OH, SO4, SO3, NO3, PO4, I, F, Cl, O, HN3, Br

An endothermic reaction is any chemical reaction that absorbs heat from its environment.

A chemical reaction is exothermic if heat is released by the system into the surroundings.

Alkali – base

Metal atoms form positive ions when they lose electrons, and nonmetal atoms form negative ions
when they gain electrons.

In chemistry, protonation (or hydronation) is the adding of a proton (or hydron, or hydrogen
cation), (H+) to an atom, molecule, or ion, forming a conjugate acid.

Ionic bond:

Metal+ + non metal-

An oxide is a chemical compound containing at least one oxygen atom and one other element in
its chemical formula

Anhydrous – no colour change

Hydrated – copper is blue, but with heat, water evaporates and it becomes anhydrous, so it
changes colour

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of

lower concentration down the concentration gradient

Bases make red latus paper blue, but acids make blue latus paper red

electrolysis, process by which electric current is passed through a substance to effect a chemical

change

A titration is a technique where a solution of known concentration is used to determine the

concentration of an unknown solution. Typically, the titrant (the know solution) is added from
a buret to a known quantity of the analyte (the unknown solution) until the reaction is complete.
Knowing the volume of titrant added allows the determination of the concentration of the
unknown. Often, an indicator is used to usually signal the end of the reaction, the endpoint.

Non metals make covalent acidic bonds, metals make ionic normal bonds

Metals in last shell . 1, 2, 3 electrons

Non-metals: 4+
 Soluble bases are called alkalis. They have a slippery, soapy feel and form solutions with pH
values greater than 7. Common examples include

NaOH

Mg(OH)2

NaHCO3

NaOCl

NH3

Two examples of insoluble bases are:

 Copper hydroxide Cu OH 2.
 Calcium hydroxide Ca OH 2.
Chemical precipitation is the process of conversion of a solution into solid by converting the
substance into insoluble form or by making the solution a super saturated one.