BACKSTROKE History of Backstroke

4 Recognized Swimming Styles in Competitive Swimming: Backstroke

1. front crawl (fastest)
2. backstroke
3. breaststroke
4. butterfly
❖ Backstroke
- is like swimming the front crawl, but on the back
- is a swimming stroke performed with the swimmer’s
head and stomach facing upward in the water. The
stroke is alternately windmill type of motion with
each arm, as the swimmer drives his/her body
forward with a flutter kick (Lerner, 2007)
- is an ancient style of swimming, who owes most of
what it has to Harry Hebner
- It was the second stroke to be swum in competitions
after the front crawl
- the only regulated swimming style that is swum on
the back, making it the easiest stroke in which to
breathe
- The kick of the backstroke is the same as the freestyle
● 1900 Paris Olympics men's 200 meter- first Olympic
backstroke competition

● Backstroke grew from the breaststroke with the

● Olympics of 1900 - held the first backstroke
swimmer carrying his arms upward and backward
simultaneously and kicking his legs in an inverted competition race, which was the first Olympics right
frog-like action. This style is often called the “Old swimming was introduced
English” backstroke
● Backstroke and freestyle - are the only two strokes
● There have been various techniques for the that rotate the body from side to side, causing
under-water pull and much depends upon the somewhat of a skating motion
flexibility of the shoulder of the individual. Almost all
backstroke styles include an arm bend at some stage
in the pull, generally near the beginning
❖ Speed and Ergonomics
➢ has a similar speed to butterfly
● Backstroke is the only one of the four modern styles in
which the competitor starts in the water
Race times for the butterfly are superior to those for the
➢ He must stay on his back throughout the race, except
backstroke mostly because the former allows a racing start
at the turns. There, having touched the end of the
from poolside and the latter does not. In races beyond 200
bath while on his back, he may move from this
meters, backstroke would actually be the faster of the two,
position to make a somersault turn, provided he has
though it mainly depends on the stamina of the swimmer as
turned on his back before his feet leave the wall
well as technique
➢ The maximum swimming speed for backstroke is
● To be a successful competitor, it is not only necessary
around 1.89 meter per second. Due to its position on
to swim effectively, but also to gain the maximum
the back, backstroke uses some different muscles in
advantage from push away from the wall in the case
the upper body than other styles.
of backstroke
❖ Arm Movement
All types of swim strokes have five general components:
a. arms - contribute most of the forward movement
1. the arm stroke
2. the kick
The arm stroke consists of two main parts:
3. the timing and coordination of the body movements
1. the power phase (consisting of three separate parts)
4. the body position relative to the surface of the water
2. recovery
5. breathing rhythm
➢ The arms alternate so that always one arm is
underwater while the other arm is recovering
➢ One complete arm turn is considered one cycle
❖ First part of the power phase:
- From the initial position, one arm sinks slightly under
water and turns the palm outward to start the Catch
phase
- The hand enters downward (pinkie finger first) then
pulling out at a 45 degree angle, catching the water
❖ During the power phase
- the hand follows a semi-circular path from the Catch to
the side of the hip
- The palm is always facing away from the swimming
direction, while remaining straight as an extension of
the arm, and the elbow always points downward
towards the bottom of the pool. This is done so that
both the arms and the elbow can push the maximum
amount of water back in order to push the body forward
● Mid-Pull (of the power phase)
- At the height of the shoulders, the upper and lower
arms should have their maximum angle of about 90
degrees
● The Mid-Pull phase - consists of pushing the palm of the
hand as far down as possible with the fingers pointing
upward
➢ Again, the goal is to push the body forward against the
water
➢ At the very end of the Mid-Pull, the palm flaps down for
a last push forward down to a depth of 45 cm, creating
the Finish of the Power phase
➢ Besides pushing the body forward, this also helps with
rolling back to the other side as part of the body
movement.
➢ During the power phase, the fingers of the hand can be
slightly apart, as this will increase the resistance of the
hand in the water due to turbulence
● To prepare for the recovery phase, the hand is
rotated so that the palms point towards the legs
and the thumb side points upwards
● At the beginning of the recovery phase of the one
arm, the other arm begins its power phase
● The recovering arm is moved in a semicircle
straight over the shoulders to the front
● During this recovery, the palm rotates so that the
small finger enters the water first, allowing for the
least amount of resistance, and the palms point
outward
● After a short gliding phase, the cycle repeats with
the preparation for the next power phase
● A variant is to move both arms synchronized and
not alternating, similar to an upside down
butterfly stroke
● This is easier to coordinate, and the peak speed
during the combined power phase is faster, yet
the speed is much slower during the combined
recovery
● The average speed will usually be less than the
average speed of the alternating stroke
● Another variant is the old style of swimming
backstroke, where the arm movement formed a
complete circle in a windmill type pattern
● However, this style is not commonly used for
competitive swimming, as a lot of energy is spent
on pushing the body up and down instead of
forward
● Furthermore, the added strain on the shoulder is
considered less than ideal and can lead to injuries
● It is also possible to move only one arm at a time,
where one arm moves through the power and
recovery phases while the other arm rests
● This is slow, but it is used frequently to teach
students the movement, as they have to
concentrate on only one arm
❖ Leg Movement
- The leg movement in backstroke is similar to the
flutter kick in front crawl
- They make a large contribution to the forward
speed, yet are very significant for stabilizing the
body
➢ The leg stroke is also alternating, with one leg sinking
down straight to about 30 degrees out of the
horizontal
➢ From this position, the leg makes a fast kick upward,
slightly bending the knee at the beginning and then
stretching it again in the horizontal.
➢ However, there are also frequent variants with four or
only two kicks per cycle. Usually, sprinters tend to
use 6 kicks per cycle, whereas long distance swimmer
may use fewer
➢ It is also possible to use a butterfly kick, although this
is rare except the butterfly kick after the start and the
turns.
➢ This dolphin kick is essential for many top athletes
because it is the fastest part of the race
➢ It may also constitute the majority of the race (i.e., in
the 100 yard backstroke the swimmer may kick
underwater dolphin for 15 yards per length which
equates to as much as 60 yards kicking in a 100 yd
race)
➢ A great example of this is Olympic gold medallist
Natalie Coughlin
➢ Breaststroke kicks are , as the most comfortable if the
arms are used synchronized breaststroke kick has
difficulty to compensate for a rolling movement due
to alternating arm cycles. The butterfly kick can be
done slightly to one side depending on the rolling of
the body.
❖ Breathing
● Breathing in backstroke is easier than in other
strokes, as the mouth and nose are usually over
water
● Competitive swimmers breathe in through the
mouth during the recovery of one arm, and breathe
out through the mouth and nose during the pull and
push phase of the same arm
● This is done to clear the nose of water. However,
some backstrokers face the problem of splash on
their faces due to surface tension that clings to their
arms as they exit the water
● Body Movement
➢ Due to the asynchronous movement of the arms,
there is a roll of the body around its own axis
➢ This is normal and helps swimming effectively
➢ The overall position of the body is straight in the
horizontal to reduce drag
➢ Beginners frequently let their posterior sink too low
and increase drag
➢ To avoid this, the upper legs have to be moved to the
extreme down position at each kick even with a
little help by the back and the foot tips have to be
fixed in the extreme lower position and the head is
held out of the water to act as a counter-weight
❖ Parallels between Backstroke and the Crawl
The backstroke often follows the crawl when various strokes
are taught to a new swimmer. The reason is that two strokes
are very much alike. In fact, the backstroke has often been
called an “upside down crawl”. Though it is swam with the
swimmer on his back in the water, his arms and leg actions are
similar to those in the crawl.
❖ Learning the Backstroke
a. Breathing
Because the swimmer is on his back, breathing during
backstroke is not really a problem. Anyone wanting to try the
backstroke should know how to float on his back. That way,
he’ll be able to relax more and have the confidence to go
ahead and learn the new stroke
b. Leg Kick
As with the crawl, the kick for the backstroke is started by the
hips. The backstroke is mainly done under the water. Only the
toes of the feet may break the surface of the water
c. Knee Action
The downward action of the feet in the backstroke kick
requires a bit more bending of the knee
d. Body Position
This is similar to the flashing position. The hips should be held
near the surface of the water with the bend back, submerged
up to the ears, and the back is slightly arched
e. Arm Action
Body arms work opposite each other. That is, one is at the top of
the stroke, while the other is at the bottom
❖ Backstroke Techniques (Gutman, 1990)
The stroke begins with the hips near the surface of the water and
the head back. When one arm is at the top of the stroke, the other
is at the bottom. The arm is straight when it enters the water above
the head. As the swimmer strokes, a flutter kick is used, similar to
the crawl
As the first arm is halfway through the stroke and ready to begin
pushing the water, the second arm is out of the water in the
recovery phase. The feet continue to flutter kick for the entire
stroke. The first arm has just completed the pushing part of the
stroke as the other arm enters the water over the swimmer’s head
❖ Drills for Backstroke (Gambrill, 1973)
● Side Kicking
- This kick gives the swimmer a chance to develop a “fluid
motion” kick. The side kick appears to be a green switch
waving through the water. It seems to be involved with the
natural talent some swimmers have, which we can describe
as “feel for the water”
★ Backstroke Kicking
- We speak of the kick as a relaxed football kick. We tell the
swimmer to concentrate on the down kick and the depth
of the heel. The kick downward starts with a straight leg,
and the knee gently bends on the downward kick
The kick is very important to the backstroker, and he must develop
this as much as possible. This is the drill that will help on the
muscle overload principle, and must not be neglected.
Kicking lengths with one arm overhead in the water and the other
end at a ninety-degree angle out of the water is a good drill to
overload the kick. If the swimmer has a very strong kick, he can
hold both arms out of the water midway through the recovery.
This is a good drill to see how strong the kick actually is
● Backstroke Start
According to short-course rules, as long as some part of the body
touches the water, the backstroke is in legal starting position
The most popular backstroke start for short-course
swimming is with the toes at the gutter. The swimmer
grasps the backstroke hand grips or the slit cut in the
starting block for this purpose. The hand tilts toward
between the knees. On the sound of the gun, the
backstroker pushes away with the hands, throwing the
head backward and driving off the gutter with the legs.
The swimmer remains in an extended streamlined
position under water
Common Mistakes
● Caution must be taken not to arch the back too
much, or the angle of entry will take the
swimmer too deep
● Another problem comes from letting the hips
drag through the water or the start, before the
hands, arms, and head have reached the water
● Backstrokes Turn
The swimming in which expert turning is most important
are the backstroke and breaststroke. The most difficult
turn to perfect is the backstroke turn. The element that
makes this turn more difficult is the lack of vision as one
approaches the turn
Two Types of Turns
● Open Turn- The first step should begin with the
swimmer facing the wall; both hands are on the
gutter and both feet are against the wall, with
the knees drawn up toward the chest. At this
point, he ducks under water, extends his arms
over his head, and pushes off under the water.
The swimmer should still be under water as he
takes the first pull off the wall
● The next step is to have the swimmer into the wall
with one arm extended overhead, the other at
the hip. The swimmer should alternate hands
every time he comes in, until he can turn at ease
with either hand
● Tumble turn
In learning the backstroke tumble, it is very important to
have proper body position before turning action begins
 ● Step one is similar to open turn. As the hand makes
contact with the wall, the fingers are pointed toward the
bottom with the palm touching flat against the wall. The
head is back, not bowed forward
● As the hand becomes firm against the wall, the elbow
bends lightly, and then is extended, to aid in the
spinning action. The hand at the hip is used for support
and backs water during the turning action. The push off
is not different from that used in the open turn
● Performing the Stroke
Of course, the best way to judge if you are stroking correctly is to
be watched by a good coach. You can also practice your strokes
on dry land just to get an idea of the motion. This can easily be
done for both the crawl and backstroke by lying on a narrow
bench
Great Swimmers- Backstroke
● Mark Tewksbury
- A Canadian swimmer best known for winning the gold
medal in the 100 metres backstroke at the 1992 Summer
Olympics
● Emanuele Merisi
- A former Italian professional swimmer, specialized in
backstroke, who won a bronze medal in 1996 Summer
Olympics
● Lenny Krayzelburg
- The first swimmer since 1986 to sweep the backstroke
events, 100m and 200m, in the World Championships,
setting the clock on 53.60 and 1.55.87, respectively. He
has then recognized as the top backstroke swimmer in
the world
● Kirsty Conventry
- A Zimbabwean swimmer who won gold in both 100m
and 200m backstroke (women) at the 2005 World
Championships in Montreal
● Laure Manaudou
- She won a bronze at the women’s 100m backstroke at
the 2004 Athens Olympics. She became only the second
Frenchwoman to win 3 medals in a single
Summer/Winter Olympics
● Thomas Rupprath
- 2004 FINA Short Course World Championship gold
medalist for 50m Men’s backstroke event with
time record of 23.51
● Aaron Piersol
- 2004 FINA Short Course World Championship gold
medalist for both 100m and 200m Men’s
backstroke events
● Matt Welsh
- 2002 FINA Short Course World Championship gold
medalist for both 50m and 100m Men’s
backstroke events
● Swimming - a technique to move unaided through
water. It is a popular recreational activity and
competitive sport. There are many health benefits
of swimming (Kumar, 2006)
VOLLEYBALL
History
● William G. Morgan
- creator of volleyball
(According to Shondell and McManama (1971)
- a Physical Director of the YMCA at Holeyoke,
Massachusetts in 1895
In experimenting this game, Mr. Morgan do not have any
idea that the result would produce a sport which is not only
popular in USA but all over the world. Mr. Morgan was just
hunting for a game for elderly men because the available
games were strenuous and need too much space and
equipments
● Tennis was the basis for this new game. He raised
the net and used the basketball bladder to place
ofthe tennis ball and substituted the hands for the
tennis racket. But the weight of the basketball is
too much that’s why Mr. Morgan replaced with a
smaller and lighter ball which has made to his
specification
 ● MINTONETTE was the former name of volleyball and FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENTS
was played by means of hitting the ball with the use of
the long handled racket while the ball is still on the top 1. PLAYING COURT
of the net which measured 6 feet and 6 inches high. It
● Dimensions - The playing court is a rectangle
can play of any numbers of players and played innings
measuring 18 x 9 meter surrounded by a free zone at
as a way of scoring
least 2 meter (3 meter in open court) and with a space
●
free form any obstructions to a height of at least 7
● D.A. F Halsted of Springfield, Massachusetts
meter from the playing surface. For official
- suggested the word “volleyball”
international competitions, the free zone shall measure
By the experiments, the size of the court, the height of the net, at least 12.5 meter in height from the playing surface
numbers of players and various other details were determined.

● Dr. George Fisher
- edited and published by the American Sports
Publishing Company in 1917 incorporated the first
volleyball guide and rule book of volleyball
- playing courts must be a light color, while on outdoor
● The first YMCA volleyball tournament was sponsored
in 1922 at Brooklyn, New York with Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, carrying off with the honors among the
twenty three (23) competing teams
● New York and Buffalo club took the championship
honors in the first National AAU tournament held at
the Buffalo in 1927
● side line to side line
● Dr. Gray
- introduced volleyball in Asia
- Director of YMCA I Calcuta, India
- Volleyball was also introduced in 1903 in Shanghai,
China and after several years it was introduced in Japan
-
● Elwood Brown - introduced volleyball in Manila in
1910
- Director of YMCA in Manila
After a few years, volleyball became popular not only in Manila
but also throughout the country
● 1913 - a memorable event was held in Manila in the
Philippines and hosted the Far East Games and won
the championships for both men and women
● 1921 - the first National open volleyball championship
was held at the Meralco Gymnasium
● Playing Surface - The surface must be flat, horizontal,
and uniform. It must not present any danger of injury
of the players. It is forbidden to play on rough or
slippery surfaces. On indoor courts, the surface of the
courts a slope of 5 millimeter per meter is allowed for
drainage. Court lines made of solid materials are
forbidden
●
● Center Line - The axis of the center line divides the
playing court into two equal courts measuring 9 meter
x 9 meter each. This line extends beneath the net from
● Zone Lines - Attack lines and front zones. On each
court, the front is limited by the attack line (its width
included) 3 meters parallel to the middle of the center
line. Beyond the side lines, both attack lines and front
are considered to be extended indefinitely
●
● Boundary Lines - All lines are 5 millimeter in width.
The lines must be light and of a different color from
the floor and any other lines. Two side lines and two
end lines shall mark the playing court. Both side and
end lines are included in the 18 meter x 9 meter playing
court
2. Net - The net shall be made of 10 centimeter square dark
stitches. A rope is thread through the bottom of the net and is
tied to the poles to tense the net. Contact with the net is a
fault unless accidental and made by the player who is not
intending to play the ball
● Vertical Side bands - Two tapes of white material 5
centimeter wide and 1 meter long shall be fastened
one on each side of the end of the net perpendicular to
the intersection of the respective side line and to the
axis of the center line. Both side bands shall be
considered as part of the net
3. Antennae - Each is fastened on the outer edge of each
vertical side band extending 80 centimeter above the top of
the net on opposite sides of the net. They are considered as
part of the net and have side limits
● Height of the net - the height of the net shall be 2.43
meter for men and 2.24 meter for women. The height
of the net shall be measured from the center of the
playing court with a measuring rod. The two ends of
the net (over the side lines) must be the same height
from the playing surface and may not exceed the
regulation height by more than 2 centimeter
4. Poles – Two poles, preferably adjustable, round and
smooth, with a height of 2.55 meter support the net, one at
each side. They must be fixed to the playing surface at a
distance of between 0.05 and 1.00 meter from the side line.
Fixing the poles top the floor by means of wires must be
prohibited
● The Ball - The ball shall be spherical, made of flexible
leather case with a bladder inside made of rubber or a
similar material
The circumference is 65 to 67 meter. Its weight is 260 to 280
grams. The inside pressure should be 294 to 319 mbar. All ball
used during the match must have the same characteristics
regarding circumference, weight, pressure and type
5. Player’s Equipment - These consist of jersey shorts, knee
pads, and sports shoes
● Shorts must be uniform, clean and of the same color
● Shoes must be light and pliable with rubber or leather
soles without heels
● Players’ jerseys must be numbered from 1 to 15
(preferably 1 to 12). A player is forbidden to wear any
object that may cause an injury to a player, such as
jewelry, pins, bracelets and the like
SKILLS IN VOLLEYBALL
1. Serving - This is what always starts the game and helps to
keep the game
Basic Types of Serve:
● overhand - the player will throw the ball in the air first,
then hit it
● underhand - the server will hold the ball and swing
their other arm underneath the ball to hit it
There are a variety of other serves beyond these basics, all
which help to get the ball over the net, and get the game going
2. Pass or reception - This is usually set up by the setter of the
game. It is used in order to take the ball and give it to the
other players on your own team. They will then have the ability
to put the ball to the other side like they want to. You can either
pass by the forearm or by hitting the ball overhead
3. Tip - used as a way to trick the other team into thinking that
the ball is going further than it will. The player will hit the ball
lightly, making it go over the net but not too far into the other
player's area so that they can't hit it back
4. Dig - ability for a player to save the ball from hitting the
court after it has been spiked. It usually requires a player to
slide underneath the ball on the court or to dive underneath
the ball
5. Rebound - This occurs when the ball stays on one side,
making the players rebound, or take the ball back
 RULES OF THE GAME

General Rules

● Rally Point Scoring will be used

● Games will be played up to 25 points
➢ You must win by 2 pts
➢ If the lead is less than 2, the game will
continue until there is a 2-point advantage
● The first team to win 2 out of 3 games wins the match
● Toss coin will decide first service
● 4 vs. 4 requires 3 players to begin
● 6 vs. 6 requires 4 players to start
● Co-Ed requires at least one member of both sexes to
Captains Meeting
play
● Before every game, the officials will have a pre-game
conference with the captains
Time Outs and Subs ● Remind the captains of the basic rules and go over any
problem areas such as foot faults
● Team get one time out per game (30 sec) ● Administer the coin toss and report the results to the
● Substitutions may enter at any dead ball once they are scorer
waved on by an official ● Ask if there are any questions and wish teams good
luck
Umpires and Referees
Out of Bounds
Referee Umpire
The ball is out of bounds and becomes dead when it:
“down” ref “up” official ● touches the wall/ceiling
● touches the floor
watches under the net has authority over the game
● touches the net antennas, the net outside the net
Responsible for calling: Responsible for calling: antennas, or does ot pass between the antennas
● foot faults ● server faults when going over the net
● positional faults ● faults above the net ● touches a non-playeror one of the referees
● net contact ● faults on a screen
● out-of-bounds ● faults in playing the
contact ball Serve
● near side antenna ● issuing warnings
● Time outs ● sanctioning ● Server is the player in the back, right position
● Substitutions misconduct ● Ball will be hit with one hand, fist, or arm while it is
held or thrown by the server (change from last year)
● Must be completely behind the serving area
● Server is allowed one reserve during their term of
service
● The ball may hit the net provided it continues onto
the opponent’s court
Screening
● Players on the serving team can not intentionally
screen the opposing team from seeing the serve
➢ waving arms
➢ jumping
➢ standing too close to the server
● Penalty: point and side out
Illegal Service
● A serve is illegal when the server:
➢ hits the ball illegally
➢ is touching the end line
➢ is out of serving order
➢ does not serve within 5 seconds of whistle
➢ attempts to use more than one serve
● Penalty: point and side out
Service Faults
● A served ball becomes a service fault when it:
➢ touches the net, server’s teammates, or passes
under the net
➢ touches the ceiling, does not pass through
antennas, or lands out of bounds
● When receiving team is out of position and the ball
is served illegally, the serving team is penalized
● When receiving team is out of position and a
service fault occurs, the receiving team is penalized
Live and Dead Balls
● The ball becomes live the moment it is legally
served
● The ball is dead when:
➢ it is grounded
➢ it lands/becomes out of bounds
➢ Ball or player breaks the plane of non-playing area
➢ player commits a foul
Contacting the Ball
● Contact is any touch of the ball by a player
● A hit is a contact that is counted as one of the team’s 3
allowable plays before the ball is returned to the other
side
● The ball has crossed the net when it is:
➢ completely over the net
➢ partially over the net
➢ contacted by an opponent or no part of the
ball is over the net and it is legally blocked
Net play
● The ball may contact the net and play will continue
● players may not contact a ball that is completely on
the opponent’s side except for a legal block
● To call a foot fault, the guilty player must have foot or
hand completely over the line
● Net foul - any time a player contacts the net or
another player while the ball is live, it is a penalty
➢ Exception - when the ball moves the net into
a player
Blocking
● Blocking a ball that is entirely on the opponent’s side of
the net is legal as long as the:
➢ team has completed their attack
➢ team directs the ball toward the opponent’s
side (referee’s judgment)
➢ Ball is falling near the net and no member of
the attacking team can could play the ball
(referee’s judgment)
● A serve cannot be blocked
● The ball may be attacked as soon as it is partially over
the net (except on a serve)
Fouls
● Double fouls - occur when opposing players
committee violations at the same time
● Double Hit - successive or multiple hits by one player
● Foot fault - player crosses completely over the service
or center line
● Penalties:
➢ Single foul: point and side out
➢ live ball, double foul: replay
➢ dead ball, double foul: both penalties
accessed, teams receive points and rotate
 Replays
● Replay is awarded when:
➢ an inadvertent official’s whistle interrupts play
➢ player unintentionally serves before signaled to
➢ live ball, double foul occurs
➢ conflicting calls that cannot be resolved
➢ ball becomes dead in the net inside the antennas or
an overhead obstruction over playable area
➢ when a player is interfered with by any non-player
in aplayable area
➢ foreign object enters the court (another ball or
player from a different court)
➢ ball hits a blackboard or supports in a vertical
position and the official believes that the ball would
have been good
HOW TO START THE GAME
The game starts off with a coin toss and the team who chose
the correct side starts the game with a serve. That's only for the
game that begins the match. As for the others, the games are
just begun with a serve. The match starts by one team serving
the ball to the other team
● Service - act of hitting the ball over the net to the
opposing team's court
The player serving the ball will be standing in the free zone,
that area behind the end line which is outside of the playing
area. A player can land inside the court if they are jumping
when serving. After serving the ball they move back into the
court area. The play on the ball will continue until the ball lands
or hits the floor either within or outside of the playing area.
The player serving the ball has 8 seconds, after the referee has
blown their whistle, to get the ball over the net. They only get
one attempt
HOW TO END THE GAME
Volleyball games are not measured in minutes, but in points
and sets. But, a five-set game, with sets going to 25 points and
then a final set of 15 points, will usually last for about an hour
to an hour and a half
Games are determined by the best of five sets. The first four
sets are played to 25 points, the final set is played to 15. There
is no limit on the score, but there is a minimum two-point
margin required for a team to win a set. If there is a 24-24 tie,
the set goes on until one of the two teams has a 2 point lead
and is declared winner of the set. The fifth set is over when one
team has 15 points, and has a lead of 2 points over the
opposing team, such as 15-13. If there is a 14-14 tie, the set
goes on until one of the two teams has a 2-point lead and is
declared the winner of the set. The first team to win three sets
wins the match
PLAYERS AND THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES
A team is composed of a maximum of 12 players. Only the
players recorded on the score sheet may participate in the
match. They are seated at their own team bench located beside
the scorer’s table. Those in the playing court assume the
position as LF (left forwarded), CF (center forward), RF right
forward), RB ( right back ), CB (center back), LB (left back).
Only the team members are permitted to sit on the bench
during the match and to participate in the warm
● Participants must know the official volleyball rules and
abide by them. Must accept referee’s decision with
sports manlike conduct. Must behave respectfully and
courteously in the spirit of fair play, towards the
officials, opponents, teammates and spectators. Must
refrain from actions aimed at influencing referee’s
decisions and actions at delaying the game. Team
Captain Team captain should be indicated in the score
sheet and identified inside the court, another player
will be designated as team captain
• He should sign the score sheet before and after the
game. He should represent his team in the toss. He is
authorized to speak to the referee while the ball is out
of play, to ask authorization to change uniform or
equipment; verify position of the teams. If there is a
previously expressed disagreement while the 1st
referee, he should or many confirm it is a protest and
record it on the score sheet