several bars are to be spliced in a beam,
provide one or more additional bars (see figure 11).
The length of lap required is given in annex D, but some codes require appreciably greater lap
length. Note that the length for a lap splice is 25 % greater than that for a tension bond.
7.13.4 Bursting forces
Because lap splices induce bursting forces in the concrete, increase the shear capacity in the
region of the splice by adding, over the length of the lap, additional stirrups of area equal to about
half the area of the bars being spliced.
7.13.5 Crack control
Where spliced bars are butted, crack control is important. Therefore, the distance between bars
on either side of the spliced bars should not exceed the appropriate value given in figure 11.
As this is especially important where corner bars are spliced, the lapping bar should be as close
as possible to the spliced bar (see 6.3.2.2).
7.14 Prefabrication of beam cages
In order to facilitate the prefabrication of beam cages, longitudinal bars may be stopped at the
faces of supports. In such cases, ensure that equivalent splices are provided for the top and
bottom steel and for the middle bars if they are assisting in resisting shear or torsion
(see figure 22).
It should be noted that the arrangement shown in figure 22 requires an additional mass of
reinforcement because of the extra splices, and also that great care is needed on site to ensure
that the splices are placed in the correct position.
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7.15 Corners and cranked beams
7.15.1 General
Recommendations are given on various methods of reinforcing corners (for additional information
see annex E). Closing corners present no great problem, but opening corners require careful
detailing (see figures 32 and 33).
Figure 32 — Opening corner
Figure 33 — Closing corner
7.15.2 90 opening corners with not more than 1 % reinforcement
Where the amount of reinforcement in the beam is equal to or less than 1 %, detail the
reinforcement as shown in figure 34 or figure 35, the splay steel being equal to 50 % of the main
steel.
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Figure 34 — opening corners with not Figure 35 — opening corners with more
more than 1 % reinforcement than 1 % reinforcement (hairpin with
splay reinforcement)
7.15.3 90 opening corners with more than 1 % reinforcement
If the area of reinforcement exceeds 1 %, provide transverse steel as well as splay steel as in
figure 36. (The use of a splay is also strongly recommended.)
Figure 36 — 90 opening corners with more than 1 % reinforcement
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7.15.4 Cranked beams

The recommended methods of detailing are shown in figures 37, 38 and 39.
Figure 37 — Cranked beam detailing method I
Figure 38 — Cranked beam detailing method II
Figure 39 — Cranked beam detailing method III
7.15.5 Beam and column junction
Where a column extends above a beam, bend the beam top reinforcement down into the column
but if it is necessary to bend the bars up, detail additional steel as in figure 40.
Figure 40 — Beam and column junction
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7.15.6 Closing corners
At closing corners, provide adequate radii (equal to at least 7,5 bar diameters) and some
additional reinforcement as in figure 41.
Figure 41 — Closing corners
7.16 Deep beams
7.16.1 Simply supported deep beam on two supports
7.16.1.1 Longitudinal reinforcement
The main longitudinal reinforcement corresponding to the ties considered in the design model
should be uniformly distributed over a depth, measured from the lower face of the beam, of the
lesser of 0,12 H  and 0,12 L (figure 42)
where
L is the design span;
H is the total height of the beam;
H is equal to H – C – d/2
where
C is the cover to the top bar; and
d is the diameter of the top bar.
The longitudinal reinforcement should be fully extended from one support to the other.
At supports, the anchorage should be obtained by bending the bars up, by using horizontal hooks
or U-loops or by anchorage plates, unless the length between the centre of support and the end
of the beam exceeds the anchorage length (see SANS 10100-1).
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Figure 42 — Longitudinal reinforcement
Attention is drawn to the importance of providing small diameter bars in order to limit the width
and development of cracks under service load and to facilitate anchorage at the supports. It is of
particular importance that these anchorages be adequate. Tests show that insufficient anchorage
leads to rupture under considerably smaller loads than those that could be expected from the
other characteristics of the beam. Anchorage achieved by vertical hooks is to be avoided since it
tends to promote cracking in the anchorage zone.
7.16.1.2 Detailing of the shear reinforcement
7.16.1.2.1 Direct loading (the load is applied at the top of the beam)
Under direct loading, the shear reinforcement can be made of a light mesh of orthogonal
reinforcement, consisting of horizontal stirrups surrounded by vertical stirrups.
The total percentage of the bars in each direction should not be less than 0,2 % (0,1 % in each
face).
7.16.1.2.2 Suspended loading (the load is applied at the bottom of the beam)
Under suspended loading, the orthogonal mesh described in 7.16.1.2.1 should be supplemented
by introducing additional stirrups to transmit the total load between its point of application and the
level corresponding to the lesser of H  and L.
These stirrups should surround the bars of the lower reinforcement and be extended over a depth
equal to the lesser of H  and L (see figure 43).
Near the supports, the height of the stirrups may be slightly reduced (by about 20 %).
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Figure 43 — Suspended loading
7.16.1.2.3 Indirect loading (or indirect supports)
Indirect loading corresponds to a load applied over the total depth of the beam by means of a
transverse perpendicular wall or by a column of large cross-section, which is extended down to
the lower part of the beam.
According to the chosen design model, the force transmitted to the beam should be resisted by
additional reinforcement (suspension reinforcement) made:
a) either of vertical stirrups extended without cut-off, near the common volume, over a length
equal to the lesser of H  and L (see figure 44(a)); or
b) by bent-up bars that resist about 60 % of the load, placed symmetrically to the line of action of
the load, and by complementary stirrups (see figure 44(b)).
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(a)
(b)
Figure 44 — Indirect loading
7.16.2 Continuous deep beams
7.16.2.1 In the span (i.e. the positive moment area)
Subclause 7.16.1 applies for the main reinforcement and also for the shear reinforcement in the
span of a continuous deep beam.
7.16.2.2 Over the supports
For the main horizontal tensile reinforcement over the supports, the following applies:
1L  L
a) a fraction  _ 1  in the range 1 < < 3 of the total required cross-sectional area of reinforce-
2 H  H
ment should be placed in the upper strip which extends to the lesser of 0,2 H and 0,2 L (see
figure 45);
b) the remaining cross-sectional area should be uniformly distributed within the lower strip just
below, which extends to 0,6 H or 0,6 L (see figure 45); and
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c) one bar in two may be stopped symmetrically at a distance from each face of the support equal
to 0,4 H or 0,4 L.
Where H > L, supplementary longitudinal reinforcement should be placed near the upper face of
the beam.
The arrangement of the reinforcement in the tensile zones over the support should be such as to
control the cracking to acceptable limits since, in these regions, the maximum elastic tensile
stresses occur. It is particularly important to ensure the correct behaviour of these zones, since
they lie in the path of the stress lines from the loads to the supports; hence the forces to which
they are subjected are inescapable and can only be resisted by proper design of the structure.
It is important that the state of stress near the supports be studied, because of the considerable
intensity of shear and normal stresses that occur simultaneously in horizontal and vertical planes.
Figure 45 — Continuous deep beams (over the supports)
Attention is drawn to the extreme sensitivity of continuous deep beams to the various phenomena
produced by displacement of the supports. In the elastic range, even small displacements of the
supports can completely change the stress distribution and even reverse the direction of the
stresses. The satisfactory behaviour of existing deep beams, most of which have been conceived
without rigorously taking into account differential displacement of supports (elastic and plastic
deformations of supports, shrinkage, foundation settlements, etc.) proves the possibilities of
adaptation of the structure beyond the elastic range. Nevertheless, in order to avoid increasing
the probability of cracking and the risk of destruction of the beam, it is necessary to reduce as far
as possible all causes that can produce differential settlements.
7.16.3 Concentrated loads
In very deep beams, concentrated loads applied on the centre-line of the supports produce, in
vertical planes, compressive or tensile stresses which cannot be neglected. The distribution of
these stresses is similar to the diffusion of prestressing forces in the anchorage zone.
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8 Component detailing — Slabs

8.1 General
In general, detail slabs in plan only, using diagrammatic representation; show the bars as if they
fall towards the top of the drawing, or to the left of the drawing (see figures 5 and 53). It is good
practice to detail top and bottom bars separately (see 3.4) and where any complication occurs, to
include sections.
8.2 Minimum reinforcement in slabs
8.2.1 Main steel
The area of the main tension reinforcement in a solid slab and at continuous supports should be
at least 0,13 % of the cross-sectional area of the slab, based on the effective depth of the slab if
high tensile deformed steel is used or at least 0,24 % if round mild steel is used.
8.2.2 Secondary steel
The area of the secondary reinforcement at right angles to the main reinforcement should be at
least 0,13 % of the cross-sectional area of the slab, based on the total depth of the slab if high
tensile deformed steel is used or at least 0,24 % if round mild steel is used.
Where there is top and bottom reinforcement, the area of secondary reinforcement should be the
greater of 0,06 % of the cross-sectional area of slab and one-quarter of the main steel.
8.2.3 Edges of slabs
The area of the steel that is parallel to the supports in the edge strips of two-way slabs should be
at least equal to the applicable values given in 8.2.1 and 8.2.2. (Where torsion reinforcement is
added, include this in the area computed.)
Where reinforcement is curtailed, the sum of the top and bottom steel areas, at right angles to the
support, should be at least equal to the applicable values given in 8.2.1 and 8.2.2.
8.2.4 Special cases
Where a slab is restrained from shrinking (for example a slab restrained by concrete walls and a
base cast in rough rock) or where a slab is exposed to repetitive temperature changes or to
severe weather conditions, the minima given in 8.2.1 to 8.2.3 might be considered by the designer
to be too low, whereas in a slab that is deeper than structurally necessary, and is free to shrink,
the minima might be considered excessive.
Where a slab constitutes the flange of a beam, the designer should specify his requirements for
transmitting horizontal shear.
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8.2.5 Ribbed and coffered slabs — Topping
The topping steel in ribbed slabs could be provided by sheets of mesh reinforcement, of cross-
sectional area in each direction of at least 0,12 % of the gross cross-sectional area of the topping,
lapped by at least 60 wire diameters.
8.2.6 Ribbed and coffered slabs — Ribs
With the exception of stirrup requirements, the minimum reinforcement is as for beams. If the
shear stress is less than the permissible value, no stirrups are required.
8.3 Spacing of bars in slabs
8.3.1 Maximum spacing of main tension reinforcement in solid slabs — High

tensile steel (450 MPa)
8.3.1.1 For a slab of thickness not exceeding 200 mm, the maximum permissible spacing is twice
the effective depth plus the bar diameter.
8.3.1.2 For a slab of thickness exceeding 200 mm, the maximum permissible spacing is the
appropriate value given in table 14.
Table 14 — Maximum spacing of bars (450 MPa)

in slabs of thickness exceeding 200 mm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Maximum spacing
mm
Position of
Amount of tension reinforcement
reinforcement
%, gross
Up to 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0
Span 350 300 250 250 200 175

Support 300 250 200 200 175 150
8.3.2 Maximum spacing of main tension reinforcement in solid slabs — Other

types of steel
Use the spacing recommended in SANS 10100-1.
8.3.3 Spacing of secondary steel — Temperature, shrinkage and distribution steel
The spacing of secondary steel should not exceed five times the effective depth of the slab.
8.3.4 Spacing of topping steel in voided slabs
The spacing of topping steel in voided slabs in each direction should not exceed half the centre-
to-centre distance between the ribs and should be such that there are at least two bars between
adjacent ribs.
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8.3.5 Preferred spacing of bars in slabs
When possible, adopt the following spacings (in millimetres): 75; 100; 125; 150; 175; 200; 250;
300; 350; 400; 450 and 500.
8.3.6 Spacing of bars where curtailment occurs
The spacing of top and bottom steel on either side of a curtailed bar in a slab other than a
cantilever slab should not exceed the lesser of twice the spacing required in terms of 8.3.1 or
8.3.2 (as relevant) and five times the effective depth.
The spacing of bars going to the end of a cantilever slab, whether or not curtailment occurs,
should not exceed the permissible maximum given in 8.3.1 or 8.3.2 (as relevant).
8.4 Diameters of bars in slabs

The diameter of main tension reinforcement should normally not exceed 15 % of the slab
thickness. For practical purposes, however, it is preferable to use bars of 10 mm or more as main
top tension steel, unless welded mesh is being used.
In cantilevers of length 1 200 mm or more, the use of bars at least equivalent to Y12 bars is
recommended.
8.5 Scheduling of steel

Ensure that all reinforcement is scheduled in specific lengths, for example 50 of 12 m (not 600 m
cut to suit on site).
8.6 Maintenance of position of steel
8.6.1 Cover requirements
Ensure that the cover requirements are stated on the placing drawing (see 6.1).
8.6.2 Maintenance of cover
See 6.2 for recommendations on the maintenance of cover and for details of cover devices for
bottom steel (see 6.2.4) and of stools and chairs for top steel (see 6.2.5).
8.7 Openings and corners in slabs
8.7.1 Normal trimming reinforcement
Where no special loading or vibration conditions occur, the following general rules for trimming
reinforcement can be followed:
a) half of the steel intersected by the hole is detailed to lie on each side of the opening;
b) additional bars are placed in the line of the hole if the space thus created exceeds the
permissible spacing; and
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c) diagonal stitching bars (see figure 46) are put across the corners of rectangular holes or so
placed as to frame circular holes. They should be placed at both the top and the bottom if the
thickness of the slab exceeds 150 mm. The diameter of these bars should be the same as that
of the larger of the slab bars, and their length should be about 80 bar diameters.
Figure 46 — Diagonal stitching bars
8.7.2 Corners in slabs
Re-entrant corners should also have additional corner stitching bars as for holes (see 8.7.1).
Where the slab is restrained against horizontal movements (caused by shrinkage, creep or
temperature) by walls, stiff beams, or friction, place extra steel and diagonal bars across such
corners to reduce the crack sizes (see figure 47).
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Figure 47 — Corners in slabs
8.8 Cantilever slabs
8.8.1 Support to top tension steel
Support the top steel of cantilever slabs at spacings (for stools and chairs) generally about 10 bar
diameters less than those recommended in 6.2.2 and ensure that a row of stools or chairs
supports every bar close to the face(s) of the member that supports the cantilever (see figure 48).
The bending of the main bars should be such that they contribute to the supporting of the steel,
bars that extend to the end should have square returns (shape code 38) and in the return there
should be two fixing bars, one at the top and one at the bottom. Unless adequate stools are
provided, each curtailed bar should have a cranked bend (shape code 41 or 42) and should have
a top fixing bar at the crank (see figure 48).
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Figure 48 — Cantilever slabs
8.8.2 Curtailment of cantilever bars
Curtailed bars should extend by at least 20 bar diameters beyond the point at which they would
be terminated for structural purposes (see figure 48).
8.8.3 Secondary steel
So design and detail bottom steel that it is at right angles to the support that carries construction
loading in the propped condition. The total area of top and bottom distribution steel parallel to the
face(s) of the support should be between 0,25 % and 0,4 % of the gross cross-sectional area,
depending on the length of the slab between joints, the degree of end restraint by corners and the
degree of exposure to temperature changes, for example a cantilever slab in a north facing
location requires more distribution steel than does one in a shaded south facing position.
8.8.4 Ends of cantilever slabs
Schedule main cantilever bars to go right to the ends of the slab, both next to the construction
joint and at the free end, and add an extra bar at each end. Extra distribution steel is required at
corners of cantilevers at both the top and the bottom to distribute induced cracks (see figure 49).
Where the end of a cantilever is supported by a wall (or similar structure), ensure that the bottom
steel is adequate to accept possible reverse moments (see figure 49).
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Figure 49 — Ends of cantilever slabs
8.8.5 Tie-backs and counterweights to cantilevers

8.8.5.1 In slab
Ensure that the support of cantilever bars in the slab from which the cantilever springs is provided
in accordance with the same rules as those that apply to the cantilever itself (see 8.8.1).
8.8.5.2 Bottom of beams
Ensure that, when a cantilever slab is at the bottom of a beam (see figure 50), the design of the
stirrups in the beam provides for moment, shear, hanging tension and, if necessary, torsion. If
possible, when detailing this steel, provide for the placing of the beam steel without the necessity
of the threading of the main beam steel through the cantilever anchorage loops. Note the special
difficulty induced by bent-up bars in the beam steel.
NOTE 1 See the alternative arrangements shown in figure 50 and also the principles applicable to opening
corner details in retaining walls and in beams given in 10.19 and 7.15, respectively.
NOTE 2 Curtailed bars that go to the back of a beam could drift out of position during concrete casting.
NOTE 3 Hairpin type bars should be related to the horizontal stirrup spacing and this could cause
difficulties.
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a) b)
c)
Figure 50 — Bottom of beams
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8.8.5.3 Top of beams
Where the weathering step is 30 mm or less, crank the bars at a slope not exceeding 1 in 6 (see
figure 52(a)). Ensure that the combination of top bars and stirrups is such as to provide the
required restraints. Note that if a bar is laced over and under the beam bars, it is fully restrained,
provided that the beam top bars are heavy enough and a stirrup is within 50 mm of the bar. If the
bar is not so laced, so detail the steel as to ensure effective anchorage against bursting (see
figure 51).
Figure 51 — Top of beams
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8.8.6 Cantilevers around corners
Ensure that, at a corner of a cantilever slab, the detailing is such that tie-back loading and the
deflections that arise from this arrangement are accounted for. If "fan" type detailing is used, take
care to avoid congestion (see figure 52). Take particular care with drainage inlets.
a) Fanning for cantilever b) Fanning for a trapezium panel
NOTE Cantilever resistance moment and steel spacing to take loading of corner section of slab and steel
layer into consideration.
Figure 52 — Binding reinforcement at corner cantilever
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8.9 Curtailment of top-tension reinforcement
8.9.1 Two-way slabs
The cut-off points of the top-tension reinforcement depend upon the load distribution assumed in
the analysis and should be given by the designer.
8.9.2 One-way slabs
The recommendations that cover the curtailment of top-tension reinforcement in beams apply also
to continuous one-way slabs (see 7.10).
8.10 Corner reinforcement in two-way slabs

Recommendations regarding torsion reinforcement required in the corners of restrained slabs
when the main reinforcement is concentrated in central strips are given in SANS 10100-1.
It is common practice to keep the reinforcement uniform for the entire width of the slab. If this
method is adopted, schedule the bars to start not more than one space away from the edge of the
support. If this is done for both top and bottom steel, extra torsion reinforcement will not be
required for slabs that are continuous at one or two edges. Slabs that are discontinuous at both
edges will require extra top steel in the corners.
8.11 Slabs of other types
8.11.1 Composite slabs
In slabs of prestressed concrete or in slabs that have steel or similar ribs, the area of the topping
steel in each direction should be at least 0,12 % of the gross cross-section. Check with the
designer to ascertain the steelwork necessary for adequate shear connection.
8.11.2 Ribbed or voided slabs
Ensure that at least 50 % of the total main tension reinforcement in the ribs is carried through at
the bottom onto the bearing and anchored (see 7.10.4).
8.12 Flat slabs
8.12.1 General rules
Rules for the arrangement of reinforcement in flat slabs are given in SANS 10100-1 and a
diagrammatic interpretation of these is given in figure 53. Where temperature differentials are
possible and for consideration of shear, it is recommended that at least one-half of the bottom
steel in slab and column strips be anchored effectively.
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Figure 53 — Rules for the arrangement of reinforcement in flat slabs
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8.12.2 Reinforcement of mushroom heads
Mushroom heads are normally cast with the columns and the detail of the reinforcement should
be such that the steel for the head can be formed into a separate cage (see figure 54).
NOTE The designer should determine the amount of steel required in the mushroom head to control cracks
arising from the out-of-balance moments.
Figure 54 — Reinforcement of mushroom heads
8.12.3 Shear reinforcement at column heads and dropped panels
The best method of providing bar shear reinforcement for slabs at column heads is to use beam
cages in one direction and bars in the other direction, wired to the cages (see figure 55).
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Plan
Section A-A
Section B-B
Figure 55 — Shear reinforcement at column heads and dropped panels
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9 Component detailing — Columns

9.1 General
A column is a vertical structural element the greater lateral dimension of which is not more than
four times the lesser.
9.2 Detailing method

Detail columns by means of exploded views. Show the levels of the bottom and the top of the
column (at top of slab or beam or upstand beams). Indicate on the reinforcement detail the
positions of all intermediate beams. Show each bar mark once and provide adequate sections
showing all main bars and the arrangement of stirrups (see figure 56). Consider carefully the
effect of kickers on levels (see 10.4). Note that reinforcement for columns is very often
preassembled and details should allow for this (see 3.6).
9.3 Main reinforcement
9.3.1 General
The main reinforcement (the longitudinal bars) should consist of mild steel or high tensile steel
bars of diameter at least 12 mm. Generally they are used singly, but the use of bundles and pairs
is permissible (see 6.5.4). Place a longitudinal bar (or bundle) in each corner of the section.
Unless there are bending moment considerations, arrange the main reinforcement symmetrically.
Ensure that asymmetrical arrangements are carefully detailed and orientated to avoid errors in
placing.
9.3.2 Maximum or minimum amount of reinforcement
The assessment of the maximum or minimum amount of reinforcement is a function of the design.
From a practical point of view (handling of the cage, arrangement of splicing, etc.), the area of
reinforcement should be between 0,5 % and 3 % (maximum 6 % at splice). Where more than 3 %
is used, take special care because congestion can create problems. Where congestion occurs,
consider the use of mechanical splices (see 6.3.4).
9.3.3 Maximum spacing of main bars
The spacing between main bars should not exceed the lesser of twice the least dimension of the
column and 400 mm.
9.3.4 Minimum spacing of main bars
For practical reasons, the spacing between the main bars should be at least 80 mm, measured
centre-to-centre if not bundled, or 100 mm clear between bundles.
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Figure 56 — Detailing method
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9.3.5 Number of main bars
9.3.5.1 Figure 57 gives a guide to the number of bars if bundling is not used and also indicates
typical bar arrangements.
NOTE Cover to columns with A or B less than 250 to be 30 minimum
Figure 57 — Typical column arrangement for minimum steel
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9.3.5.2 The use of bars restrained direct by stirrups (see 9.4.1.1) alternating with loose bars gives
adequate access for vibrators (see figure 58).
Figure 58 — Typical column arrangement (with loose bars)
9.4 Stirrups
9.4.1 Horizontal configuration
9.4.1.1 So arrange stirrups as to contain all of the corner bars and to restrain each bar effectively.
A bar is considered to be effectively restrained in the horizontal plane if it is:
a) enclosed by a stirrup of internal angle not exceeding 135;
b) between two bars, each restrained as in (a) above, and at a centre-to-centre distance not
exceeding 150 mm from each such bar;
c) enclosed by helical stirrups; or
d) surrounded on all four sides by beams or slabs (or both).
9.4.1.2 Stirrups of rectangular columns should generally be closed and hooks should be square
(shape code 60). Avoid the use of shape code 81 for column stirrups. Dimension stirrups and
clips externally.
9.4.1.3 To facilitate placing and compacting of concrete, stirrups should as far as possible leave
the centres of the columns free of crossing steel. Provide for, and show on sections, built-in items
such as rainwater pipes and particularly inlets and outlets (see figure 55).
9.4.2 Vertical spacing of stirrups
Ensure that the horizontal restraints of a bar are not further apart vertically than the least of the
following:
a) the lesser lateral dimension of the column;
b) 12 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar; and
c) 300 mm.
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9.4.3 Diameter of stirrups
Ensure that the diameter of each stirrup is at least 0,25 times the diameter of the largest
longitudinal bar and at least 0,01 times the average of the cross-sectional dimensions of the
column. Subject to design requirements, the nominal diameter of bars for stirrups should normally
be 8 mm, 10 mm or 12 mm.
9.4.4 Edge column stirrups
Where columns are not restrained at a floor (see figures 59 and 60), provide horizontal
reinforcement clips, open stirrups or U-bars. This reinforcement is best detailed with the beam. If
the concrete mix in the floor is of a lower grade than that in the columns, check for possible
requirements for extra steel, particularly in edge columns.
Figure 59 — Edge column stirrups
9.4.5 Temporary fixing stirrups
Provide at least two temporary fixing stirrups to hold splices in position (see figure 60) or to stiffen
helically bound columns during fabrication, and ensure that such stirrups are detailed and
scheduled.
NOTE If columns are detailed as in figure 61, a note should be included in the detail, alerting the fixer to the
fact that the stirrups above the floor may not be removed.
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Figure 60 — Temporary fixing stirrups
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9.4.6 Large columns
Where the reinforcement for very wide columns is to be fabricated in separate cages and erected
in sections, it should be held together by bars of diameter 12 mm, at double the stirrup spacing
(see figure 61).
Section
Figure 61 — Large columns
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9.5 Splicing of column reinforcement
9.5.1 General
Splicing is normally accomplished by the lapping of bars. The lengths of laps in the main bars
should, unless otherwise required by the designer, comply with the applicable values given in
annex D. The bottoms of bars are normally at floor level unless concrete kickers are permitted.
9.5.2 Continuity of column bars
The continuity of column bars can be achieved by:
a) so continuing the bars that they lap with the bars of the upper columns either:
1) with the lower bars cranked into a position inside the upper bars (see figure 62(c)); or
2) with the upper bars cranked into a position inside the lower bars (see figure 62(a));
NOTE In case (1) above, double sets of stirrups or additional stirrups are required to restrain the crank
when the height of set exceeds the depth of the relevant intersecting and restraining member. Where
there is an adequate restraining member, the slope of crank should not exceed 1: 6 (see figure 62(b)). In
case (2) above, a double set of restraining stirrups is required at the crank (see figure 60) and the crank
slope should not exceed 1:10.
b) terminating all or some of the bars below floor level and introducing separate splices to start
the column above;
NOTE Where the relative displacement of the column faces exceeds 100 mm, this principle should be
applied (see figure 62(d)).
c) using mechanical splices (see 6.3.4) to a specification approved by the designer; or
d) using welded splices (see 6.3.3) to a specification approved by the designer.
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(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 62 — Continuity of column bars
9.6 Large change in column size

Where a large reduction in column size occurs, the upper column could require more steel than
the lower column and additional splices could be required.
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10 Component detailing — Walls

10.1 General
A wall is a vertical structural element the greater lateral dimension of which is more than four
times the lesser.
10.2 Detailing methods

Detail walls in panels or sections to suit the construction procedure (see figures 63 and 64). They
may be detailed on elevations or diagrammatically as in the case of slabs (see 8.1).
10.3 Reinforced and plain concrete walls
10.3.1 For a wall to be considered as a reinforced concrete wall, the area of vertical
reinforcement should be at least 0,4 % of the plan area of the wall.
10.3.2 A wall that has less reinforcement than that specified in 10.3.1 is considered as a wall
with nominal reinforcement, or as a plain concrete wall. A plain concrete wall could require a
certain minimum area of reinforcement (see 10.14).
NOTE For fire resistance purposes, unless the vertical reinforcement content of a reinforced concrete wall
is at least 1 %, the wall is classified as a plain concrete wall.
10.4 Kickers
It is not common practice to provide kickers in building construction but it is common in civil
engineering construction. If kickers are used, the required lap in the reinforcement should be
provided above the kicker.
10.5 Cranking of vertical bars

Do not crank vertical bars except where the wall changes in section. Heavy corner bars might,
however, have to be cranked.
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Figure 63 — Details walls in panels or sections (plan)
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Figure 64 — Detail walls in panels or sections (elevations)
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10.6 Layers of reinforcement in thin walls

Ensure that the reinforcement is detailed in such a way that the concrete can be thoroughly
compacted. For walls of thickness not exceeding 170 mm, where the insertion of a vibrator could
lead to difficulties, a single layer of vertical and horizontal bars may be provided at the centre of
the wall and an external vibrator may be used (see figure 65(a)).
10.7 Layers of reinforcement in thicker walls

For walls of thickness exceeding 170 mm but less than or equal to 220 mm and also for walls of
thickness exceeding 220 mm but that have a reinforcement content greater than nominal, provide
two layers of reinforcement in both the vertical and the horizontal directions, the former layer
being placed on the inside of the latter (see figure 65(b)). Provide clips to restrain the vertical bars
against buckling or displacement prior to and during the construction of the wall. The bending,
spacing and size of the clips should be in accordance with the requirements relating to stirrups in
columns (see 9.4). In walls of thickness exceeding 220 mm and that have nominal reinforcement,
horizontal steel can be placed inside the vertical steel to reduce the possibility of the coarse
aggregate's being "hung up" on the horizontal bars (see figure 65(c)). However, in this case
ensure that sufficient space is left between the inner layers in order to allow for the placing and
vibration of the concrete. This space should be the greater of at least 100 mm and at least 75 mm
greater than the largest size aggregate. The alternative method of placing horizontal steel inside
vertical steel also applies to retaining walls (see 10.17).
(a) (b) (c)

Walls of thickness < 170 mm. Walls of thickness < 170 mm but < 220 mm Wall of thickness < 220 mm
Reinforcement in centre of and walls of thickness < 220 mm with with nominal reinforcement
wall (considered to be vertical reinforcement greater than nominal
nominal)
NOTE 1 Detailer to indicate positioning of clips.
NOTE 2 If shape code 85 is used. The clips should be alternatively reversed.
Figure 65 — Vertical sections
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10.8 Prefabrication of reinforcement

Reinforcing mats should be prefabricated wherever possible. This can be achieved by any of the
following methods:
a) the detailing of mats as reinforcement for walls, with loose splice bars provided at corners,
columns and counterforts (this enables the contractor to erect complete wall sections);
b) the detailing at intervals along the wall of stiff "column cages", with the remaining horizontal
and vertical bars placed in between (this method involves more site work than does (a) above
but is often quicker than erecting the whole wall reinforcement in situ); and
c) the use of large cages as described in 9.4.6.
NOTE The substitution of welded mesh for the reinforcement described in (a) and (b) above is often
beneficial. See table 15 for available and transportable mesh sheet and roll sizes.
10.9 Vertical stages

Walls should be detailed in vertical stages (lifts) to suit construction. The height of a stage should
generally not exceed 6 m. Vertical reinforcement should have a diameter of at least 10 mm for
stages of height not exceeding 3,5 m. A diameter of at least 12 mm should be used for stages of
height up to 6 m, and also for reinforcement in "column cages". Where mesh is used as in 10.8,
the size of wire may be less than 10 mm if "column cages", as described in 10.8(b), are provided.
10.10 Clips
Provide clips to maintain the spacing of bars and space them at a maximum centre-to-centre
distance of 1 m in each direction. Detail the clips (which are best detailed as shape code 35 or 85)
to connect the two inner layers of steel (see figure 64 and see also 10.15 for heavily reinforced
walls).
10.11 Pockets
10.11.1 Small pockets
A small pocket to be left in a wall can be formed by means of expanded polystyrene that should
be anchored to prevent it from floating. If the wall is to support a beam or a slab, insert one or
more reinforcing bars into the polystyrene block (see figure 66), to ensure a strong, rigid splice
connection. Ensure that the width of the pocket exceeds the length of the bend at the end of the
future splice bar (see figure 66).
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10.11.2 Large pockets
A large pocket can be formed by means of timber. Slope the top of the pocket to facilitate
concreting operations (see figure 66).
Vertical section
Figure 66 — Large pockets
10.12 Splices at top of wall

Where a slab is to be cast at the top of a wall, detail the continuity steel into the top of the slab
with the wall reinforcement:
a) if Y10 or lighter, as straight bars to be bent into the slab (see figure 67(a)); and
b) if heavier than Y10, as L bars extending at least a lap length below the soffit of the slab (see
annex E and figure 67(b)). Alternatively, use the double U-bar detail shown in figure 67(c).
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Figure 67(a) — Detailed continuity steel in Figure 67(b) — Bars extending at least a lap
the top of the slab with the wall length below the soffit of slab
reinforcement
Figure 67 (c) — Double U-bar
Figure 67 — Splices at top of wall
10.13 Splices to slabs and beams

Where a section of wall is common with a slab or beam and is cast as part of the slab or beam,
detail, with the wall, any splices that are required to be cast into the wall and cross-reference
them on the slab or beam reinforcing details. Where the wall is to be cast through, the connection
with the slab or beam can be achieved by means of:
a) pockets of sufficient depth to ensure adequate bond of reinforcement (see 10.11); or
b) a rebate in the wall, with splice bars bent into the rebate in the wall and later bent out (see
figure 68).
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It is normally preferable to provide pockets, since the rebending of reinforcing bars usually causes
them to kink. Also, the level of the rebate is critical, since a small inaccuracy in levels will cause a
considerable weakening in the connection, whereas an out-of-level pocket can easily be enlarged.
Bars larger than Y10 or R16 should not be detailed to be bent, but mild steel bars are
recommended if bending is unavoidable. If greater strength is required, welded or mechanical
splices can be used (see 6.3.3 and 6.3.4).
Figure 68 — Rebate
10.14 Walls with nominal reinforcement or plain concrete walls

10.14.1 Reinforcement could be required:
a) to control tension caused by eccentricity or horizontal forces;
b) to distribute vertical loads; or
c) to control shrinkage and temperature cracking.
10.14.2 In those areas where reinforcement is required, provide high tensile steel reinforcement
in accordance with the following:
a) except as recommended in (b) below, so distribute steel in both faces together that, in walls of
thickness not exceeding 400 mm, there is a total of at least 0,25 % vertically and at least 0,2 %
horizontally of the cross-sectional area of the concrete, both reducing linearly (for thickness
exceeding 400 mm) to 0,12 % at 800 mm, after which the areas of reinforcement, both
vertically and horizontally, remain constant at 480 mm2 per metre of face;
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b) for external walls and walls exposed to the weather, provide steel of area at least 0,25 % of the
cross-sectional area of the concrete in the exposed face, both vertically and horizontally, up to
a maximum of 480 mm2 per metre of face;
c) ensure that the spacing of vertical and horizontal reinforcement does not exceed two wall
thicknesses, subject to a maximum of 500 mm; and
d) provide reinforcement as trimming around openings (see 8.7).
10.15 Walls in which the required area of vertical reinforcement exceeds

0,4 % of the plan area of concrete
10.15.1 The spacing of vertical and horizontal reinforcement should not exceed two wall
thicknesses, subject to a maximum of 500 mm.
10.15.2 Ensure that clips are provided for vertical bars at a horizontal spacing not exceeding two
wall thicknesses.
10.15.3 The vertical bars are placed inside the horizontal bars.
10.15.4 Vertical bars that are not fully restrained are placed within a centre-to-centre distance of
200 mm from a bar that is fully restrained.
10.15.5 Vertical spacing of clips should not exceed the lesser of 15 times the diameter of the
vertical reinforcement and 300 mm.
10.15.6 Preferably, clips of shape code 85, alternately reversed, should be used.
10.16 Walls constructed by means of sliding or climbing shuttering

Detailing of walls that are to be constructed by sliding or climbing shuttering is affected by
construction techniques that are often unique to the system involved. These techniques, for
example, include the use of jacking rods and spacers, are reliant on casting cycles, have
separation problems and depend upon a variety of factors that require special detailing and
should therefore be planned in conjunction with the contractor. In general, connections to slabs
and beams are by means of chases or pockets (or both), since it is not generally feasible to leave
splice bars protruding from the walls. Tolerances are such that it is very difficult to ensure that
splice bars are fixed at the correct level. Splice bars that are to be bent out should therefore be
not larger than Y10 or R16. If heavier splices are required and it is not possible to provide pockets
of adequate size, consider the use of mechanical splices or casting in anchored steel plates of
adequate size to allow for tolerances, to which splice bars can be welded (see figure 69).
When sliding shuttering is used for walls, vertical splices should preferably be staggered to ease
placing problems and to prevent the displacement of reinforcement during sliding. Placing details
should call attention to the adequate wiring together of upper and lower reinforcement.
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Section A-A Section B-B
Figure 69 — Walls constructed by means of sliding or climbing shuttering
10.17 Retaining walls

There are different types of retaining walls, for example cantilever walls with L, T and reversed L
bases, counterforted walls, crib walls and propped and semi-propped walls, each one requiring its
own individual reinforcing technique (see figures 70 to 73). However, the same general principles
apply to all, the more important of which are as follows:
a) so detail the reinforcement as to keep the placing as simple as possible and to minimize
difficulties on site, which are often compounded by the conditions under which the work is
carried out. In particular, walls should be detailed to suit the method of construction;
b) so arrange the distribution of reinforcement (which is governed by design) as to allow for

adequate continuity, and stagger laps to avoid abrupt termination of reinforcement;
c) carefully control the cover to reinforcement on faces adjacent to earth. This applies especially
to faces where concrete is to be cast against excavation, for example in footings where the use
of blinding is recommended;
d) so detail expansion joints in the walls as to ensure that relative movements of contiguous
sections are minimized by the transfer of shear across joints;
e) ensure that, at joints, detailing caters for the incorporation of water-bars when required;
f) extra reinforcement could be required to meet additional stresses induced by heavy earth
compaction and by shrinkage in the wall against the restraint of such compacted earth,
especially between counterforts;
g) provide an area of reinforcement in the compression face of the wall (both vertically and
horizontally) of 0,12 % to 0,25 % of the plan area of the wall, depending on exposure. This
reinforcement (indicated by a dotted line in figures 70 to 72) facilitates the maintenance in
position of main bars during concreting;
h) take account of the reduction of effectiveness of reinforcing at corners, especially at re-entrant

or opening corners. The inclusion of fillets and splay bars in the case of reversed L bases is
recommended;
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i) in the case of cantilever walls, place the vertical reinforcement in the outer layer to take
maximum advantage of the available lever arm;
j) ensure that provision is made for the structure above or beyond the wall, where the required
information relating to the continuity of the reinforcing has to be provided;
k) the radius of bends for the main tensile bars is critical and should be at least 7,5 bar diameters;
and
l) if problems are encountered in the accommodation of bars at the intersection of the base and
wall, consider reducing the bar diameters and increasing the member thickness.
Figure 70 — Cantilever wall with L base
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Figure 71 — Cantilever wall with T base
Figure 72— Cantilever wall with reversed L base
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Figure 73 — Propped retaining walls
10.18 Walls, other than retaining walls, contributing significantly to

horizontal stability of a structure, for example tank walls, silo walls, shear
walls, core walls
Each component requires individual detailing, depending on the relevant design criteria.
Generally, however, the methods recommended in the preceding subclauses apply. Because of
the effect of horizontal and bursting forces, pay careful attention to the horizontal reinforcement, in
particular to bond and lap lengths, lap positions and the staggering of laps, distribution of
reinforcement and cover.
10.19 Walls with corners subjected to horizontal bending
10.19.1 Attention is drawn to the fact that the formwork arrangements can affect the
reinforcement details.
10.19.2 A distinction should be made between:

a) opening L corners;
b) closing L corners; and
c) T junctions.
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10.19.3 In the case of opening corners, detail the steel as indicated in figure 74 or 75, use
diagonal bars equal in area to half that of the main reinforcement and incorporate splays
wherever possible (see annex E).
NOTE Vertical U-bars could clash unless detailed to have different heights.
Figure 74 — Detailing of opening corners
Figure 75 — Detailing of opening corners
10.19.4 In the case of closing corners, provide an external L bar (see figure 76). Alternatively,
use the arrangement recommended above for opening L corners, except that no splay bars are
required.
10.19.5 In the case of T-junctions, use the arrangement shown in figure 77.
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Figure 76 — T-junctions
Figure 77 — T-junctions — Closing corners
10.20 Walls subjected to bending forces

In the case of walls that will be subjected to bending forces, apply the rules for minimum amounts
of reinforcement and for spacing that apply to slabs (see 8.2.3, 8.2.4 and 8.3).
11 Component detailing — Foundations

11.1 Detailing methods
Foundations should normally be detailed diagrammatically in
a) plan (see figure 78), or
b) elevation (see figure 79).
In the case of (a) above, provide a diagrammatic plan that shows the location of the foundation
reinforcement as for slabs, and also provide a plan of the starter bars and stirrups, as for
columns. Column and wall starter bars and the foundation reinforcement are to be shown on the
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same placing drawing. In the case of (b) above, provide a diagrammatic elevation that shows the
location of the foundation reinforcement, as for beams.
NOTE Cover requirements for foundations are more stringent than for other elements (see 6.1.2).
11.2 Main reinforcement
11.2.1 Minimum diameters
For all types of foundations, the diameter of reinforcement other than mesh should be at least
10 mm.
11.2.2 Minimum areas
If the projection of the foundation beyond the face of the column or wall exceeds two-thirds of the
depth of the foundation, ensure that the foundation is reinforced. The area of high tensile steel
reinforcement should be at least 0,1 % of the foundation area in both directions. In the case of
continuous foundations where control of shrinkage is important, increase this value in the
longitudinal direction to at least 0,25 % of the area of the foundation.
11.2.3 Anchorage
It is normal practice to provide at least a nominal square bend (shape code 35) at each end of the
main reinforcement. However, in small or shallow foundations, or where high founding pressures
develop, the bend length might have to be increased for anchorage purposes.
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Figure 78 — Detailing in plan
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Figure 79 — Detailing in elevation
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11.2.4 Columns on edges of foundations
To prevent a corbel-type failure (i.e. a shear failure along an inclined plane) if a column is located
on the edge of a foundation, it is advisable to provide horizontal U-bars around the starter bar
cage, these bars being designed for every such column (see figure 80).
Section
Plan
Figure 80 — Horizontal U-bars
11.3 Combined bases

For combined bases, detail both the longitudinal and transverse bars in accordance with the
recommendations for beams (see clause 7), but apply more rigorous cover requirements
(see 6.1.2).
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11.4 Pile caps

Relatively high stresses (especially punching shear and bursting) are normally generated in pile
caps because of the high localized forces involved. Depending upon the spacing and layout of the
pile group and the thickness of the pile cap, the reinforcement is placed in a combination of a
"banded" arrangement (i.e. the reinforcement is concentrated over the piles direct) and a
uniformly distributed grid. Provide tension bond lengths at both ends of main bars past the outer
edges of the piles. Mechanical anchorage of bars can be incorporated, where advantageous, by
the positioning of heavy bars at the inside of bends. Square bends should be held in position
vertically by two or three horizontal stirrups of diameter at least 12 mm. Because of difficulties in
assembly, closed stirrups should normally not be used in the vertical plane.
Detailing should be flexible to allow for the large tolerances inherent in pile construction (i.e. allow
generous laps and tolerances).
11.5 Raft foundations

For raft foundations, detail both the longitudinal and transverse bars generally in accordance with
the rules for slabs and beams. (See also the recommendations regarding cover and stools in
6.1 and 6.2.)
In the case of large raft foundations, special consideration might have to be given to the means of
support and the maintenance of stability of the top reinforcement.
11.6 Wall foundations

11.6.1 Axially loaded walls
Detail foundations and starter bars in the same way as column bases. Starters are commonly in
the form of U-bars.
11.6.2 Walls with transverse bending
Apply the relevant recommendations given in 10.17 for retaining walls.
11.7 Machine foundations

Take special note of the machine maker's specifications. Vibration waves induce tension stresses.
Such stresses can occur in unusual directions and places. Therefore ensure that all bond lengths,
laps and steel areas are generous.
11.8 Strap beams

Because of the high localized loadings involved, the anchorage of the main top reinforcement in a
strap beam is critical. Consideration of the possibility of a corbel-type failure as described in
11.2.4 is important and special reinforcement might be needed to prevent its happening. Ensure
that the radius of the bend of the top bar is large enough to prevent overstressing of the concrete.
For maximum economy, curtail the top steel towards the counterbalancing base.
Pay special attention to the problem of accommodation of the reinforcement in the region where
the column projects from the base and the resultant difficulties associated with the placing of
concrete.
Take care to ensure that the main top bars can be fixed, since it is common for the base to be
constructed against unexcavated material or against an adjacent structure so preventing the
threading in of a top bar that has a return bend at the bottom of its vertical leg.
For the method of detailing, see figure 81.
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Figure 81 — Strap beams
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11.9 Column starter bars
11.9.1 General
Detail column starters generally in accordance with the rules for columns, with due allowance for
increased cover underground (see 6.1.2 and 9.5). The number of starter bars need not be the
same as the number of column bars (subject to 9.3.3 and 9.3.4).
11.9.2 Positioning
Ensure that starter bars are so positioned as to allow the column cage to fit into or over the starter
cage (see figure 82). Clearly indicate the relative positions of starter bars and main column
reinforcement on the detailing drawings. Take special care where congestion of reinforcement
occurs (i.e. if the area of the starter bars is 2 % or more of the area of the column) or where the
arrangement of the bars is not symmetrical.
Ensure that bars are caged rigidly enough to enable them to retain their shape and position during
concreting.
(a) (b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 82 — Positioning of starter bars
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11.9.3 Lengths of starter bars
So detail the vertical starter bars as to ensure that a full bond length is provided into the base (see
annex D for bond lengths). The effectiveness of a bar in compression that is further than
approximately four bar diameters beyond the bend is limited. In shallow bases, special details are
required to provide the necessary bond.
The length of the starter bar projecting into the column should be at least equal to the value for
the appropriate bond length given in annex D.
Ensure that each vertical bar has a square bend on the bottom to assist in site placing, except in
the case of an extremely deep base where the starters can be suspended in position, in which
case it is essential to provide adequate support. Where a square bend is provided, the length of
the bend should be at least 100 mm or enough to enable the bar to rest on the base mat when so
required, and to be tied to the foundation reinforcement. Alternatively, U-bars could be used for
starters.
11.9.4 Stirrups
Ensure that there are at least three stirrups to maintain starter bars in position. The stirrups can
be spaced at 300 mm within the foundation, since the foundation provides adequate restraint, but
ensure that temporary stirrups above the base suit the requirements of the column detail
(see 9.4).
As they interfere with the subsequent positioning of the main cage, it is essential that the
temporary stirrups be removed after the base has been cast. Ensure also that the size of the
starter cage allows for the specified bending and placing tolerances.
11.9.5 Columns with large moments
If the columns will be subjected to predominating moments, the bars can be crossed (see figure
83).
NOTE Radius of bend 'R' is critical and should be at least 7,5 ǿ.
Figure 83 — Crossed bars
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12 Staircases
12.1 Diagrammatic details
Staircases are normally detailed diagrammatically in plan or section. This is best done by
arranging the placing detail and bending schedule adjacent to each other on one sheet (see
figure 84).
Soffits for flights of stairs are often not erected at the same time as floors. In such cases, detail
stair splices from floor landings and intermediate landings up and down into the flight, and so
dimension their positions that they can be correctly wired into position. The detail should suit
construction joints.
Two types of stairs are shown diagrammatically detailed in figures 85 and 86, as follows:
a) the flight spanning from inner edge to inner edge of landings (figure 85); and
b) the flight, together with its landings, spanning from outer edge to outer edge of landings
(figure 86).
12.2 Re-entrant corners

When tensions in bars meeting at a corner produce a resultant force resisted only by the concrete
cover, the bars should be crossed over and anchored on either side of the crossover by a bond
length adequate for the stresses in the bars (see bars D and E in figure 84).
NOTE Where the percentage of steel exceeds 0,5 %, refer to corners and cranked beams (see 7.15).
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Figure 84 — Diagrammatic details of staircase
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Figure 85 — The flight spanning from inner edge to inner edge of landing
Figure 86 — The flight spanning from outer edge to outer edge of landing
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13 Welded steel mesh

13.1 Use of mesh
Welded steel mesh is generally used for slabs on fill and in roads. It is also used for suspended
slabs, walls in buildings, culverts, retaining walls and in any component for which a suitable mesh
is obtainable. Major advantages are that site placing time is reduced and good bond
characteristics are obtained.
13.2 Types of mesh

There are two types of mesh available:
a) the standard range in sheets or rolls, as set out in table 15; and
b) design mesh, where requirements for wire sizes and spacings could be varied and staggers
and bent shapes introduced.
Manufacturers might be able to supply mesh of varying sizes and spacings. Wires can be plain or
indented. When in doubt as to the best approach, consult a manufacturer before proceeding with
details.
13.3 Specifications
The requirements for steel mesh are given in annex A and in SANS 1024.
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Table 15 — Standard meshes (see also annex A)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mesh Centre-to-centre spacing of Nominal diameter of wires Nominal cross-sectional area of Nominal mass of wires per unit Total
referencea wires wires area nominal
mass per
unit area
mm mm mm2/m of width kg/m2
Longitudinal Cross Longitudinal Cross Longitudinal Cross Longitudinal Cross kg/m2
617 200 200 10,0 10,0 393 393 3,08 3,08 6,17
500 200 200 9,0 9,0 318 318 2,50 2,50 5,00
395 200 200 8,0 8,0 251 251 1,97 1,97 3,95
311 200 200 7,1 7,1 197 197 1,55 1,55 3,11
245b 200 200 6,3 6,3 156 156 1,22 11,22 2,45
193b 200 200 5,6 5,6 123 123 0,96 0,96 1,93
100b 200 200 4,0 4,0 063 063 0,50 0,50 1,00
772 100 200 10,0 10,0 786 197 6,17 1,55 7,72
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655 100 200 9,0 9,0 636 197 5,00 1,55 6,55
517 100 200 8,0 6,3 503 156 3,95 1,22 5,17
433 100 200 7,1 6,3 396 156 3,11 1,22 4,33
341b 100 200 6,3 5,6 312 123 2,45 0,96 3,41
289b 100 200 5,6 5,6 246 123 1,93 0,96 2,89
278b 100 300 6,3 4,0 312 042 2,45 0,33 2,75
226b 100 300 5,6 4,0 246 042 1,93 0,33 2,26
133b 100 300 4,0 4,0 126 042 1,00 0,33 1,33
NOTE The standard sheet size of all mesh is 6 m × 2,4 m.
SANS 10144:2012
a See SANS 1024. The reference number is the nominal mass of the mesh, in kilograms per square metre × 100.
b These meshes are also available in standard rolls of 60 m × 2,4 m (see also 13.5.6).
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13.4 Mesh placing drawings
13.4.1 Slabs
To indicate the placing of sheets in position, represent each sheet on the plan layout by a single-line
rectangle with one diagonal line on which the sheet mark is shown (see figure 87). The size of the
rectangle is the overall size of the sheet, and, since the sheets normally overlap, so do the
rectangles. The lap should be dimensioned or stated in the notes. Where a sheet might be placed
the wrong way round (e.g. a square sheet with longitudinal wires and cross-wires of different
diameters), show the direction, diameter and spacing of the longitudinal wires on the sheet
concerned.
The direction of the longitudinal bars is indicated by the symbol: .
So detail sheets that a minimum number of layers occur at laps and at the intersection of sheet
corners. Show the sheet placing sequence to achieve this. The detail is best achieved by using
overhangs (flying ends) or loose bars.
To avoid confusion, show top and bottom mesh on separate layouts. Top mesh marks should be
prefixed by the letter T, and bottom by the letter B. Bear in mind that bottom mesh is generally
placed before, and top mesh after, the electrical contractor has positioned his conduit.
In two-way slabs where both dimensions exceed the maximum width of the available sheets, in
order to avoid lapping of mesh in one direction, use two layers so placed that the main longitudinal
wires of each layer are at right angles to each other (see figure 87).
Do not use draped sheets except in the topping of ribbed slabs where the centre-to-centre distance
between ribs does not exceed 1,2 m (see figure 88).
13.4.2 Walls and other components
Show mesh for walls and other components in plan or elevation by a rectangle and diagonal line as
in figure 87. Use separate layouts for mesh in different faces if the arrangement of the sheets in the
faces is different.
13.4.3 Mesh as stirrups for column and beam cages
The assembly details of mesh as stirrups for column and beam cages are normally incorporated in
a combined assembly/bending schedule on a component basis.
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NOTE 1 Symbol indicates direction of longitudinal bars.
NOTE 2 Symbol indicates that longitudinal bars are at the bottom of mat.
NOTE 3 Symbol indicates that longitudinal bars are at the top of mat.
Figure 87 — Two-way slabs
Figure 88 — Slabs with centre to centre distance between ribs not exceeding 1,2 m
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Figure 89 — Examples of schedules foe mesh
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13.5 Scheduling of mesh
13.5.1 General
Examples of schedules for mesh are given in figure 89.
13.5.2 Tolerances
Manufacturers' tolerances on sheet and roll sizes are ± 25 mm on lengths and widths not exceeding
6 m, and ± 5 % in all other cases.
13.5.3 Drawings
Where possible, do not list mesh on the same schedule as bar reinforcement.
Where mesh and bars occur in a single component (for example slabs with holes to be stitched;
column and beam cages), the schedule should cover all the reinforcing steel for the component. It is
to be noted that mesh and reinforcing bars are often fabricated in different workshops.
13.5.4 Standard mesh (see table 15)
Ensure that the following information is given on each schedule that covers standard mesh:
a) the number of sheets;
b) the length of the longitudinal wires;
c) the length of the cross-wires;
d) whether in sheets or in rolls (see also 13.5.6 and 13.5.7); and
e) whether the wires are to be plain round or indented.
NOTE Indented wire is available down to a nominal diameter of 5,6 mm.
13.5.5 Non-standard mesh (see figure 90)
Ensure that the following information is given on each schedule that covers non-standard mesh:
a) the number of sheets;
b) the diameter, number and spacing of wires in direction L;
c) the diameter, number and spacing of wires in direction B;
NOTE 1 Wires in direction L can be spaced in steps of 50 mm from a minimum spacing of 100 mm.
NOTE 2 Wires in direction B can be spaced in steps of 50 mm from 100 mm to 300 mm.
NOTE 3 Spacing can vary in both directions within any one sheet such that the spacing is either the
normal value or twice the normal value.
NOTE 4 The diameter of the larger of the wires should not normally exceed twice that of the smaller.
d) the length of the wires in direction L;
e) the length of the wires in direction B;
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NOTE 1 Dimension B should not exceed 2,4 m.
NOTE 2 It is recommended that dimensions L and B be exact multiples of the relevant spacing, since
sheets of these dimensions are the most economical to produce.
f) whether in sheets or in rolls (see also 13.5.7);
g) whether the wires are to be plain round or indented;
NOTE Indented wire is available down to a nominal diameter of 5,6 mm.
h) whether the ends are to be staggered or not, and, if relevant, the extent of the stagger; and
NOTE Wires should be staggered in direction L only.
i) the overhang (flying ends).
NOTE Unless otherwise specified, the wire ends will project by one-half of the spacing module beyond the
outer intersection wire. This projection is referred to as "overhang". Ensure that any overhang that is
specified is in 25 mm steps and is at least 25 mm. At laps, specify enough overhang to avoid clashing of
transverse bars and also to achieve adequate bond.
Figure 90 — Non-standard mesh
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13.5.6 Sheet size
Because of transportation and handling difficulties, sheets should not exceed a final width of 2,4 m
and an overall length of 6 m. Manufacturers might be able to supply wider and longer sheets.
13.5.7 Rolls
Heavy mesh that has main wires of diameter exceeding 5,6 mm should not be ordered in roll form
since it is difficult to lay flat after unrolling. In general, the use of rolls causes problems in
straightening and rolls should therefore be specified with caution (see table 15).
13.6 Bending of mesh
13.6.1 Preferred shapes
Because of the volume they occupy, do not bend mesh sheets into large, hollow core shapes. For
transportation purposes, L-shaped or V-shaped sheets can be nested. Column cages have their
bars inserted in the yard and are therefore suitable for transporting. Beam cages can be assembled
in two ways:
a) as open stirrups, the clips being added on site (and the cages delivered nested); and
b) as closed cages with bars in position, designed to fit clear between column faces, the splice bars
being added on site (see figure 23).
13.6.2 Permissible shapes
Mesh can be bent in one direction only and should be bent only to simple shapes. As bending of
mesh is a factory operation, do not specify site bending.
Shapes that could be used are the following (see annex A): shape codes 37; 38; 41; 45; 48; 49; 52
(open); 54; 55; 60; 73. The length of a bend or of a hook is normally at least 100 mm.
13.6.3 Limitations of bending
The maximum width of the average bending machine is 5 m.
Bending on the weld is permissible, provided that the cross-wire is inside the bend. For other
positions of the bend relative to adjacent cross-wires, where the cross-wire is within 100 mm of the
bend, consult the manufacturers. Closed shapes such as shape code 60 are not always practicable
but this should be checked with the supplier. For any U-shape, the parallel legs of the U should not
be closer than 100 mm.
13.7 Galvanized mesh

It may be desirable to use galvanized mesh in precast work. Before specifying it, check the size
limitations of the galvanizing plant and also whether passivation of the zinc will be necessary.
13.8 Lapping
Use the same lap distances as for reinforcing bars, with no reduction in the bond distance for the
cross-wires. The lap distance will normally not be less than the cross-wire spacing. Do not lap mesh
at points of maximum stress. Nominal reinforcement to control cracking should have full tension
laps (see table 16 for bond and lap distances)
.
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Table 16 — Minimum bond and lap lengths for fully stressed mesh
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Concrete Minimum bond length Minimum lap length
Stress classification class mm mm
Length required Diameter of mesh wire Length Diameter of mesh wire
(in diameters)a mm required mm
(in diameters)a
4,0 5,6 6,3 7,1 8 9 10 4,0 5,6 6,3 7,1 8 9 10
Plain wire or bars
58 230 320 370 410 460 520 580 72 300 400 450 510 580 650 720
Tension 20
30 44 180 250 280 310 350 400 440 56 300 310 350 400 450 500 560
40 38 150 210 240 270 300 340 380 47 300 300 310 330 380 420 470
20 54 220 300 340 380 430 490 540 68 300 380 430 480 540 610 630
Shear (mesh in the form
30 42 170 240 260 300 340 380 420 52 300 300 330 370 420 470 520
of stirrups)
40 36 140 200 230 260 290 320 360 44 300 300 310 330 350 400 440
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Intended wire or bars

46 - 260 290 330 370 410 460 58 - 320 370 410 460 520 580
Tension 20
30 36 - 200 230 260 290 320 360 44 - 300 310 330 350 400 440
40 30 - 170 190 210 240 270 300 38 - 300 310 330 350 380 400
20 43 - 240 270 310 340 390 430 54 - 300 310 380 430 490 540
Shear (mesh in the form
30 34 - 190 210 240 270 310 340 42 - 300 310 330 350 380 420
of stirrups)
40 28 - 160 180 200 220 250 280 36 - 300 310 330 350 380 400
NOTE 1 Figures for "length required (in diameters)" have been rounded off, as have equivalent bond and lap lengths derived from those values.
NOTE 2 The table is based on mesh of characteristic strength 450 MPa except for link reinforcement, which has a characteristic strength of 425 MPa.
NOTE 3 The mesh is assumed to be of

a) smooth round bars or wire, or
b) intended round bars or wire (25 % increase in bond stress).
NOTE 4 No reduction in bond lengths has been allowed for in the table for the anchorage values of bends and hooks. (These values are given in 6.4.4.)
a or 25 d + 150 mm, or 300 mm, whichever is the greatest.
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14 Detailing with respect to aqueous liquid retaining structures

14.1 General principles
In addition to all normal requirements, aqueous liquid retaining structures should be designed to
have a low probability of leakage.
Great care needs to be taken with detailing, to ensure that dense solid concrete can be placed. Any
congestion of steel that prevents this should be avoided.
The specification and detailing of all expansion, contraction and construction joints are necessary to
prevent leakage at joints and special attention should be given to intersections of joints.
14.2 Causes of cracking
14.2.1 In immature concrete
Setting of concrete is associated with a rise in temperature caused by cement hydration. With a
subsequent fall in temperature, the concrete shrinks, setting up internal tensions in concrete where
freedom of movement is restrained, leading to cracking in the hardened concrete structure. Further
shrinkage takes place as the concrete dries out, adding to the internal tensions.
14.2.2 In mature concrete
14.2.2.1 Loading of the structure causes tensile stresses because of bending or axial tension.
14.2.2.2 Temperature and moisture changes, both seasonal and diurnal, can cause additional
tensile stresses.
14.2.3 Other causes
Other causes of cracking include
a) any abrupt change in thickness of structure,
b) free ends of reinforcement within a structure,
c) re-entrant corners in elements such as the slab and the walls, and
d) penetrations through structure by pipes and access hatches.
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14.3 Detailing to minimize effects of cracking
14.3.1 Minimum reinforcement
Direct tension cracking caused by thermal and shrinkage movement differs radically from the
mechanism that causes flexural cracking. After the formation of the initial crack, all further cracks
are influenced by the reinforcement. Provided that the reinforcement across the cracks does not
yield, the contraction of the concrete at both sides of the crack is restrained by the reinforcement.
BS 8007 recommends the minimum cross-sectional area of reinforcement to ensure that the steel
does not yield at a crack, as being 0,35 % using grade 450 steel or 0,64 % using grade 250 steel
based on 35 MPa concrete. Where closely spaced movement joints (typically at 5 m to 6 m centres)
allow for complete freedom of movement, this minimum steel can be reduced to two-thirds of the
above figure. Note that freedom of movement can differ in different directions.
If reinforcement does not yield, the crack width is a function of the diameter of bar and the total
amount of steel. Therefore, unless small diameter bars at close centres are used, more steel than
the above minimum might be necessary.
The amount of steel mentioned above is related to a "surface zone" and only the surface zone
needs to be reinforced. For definition of surface zones, see figures 91 and 92. In walls of thickness
less than 200 mm, the minimum steel for both zones can be placed in one layer.
14.3.2 Reinforcement to counter the effects of external loading
Reinforcement size, spacing and cover will be specified by the designer, taking into account the
loads and design crack widths. The detailer should be aware that ultimate anchorage bond stresses
for horizontal bars in direct tension according to BS 8007 are 0,7 times the values obtained for non-
aqueous liquid retaining structures. The bond and lap lengths required will be 1,43 times the values
in annex D for bars stressed to the maximum allowable. In order to maintain small crack widths, the
designer might have worked to lower stresses in the steel than the maximum allowable, in which
case some lesser anchorage and lap lengths could be applicable. The detailer should agree with
the designer what lap and anchorage lengths are applicable.
14.3.3 Openings and corners in slab or walls
The rules applicable to openings should be modified by allowing 1,5 times as much trimming steel
as that given in 8.7. Care should be taken in thin walls, to ensure that diagonally placed bars do not
interfere with the placement of concrete in the very critical position below openings.
If the diagonal bars cannot be placed without interfering with concreting, use additional framing
steel parallel to the sides of the opening. Stagger discontinuous trimming bars to avoid causing a
stress raiser where all bars stop at one position.
Figure 91 — Detailing to minimize effects of cracking
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Figure 92 — Minimum reinforcement
14.3.4 Junctions of walls with other walls or with floor slabs
Junctions of walls with other walls or with floor slabs are typically opening corners and normally
occur at the most highly stressed places in the wall. The detail of figure 74 or 75 is to be used,
depending on the reinforcement layout of the member in which the starter bars are to be anchored.
In all cases, bars should be anchored as deeply as possible into the anchoring structure. Therefore,
in a junction of two walls with vertical bars placed inside horizontal bars, the detail of figure 74 is
preferable while with vertical bars placed outside of horizontal bars, the detail of figure 75 is
preferable.
The detail of figure 77 is acceptable only in the case where the horizontal steel in the through-wall is
placed outside the vertical steel. If the through-wall horizontal steel is inside the vertical steel, then a
detail using vertical U-bars for the intersecting wall starters is preferable.
Starter bars for walls off floor slabs are different in the two orthogonal directions, depending on the
relative positions of the floor slab reinforcement to enable starter bars to be anchored in the bottom
layer of the slab reinforcement.
All of the above give rise to stress raisers at the end of the starters and splicing bars. Consideration
should be given to staggering laps by half of the lap length, to reduce the effect of the stress raiser.
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14.4 Cover
The nominal cover of concrete for all steel, including stirrups, link, sheathing and spacers, should
not normally be less than 40 mm. Greater cover might be needed at a face in contact with
aggressive soils or if subject to erosion or abrasion. In thin sections where it is not possible to
achieve a 40 mm cover, a higher cement content or special reinforcement should be used.
14.5 Joints
The position of all joints, whether movement or construction joints, is to be shown on the drawings.
14.5.1 Construction joints
Full structural continuity is assumed in design at a construction joint. Reinforcement across the joint
is fully continuous, and cracking at the joint is controlled by the use of reinforcement. Vertical joints
should be cast against stop ends. The concrete in the earlier pour should be properly prepared prior
to casting of the later pour in accordance with the requirements of BS 8007. It is not necessary to
incorporate waterstops in properly constructed joints but these should be considered where
supervision of construction cannot be guaranteed.
14.5.2 Movement joints
Typical movement joints are shown in figure 93. The details of interconnections of different types of
waterstops at joint junctions should be clearly indicated on the drawings.
Figure 93 — Typical movement joints
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Figure 93 (concluded)
Figure 93 — Typical movement joints
15 Detailing of steel reinforcement for post-tensioned concrete slabs

15.1 General principles
Post-tensioned concrete slabs can comprise either concrete slab panels supported on walls or
beams or concrete flat slabs supported on columns.
In both cases, the normal requirements for reinforcement detailing apply, the principal differences
being:
a) the relatively small amount of reinforcement required;
b) the thinness of slabs relative to spans;
c) the importance of accurately profiling post-tensioning tendons and the requirement of maintaining
them in position; and
d) the detailing at post-tensioning anchors to counteract bursting forces.
15.2 Causes of cracking

The causes of cracking in post-tensioned concrete slabs are similar to those outlined in 14.2.
Further causes of cracking are as follows:
a) greater likelihood of cracking in immature concrete because of low amounts of reinforcement;
b) restraint cracking arising from the restraint to movement offered by a stiff vertical support
structure under the action of both shrinkage, creep, temperature and elastic shortening;
NOTE The effects of elastic shortening can be largely eliminated by disconnecting the slab from rigid
vertical supports during stressing of the slabs.
c) cracking arising from the termination of post-tensioning tendons at positions internally in the
slabs; and
d) cracking owing to concentrated forces at anchorages.
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15.3 Detailing to minimize effects of cracking
15.3.1 Minimum reinforcement for flexure
Minimum reinforcement is specified by the designer to counter the effects of tensile stresses that
are in excess of the tensile capacity of the concrete, particularly in zones of peak tensile stress such
as the negative moment regions over column supports.
The limits of concrete tensile stress and the corresponding areas of reinforcement required are
specified in the relevant codes of practice. In addition, some codes of practice specify minimum
areas of reinforcement to counteract the possibility of catastrophic collapse arising from the loss,
from whatever cause, of post-tensioning tendons.
15.3.2 Reinforcement for shrinkage
In post-tensioned flat slabs, tendons are provided in both directions and will override the normal
minimum percentage of reinforcement required for counteracting shrinkage and thermal stresses.
Consequently, minimum levels of reinforcement or mesh (or both) provided in post-tensioned slabs
are frequently below 0,12 % unless otherwise required, as mentioned in 15.3.1.
15.3.3 Shear reinforcement
Shear reinforcement is frequently required in post-tensioned flat slabs at internal and external
column positions. It most often takes the form of stirrup reinforcement, which should be carefully
detailed and positioned in a manner similar to that for shear reinforcement in reinforced concrete
slabs.
Structural steel cruciform beams, specially welded reinforcement cages or patented type shear
reinforcement studs recently developed in the USA, are sometimes also used for shear
reinforcement purposes at column heads.
Careful detailing is particularly necessary because of the presence of post-tensioning tendons and
the occurrence of anchorages at external column supports (see figure 94).
Figure 94 — Shear reinforcement
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15.3.4 Reinforcement at external anchorages
Reinforcement is required at external anchorages, to withstand localized bursting forces. The

recommended minimum amounts and distribution of the reinforcement are illustrated in figure 95.
This is the recommendation of the Post-tensioning Institute in the USA and has been derived from
tests.
NOTE In figure 94, detailers should check that the detail is consistent with specialist design.
Figure 95 — Recommended minimum amounts and distribution of the reinforcement
15.4 Tendon profiling and positioning

Tendon profiling is a detailing function in that tendons are supported on reinforcement stools similar
to stools used for reinforced concrete. Accurate detailing of stools is necessary for the following
reasons:
a) accurate maintenance of the profile is critical for realizing the assumptions made in design;
b) the difficulty of profiling and retaining the tendon in position within the depth of a thin slab; and
c) the tendency for tendons to be disturbed during the concreting process. Stools are more effective
when designed and detailed to be anchored to the bottom mat of reinforcement.
In post-tensioned flat slabs, tendons are invariably banded in one direction and distributed evenly in
the other. This positioning of tendons should also be considered by the reinforcement detailer. See
figure 96.
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Figure 96 — Tendon profiling and positioning
15.5 Cover
The requirements of minimum cover for reinforcement and tendons are the same as those
applicable to reinforced concrete for both corrosion and fire protection.
The inter-relationship of draping tendons in two directions together with fixing reinforcement in two
directions should be considered. A recommended fixing system is illustrated in figure 97, where the
lower-most tendon is fixed in the B2 layer and the uppermost tendon is in a third layer above it.
Similar layering applies in the areas of top reinforcement.
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Figure 97 — Recommended foxing system for tendons
15.6 Joints
Specifying and detailing of control joints and construction joints are necessary because of the
greater sophistication of the system and its corresponding lesser degree of flexibility in construction
operations.
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Annex A
(informative)
Steel reinforcement
A.1 Steel bars for concrete reinforcement (see also SANS 920)
A.1.1 Mild steel
Hot rolled mild steel bars of plain round cross-section, minimum yield stress 250 MPa. The yield
stress of the bar should not exceed 400 MPa.
Hot rolled mild steel deformed bars (not generally available), of minimum yield stress as above.
A.1.2 High tensile steel

Hot rolled high tensile steel deformed bars, of minimum yield stress 450 MPa, or of a minimum
0,20 % proof stress. The ultimate tensile strength of the bar should be at least 15 % greater than
the yield stress or 0,2 % proof stress determined by the test.
A.2 Size and availability of steel bars

A.2.1 Generally available ex stock
Round mild steel: 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, 16 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm, 32 mm.
High tensile steel deformed bars (450 MPa): 10 mm, 12 mm, 16 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm, 32 mm.
A.2.2 Available but not generally held in stock

Round mild steel: 6 mm, 40 mm, 50 mm.
High tensile steel: 8 mm wire (that does not comply with SANS 920).
A.2.3 Length
The maximum length of reinforcing bars available ex stock is 13 m.
A.3 Deformations
A.3.1 High tensile steel deformed bars manufactured in South Africa have the following patterns:
a) two diametrically opposite longitudinal ribs, with "herring bone" pattern deformations on either
side of the ribs; and
b) two diametrically opposite longitudinal ribs in a spiral form, with inclined deformations in the
same direction on either side of the ribs (cold twisted bars).
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A.3.2 Mild steel deformed bars manufactured in South Africa have the following patterns:
a) two diametrically opposite longitudinal ribs, with inclined deformations in the same direction on
either side of the ribs; and
b) herring bone pattern as in A.3.1(a).
NOTE Mild steel bars can also be patterned. Deformations are not necessarily indicative of high tensile steel.
A.4 Welded steel mesh for concrete reinforcement (see also

SANS 1024)
A.4.1 Proof stress and tensile strength
When tested in accordance with SANS 1024, the proof stress (at 0,43 % total elongation under
load) of the wires in the mesh should be at least 485 MPa and the tensile strength should be at
least 510 MPa. In addition, either the tensile strength should be at least 5 % higher than the yield
stress recorded during the tensile strength test or the elongation should be at least 12 % when
measured on a gauge length of 5,65 So , where So is the initial cross-sectional area of the test
piece.
A.4.2 Indented wire

Indentations should be as described in BS 4482.
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Annex B
(informative)
Shape codes
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Annex C
(informative)
Tables of the area and mass of reinforcing bars
Table C.1 — Area
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Area of steel
mm2
Bar spacing
Bar
diameter mm
mm 75 100 125 150 175 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
8 672 503 402 336 288 251 201 168 144 126 112 101
10 1 048 785 628 524 488 393 314 262 244 196 175 157
12 1 508 1 131 908 754 646 565 452 377 323 283 251 226
16 2 680 2 011 1 608 1 340 1 148 1 005 804 670 574 503 447 402
20 4 188 3 142 2 514 2 094 1 796 1 571 1 257 1 047 898 785 698 628
25 6 344 4 909 3 926 3 272 2 804 2 454 1 963 1 636 1 402 1 227 1 091 982
32 10 724 8 042 6 434 5 362 4 596 4 021 3 217 2 681 2 298 2 011 1 787 1 608
8 and 10 860 644 516 430 368 322 258 215 184 161 143 129
10 and 12 1 276 958 766 638 548 479 383 319 274 240 213 192
12 and 16 2 096 1 571 1 256 1 048 898 785 628 524 449 393 349 314
16 and 20 3 436 2 576 2 060 1 718 1 472 1 288 1 030 859 736 644 572 515
20 and 25 5 368 4 025 3 220 2 684 2 300 2 013 1 610 1 342 1 150 1 006 894 805
25 and 32 8 636 6 476 5 180 4 318 3 700 3 238 2 590 2 159 1 850 1 619 1 439 1 295
Table C.2 — Mass and area
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Area
Bar mm2
diam Mass per
eter unit length Number of bars
mm kg/m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 0,395 50 101 151 201 251 302 352 402

10 0,617 79 157 236 314 393 471 550 628
12 0,888 113 226 339 452 565 679 792 905
16 1,58 201 402 603 804 1 005 1 206 1 407 1 608

20 2,47 314 628 942 1 257 1 571 1 885 2 199 2 513
25 3,85 491 982 1 473 1 963 2 454 2 945 3 436 3 927
32 6,31 804 1 608 2 413 3 217 4 021 4 825 5 630 6 434

49 9,86 1 257 2 513 3 770 5 027 6 283 7 540 8 796 10 052
50 15,40 1 963 3 927 5 890 7 854 9 817 11 781 13 744 15 708
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Annex D
(informative)
Table of bond and lap lengths for fully stressed bars

Table D.1 — Minimum bond and lap lengths for fully stressed bars
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Anchorage and lap lengths for bottom bars Lap lengths for tap bars and
Concrete class
classification
compression laps
Steel type
mm mm
Stress
Length Diameter of bars Length Diameters

required mm required (in
(in diameters) diameters)
8 10 12 16 20 25 32 8 10
20 45 360 445 535 715 890 1115 1425 58 465 58
Tension
25 39 315 395 470 630 785 980 1255 51 410 51

High yied deformed steel
30 34 270 340 405 540 675 845 1080 44 355 44

(450 MPa)
40 29 235 290 350 465 580 720 925 38 300 37

20 31 245 305 365 485 610 760 970 38 305 38
Compression
25 27 215 265 320 425 530 660 845 33 300a 33

30 24 190 235 285 375 470 585 750 30 300a 300
40 20 160 195 235 315 390 490 625 25 300a 300
20 46 365 455 545 725 910 1135 1450 68 54 68

Tension
25 39 315 390 470 625 780 975 1245 59 470 58

Plain round mild steel
30 37 290 365 435 580 725 910 1160 55 435 54

(250 MPa)
40 29 230 290 345 460 575 720 920 43 345 43

20 33 265 330 395 525 655 820 1050 41 330 41
Compression
25 29 235 290 350 465 580 725 925 36 300a 36

a
30 26 210 260 310 525 520 645 830 33 300 32
40 22 175 215 260 365 430 535 685 27 300a 300
NOTE 1 The values of lap lengths for top bars are valid for elements of depth exceeding 300 mm (see SANS 10100-1).
NOTE 2 In the case when concrete cover is less than twice the bar size (increased lap lengths) SANS 10100-1 applies.
NOTE 3 Extra stirrups might be required for laps in compression (see SANS 10100-1).
a The minimum required value.
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Annex E
(informative)
Additional information on corners and cranked beams
E.1 Changes in angle

Because a change in direction of a force requires the application of an equilibrating force, special
attention is required in detailing changes in angle in members (see figures 32 and 33).
It can be seen that, in the case of an opening corner, the forces needed for equilibrium cause
tension across the member (see figure 32), whereas in the case of closing corners, compression is
caused (see figure 33).
Concrete is able to resist compressive stresses, but even in the case of closing corners, the
compressive stresses could be excessive and the radii of tension bars should be at least 7,5 bar
diameters.
Tests have shown that the strength of opening corners can be very low. This is owing to the fact
that some common details do not provide for the equilibrium of the joint, and even where the
primary forces are taken care of, secondary stresses can cause premature failure.
Figure E.1 shows that, for an elastic model, tensile stresses tend to cause splitting in two places as
shown in figure E.2. Tests on reinforced specimens have shown similar cracks. To prevent failure, it
is therefore necessary to provide reinforcement across the cracks.
Figure E.1 — Elastic model
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Figure E.2 — Splitting in an elastic model due to tensile stress
E.2 Methods of reinforcing opening corners

Figure E.3 shows four methods of reinforcing opening corners.
Figure E.3(a) shows a standard method of reinforcing square corners. This method is, however,
only 40 % efficient; in other words, the joint will fail at a load of less than 40 % of the load that will
cause the member to fail. The method shown in figure E.3(b) is not much better.
A slightly better method of reinforcing square corners than that shown in figure E.3(c) is the use of
several tie bars as in figure 36. However, it can be seen that, unless a splay is provided, the cover
at the corner becomes very small for a reasonable radius of bar.
Figure E.3a) — Standard method of Figure E.3(b) — Alternative method of

reinforcing square corners reinforcing square corners
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Figure E.3 (concluded)
Figure E.3c) — A slightly better method of reinforcing square corners

(than that shown in figure E.3(b))
Figure E.3 — Methods of reinforcing opening corners
E.3 Methods of improving strength of opening corners

There are three methods of improving the strength of opening corners, it being necessary to use
more than one method in certain cases. The methods are:
a) the provision of additional splay reinforcement as in figure E.4;
b) the provision of additional splay reinforcement as in (a) above, and a splay corner (see figure
E.6); and
c) the provision of extra reinforcement across the corner as in figure E.5.
The methods shown in figure 35 and in figure E.6 have been strongly recommended by Swedish
authors, the splay steel area being one-half of the main steel area.
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Figure E.4 — Provision of additional sply Figure E.5 — Provision of extra

reinforcement reinforcement across the corner
Figure E.6 — Provision of a splay corner
E.4 Reinforcement less than 1 %

Where the area of reinforcement is less than 1 % of the beam area, the use of a detail as shown in
figure 34 (the splay steel being equal in area to 50 % of the main steel) is probably quite adequate.
E.5 Reinforcement more than 1 %

If the area of reinforcement is more than 1 % of the beam area, transverse steel as well as splay
steel should be provided, and the provision of a splay is very desirable.
E.6 Looped reinforcement

Where U-bar reinforcement is used, as in figure 36, it should be noted that very high crushing
stresses inside the loop can cause premature failure. The CEB-FIP recommendations state that the
radius of the loop be not less than
(0,35 + 0,70 Db/Da) Fy/Fcu  Db (see figure E.7)
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where
Db is the bar diameter, in millimetres;
Da is the distance from the plane of the loop to the surface, in millimetres;
Fy is the characteristic steel strength, in megapascals; and
Fcu is the concrete cube strength, in megapascals.
For a class 25 concrete with a 50 mm cover, the required diameters of loops are given in table E.1.
Table E.1 — Required loop diameters
1 2
Bar diameter Loop diameter
20 455
25 600
32 920
40 1 310
NOTE Class 25 concrete, 50 mm cover.
Da Fy
R > (0,35 + 0,70 )  Db
Db Fcu
Figure E.7 — Looped reinforcement
E.7 Junction of beams and columns

E.7.1 Single junction
A junction of a single beam with a column can be considered as a combination of an opening corner
and a closing corner. For this reason, the detail shown in figure E.8 is poor since it is similar to that
shown in figure E.3(b), which is quite inefficient. If it is essential to use this detail, extra steel should
be provided (see figure 40).
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If the steel is bent down, care should be taken. A full tension lap bond length should be provided
below the end of the curved section, and below half-beam depth, especially at haunches of portal
frames (see figure E.9).
Figure E.8 — A junction of a single beam
Figure E.9 — A full tension lap bond length
E.7.2 Double junction

At a double junction of beams with columns, it is common practice to carry the beam steel through
and not to bend it down into the columns. This is perfectly satisfactory when the characteristic live
load does not exceed the characteristic self-weight load.
However, where considerable moments (say more than 33 % of the total) are transmitted into the
columns, it might be necessary to bend reinforcement from the column into the beam (see figure
E.10). Because the bars pass through the column, this requires very careful detailing.
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Figure E.10 — Bent reinforcement
E.8 Cranked beams
E.8.1 Deflection angle less than 30
Where the deflection angle at a corner is less than 30, the method of detailing should be as shown
in figure E.11.
To make placing of reinforcement easier, it is common practice to use an odd number of bars on
one side and an even number of bars on the other side.
Conditions at the corner are such that the compressive forces in the beams are not balanced, and
therefore stirrups should be provided to balance, say, 50 % of the resolved force. The total area of
stirrups required is then equal to the main steel area multiplied by sin (A/2), where A is the
deflection angle.
Figure E.11 — Method of detailing the deflection angle at a corner less than 30
E.8.2 Deflection angle between 30 and 45
Where the deflection angle is between 30 and 45, a splay with splay reinforcement should be
used, as for 90 corners (see figure 37). However, in such a detail, the congestion of the
reinforcement at the corner is considerable. For this reason, the detail shown in figure E.12 could be
considered, but this detail can be dangerous if the stirrup reinforcement is displaced or inadequately
bonded. It should be noted that the stirrups at the corner are required to take all the force
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component from the main reinforcement and that the cover at the corner is reduced because of the
large radius of the reinforcement.
Because the stirrups in figure E.12 could be difficult to hold in position during concreting, it might be
better to use the detail shown in figure 38. Here the stress condition at the corner is less severe
than for figure E.12 because the stirrups are smaller, and bond is less of a problem. There is no
problem with cover, and the dimensioning of the stirrups is easier.
Figure E.12 — Method of detailing the deflection angle where the congestion of the
reinforcement at the corner is considerable
E.8.3 Deflection angle between 40 and 90
Where deflection angles are between 40 and 90, the detail used for 90 corners can be used. The
recommended detail is a splay with stirrups and splay reinforcement (see figure 36).
E.9 Closing corners

Although closing corners are stronger than opening corners, main tension bars should have
adequate radii to reduce compressive stresses.
In addition, extra reinforcement should be supplied in the corners where the stirrups of the beam
and column are stopped off (see figure 41).
If stresses are high, steel should be provided across the potential crack which runs from the inside
of the bend in the reinforcement, as shown in figure E.13. The section should be checked to ensure
that the steel can be accommodated.
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Figure E.13 — Method of detailing closing corners
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Bibliography
Standards
BS 4482, Steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete products – Specifications.
Other publications
British Concrete Society Technical Report No. 43 on post-tensioned concrete floors – Design
handbook.
Report No.2 on the design of pre-stressed concrete flat slabs by the Joint Structural Division of
SAICE and ISE.
______________
© SABS
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© SABS.

SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Detailing of steel reinforcement for concrete

Published by the South African Bureau of Standards

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COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

SABS – Standards Division

SABS Customer Services provide comprehensive standards-related information on national, regional

This document was published in November 2012.

This document supersedes SABS 0144:1995 (edition 2).

Annexes A to E are for information only.

Reaffirmed and reprinted in March 2019.

1) ACI: American Concrete Institute.

2) CEB-FIP: Comité Européen du Béton – Fédération Internationale de la Précontrainte.

2 Normative references .......................................................................................................... 7

3 Detailing considerations ...................................................................................................... 8

4 Detailing of reinforcement .................................................................................................... 11

5 Scheduling of bar reinforcement .......................................................................................... 18

6 General requirements for all components ............................................................................ 21

7 Component detailing – Beams ............................................................................................ 30

7.6 Beams of depth exceeding 750 mm ............................................................................ 48

8 Component detailing – Slabs ............................................................................................... 69

9 Component detailing – Columns ......................................................................................... 83

10 Component detailing – Walls ............................................................................................... 92

11 Component detailing – Foundations ..................................................................................... 106

12 Staircases ............................................................................................................................ 115

13 Welded steel mesh ............................................................................................................... 118

14 Detailing with respect to aqueous liquid retaining structures ................................................ 127

15 Detailing of steel reinforcement for post-tensioned concrete slabs ......................................... 131

Annex B (informative) Shape codes ……………………………………………………………….. 138

Bibliography ………………………….………………………………………………….................... 150

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Detailing of steel reinforcement for concrete

NOTES 1 In this standard, stirrups and ties are measured externally.

SANS 920, Steel bars for concrete reinforcement.

SANS 1024, Welded steel fabric for reinforcement of concrete.

SANS 10143 (SABS 10143), Building drawing practice.

a) the designer's design requirements;

d) that it should be possible to locate a detail readily, should a query arise;

f) the cutting and bending of the reinforcement;

g) the sequence of the placing and wiring in position of reinforcement;

h) maintaining the position of reinforcement;

i) the preassembly of cages;

j) the effects of the concreting operation;

k) the accommodation of other trades and services;

l) the measurement of quantities;

m) economy in the use of steel; and

n) the position of construction joints.

3.3 Bending schedules

3.4 Placing and wiring in position

3.5 Support of reinforcement

3.6 Preassembly of cages and mats

3.8 Openings, pockets, other trades and services

A typical example of a rainwater inlet is shown in figure 1.

A Minimum specified cover

B May be less than minimum specified cover

Figure 1 — Rainwater inlet

3.9 Measurement of quantities

3.10 Economical use of reinforcement

c) that reinforcement costs can be reduced:

2) by the use of maximum lengths (stock lengths) up to 13 m; and

4.1.1 Paper sizes

Prepare reinforcement placing details on sheets of size A0 or smaller. Combined placing

4.1.2 Title panel