Disaster Management

Dr.R.S.Chalapathi
Project (NCP3)
• Each student has to prepare and present Disaster Management project
separately.
• DM project Presentation should explore detailed analysis based on disaster
management process (4 Phases of Disaster Management).
• Minimum 10 to 12 slides should be prepared including Title slide, Title slide
should incorporate – Project Title, Enrolment No, Name of the student &
Course Name.
• Presentation time will be 10 minutes including question and answers.
• Test-3 Presentation will be evaluated for 30Marks.
Disaster Management NCP-3 Evaluation Format
Category Scoring Criteria Marks

The type of presentation is appropriate for the topic. 5

Organization (10 Marks)

Information is presented in a logical sequence. 5

Presentation contains accurate information. 5
Content (10 marks)
Material included is relevant to the overall
5
message/purpose.
Good language skills and pronunciation are used;
5
Communication (10 marks) Delivery is poised, controlled, and smooth
Question Answers 5
Score Total Points 30
Disaster Vulnerable - India
• Due to its unique geo-climatic and socio-economic conditions, India is vulnerable, in
varying degrees, to
• floods, droughts, cyclones, tsunamis, earthquakes, urban flooding, landslides, avalanches and
forest fire.
• Out of 36 States and Union Territories (UTs) in the country, 27 are disaster prone.
• 58.6% landmass is prone to earthquakes of moderate to very high intensity;
• 12% land is prone to flood and river erosion;
• out of 7,516 km coastline, 5,700 km is prone to cyclones and tsunamis;
• 68% of the cultivable land is vulnerable to drought, hilly areas are at risk from landslides and
avalanches, and
• 15% of the landmass is prone to landslides.
• A total of 5,161 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) are prone to urban flooding.
• Fire incidents, industrial accidents, and other manmade disasters involving chemical,
biological and radioactive materials are additional hazards, which have underscored
the need for strengthening mitigation, preparedness and response measures
Need for Disaster Management
• Disaster risks in India are further compounded by increasing vulnerabilities
related to changing demographic and socio-economic conditions, unplanned
urbanization, development within highrisk zones, environmental degradation,
climate change, geological hazards, epidemics and pandemics
• Disasters seriously threaten India’s economy, its population and sustainable
development
• The Government has brought about a change in the approach towards
disaster management from a relief-centric to a holistic and integrated
approach covering the entire gamut of disaster management (prevention,
mitigation, preparedness, response, relief, reconstruction and rehabilitation).
The approach is based on the conviction that development cannot be
sustainable unless disaster mitigation is built in the development process
Government of India – Steps to Manage Disasters
• The Government of India (GoI), recognising the importance of Disaster
Management (DM) as a national priority,
• Set up a High Powered Committee (HPC) in August 1999
• National Committee on Disaster Management in 2001 after the Gujarat Earthquake to
make recommendations on the preparation of DM Plans and to suggest effective
mitigation mechanisms.
• After the Indian Ocean Tsunami of 2004, the GoI took a defining steps
• The Government of India has enacted the Disaster Management Act, 2005 to provide
for the effective management of disasters and matters connected therewith or
incidental thereto
• Created the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) to spearhead and
implement a holistic and integrated approach to DM in India
Bhuj Earthquake India 2001
• The quake was the worst in India in the last
180 years
• Earthquake: 8:46am on January 26, 2001
• Epicenter: Near Bhuj in Gujarat, India
• Magnitude: 7.9 on the Richter Scale
• Epicentre 20 km North East of Bhuj, the
headquarter of Kutch.
• Effects was also felt at Pakistan border, 18
people were killed
• Bhuj is in an intraplate zone, the earthquake
was not expected, this is one of the reasons
so many buildings were destroyed
Impact
• The earthquake devastated Kutch. Practically all buildings and structures of
Kutch were brought down.
• Ahmedabad, Rajkot, Jamnagar, Surendaranagar and Patan were heavily
damaged.
• Nearly 19,000 people died. Kutch alone reported more than 17,000 deaths.
• 1.66 lakh people were injured. Most were handicapped for the rest of their
lives.
• The dead included 7,065 children (0-14 years) and 9,110 women.
• There were 348 orphans and 826 widows.
• Total damage estimated at around $7 billion. However $18 billion of aid was
invested in the Bhuj area
2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami
• Morning of Dec 26th, 2004, a 9.1 magnitude earthquake shook the Indian
Ocean, causing an 800 miles rupture in the ocean.
• Within 20 minutes Indonesia was the first country to be impacted, and
eventually, the resulting damages spanned 14 countries.
• From an epidemiological aspect, 3 countries (Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and India)
suffered the greatest losses in lives
• The total death count reached 227,898 people, with 1,740,000 people
displaced, costing countries $15 billion to rebuild and recover
• The global response to this disaster was unprecedented; in just a few hours
food supplies, financial aid, and resources were rapidly deployed as well as
long-term assistance to rebuild and reconstruct the affected areas
• From the event, lessons learned included the gaps in the warning systems and
other mitigation plans
1999 Odisha Super Cyclone
• This was probably the greatest cyclonic disaster ever recorded in the last
century
• Low-pressure stage over the gulf of Siam detected by the IMD cyclone surveillance
system on the morning of October 24, five days before it made landfall.
• The storm rapidly intensified, attaining super cyclonic storm intensity on October 28,
before peaking on the next day with winds of 260 km/h (160 mph)
• The storm maintained this intensity as it made landfall around 10.30 am, on October 29
between Ersama and Balikuda in Jagatsinghpur district
• 45 cm to 95 cm of rainfall and affected 14 coastal districts, 28 coastal towns,
and two major cities of Bhubaneswar and Cuttack, where alone 3.5 lakh
houses collapsed. 2.5 lakh houses collapsed partially.
• At least 13 million people, including 3.3 million children, 5 million women, and
nearly 3.5 million elderly people were affected in 1999. An estimated 1,500
children were orphaned. Around 16,50,086 houses were damaged, 23,129
houses were washed away, 7,46,337 houses were fully destroyed and
8,80,620 houses were partially damaged.
Bhopal disaster - industrial accident 1984
• Around midnight on 3-4 December 1984, the MIC
gas got leaked from the plant and got mixed with
the fresh air in Bhopal. Suddenly, people started
feeling uneasy, started vomiting, were having
trouble while breathing, people started dying
within a few minutes of inhaling the toxic gas. It
was not only the human beings that suffered but
animals, too, suffered and lost their lives.
• It was reported that nearly 3000 people lost their
lives and more than 6 lacs were severely injured.
The survivors survived with permanent
respiratory problems, and other complications.
Children who weren’t even born at that time
were born with some health issues.
Enactment of Acts
• The Government to prevent future environmental hazards caused because of
the actions of human beings has decided to implement laws that would
protect the environment. Laws that would ensure that in case of disputes
some authority is there for a speedy trial.
• The Environment Protection Act, 1986
• The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010
• The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991
• Widened scope of Article 21 of the Constitution of India
• Introducing New Legislative Rules
• Chemical Accident Rules 1996
2013 Kedarnath flood disaster: cloudburst
• Between June 13 and 17, the state of Uttarakhand
had received an unusual amount of rainfall. This
led to the melting of the Chorabari glacier and the
eruption of the Mandakini river.
• The heavy rainfall caused massive flash floods and
landslides resulting in the death of residents and
tourists as well as extensive damage to property.
• Worst hit was the Kedarnath valley popular for the
8th century temple dedicated to Lord Shiva.
• The flood left behind a death toll of more than
6,000.
• Approximate cost of damaged bridges and roads
was $285 million, dam projects worth $ 30 million
and loss to state tourism worth $195 million.
Introduction to Disasters
• The term disaster owes its origin to the French word Desastre which is a
combination of two words ‘des’ meaning bad and ‘aster’ meaning star.
• Thus the term refers to Bad or Evil star
• A disaster can be defined as A serious disruption in the functioning of the community
or a society causing widespread material, economic, social or environmental losses
which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using its own resources.
• The present definitions put people at the center and also recognize that the
communities or societies likely to be affected by certain types of disasters possess
traditional wisdom of coping with it. As an example, Kashmir has weathered several
earthquakes, major and minor, over the last 100 years prior to the high intensity
quake that hit the valley in 2005. The traditional housing stock in Kashmir is tin roof,
because of its proneness to earthquakes. When the houses collapsed in Kashmir,
people inside the houses did not die in large numbers. As a result, the mortality in
Kashmir quake with much higher intensity measured by Richter scale was negligible
(1500) compared to the Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat (more than 13,000)
Characteristics of Disaster
• Size and Scope
• Beyond the capacity of affected population to cope with available resources
• Size and quantum of loss to life and property is beyond the scope of single agency to respond to
such lethal events
• It is difficult to determine what has happened and how to respond
• Unpredictable
• May be sudden, unexpected, widespread and situation keep on changing
• Losses can be attributed to unprepared state people are caught in
• Unfamiliar
• Effect varies according to location, density of population and time
• Speed and Urgency
• Devastation is due to speed with which it strikes, allows no time and leaves no space to respond
• Large number of effected groups makes it difficult to ascertaining needs of people & to respond
• Threat
• Loss of property, life and overall economy and psychological state of individuals
Criteria for a Disaster
• According to Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), a
disaster must meet the following criteria
• 10 or more people reported killed
• 100 or more people reportedly affected
• Declaration of emergency and call for outside assistance
Disruptive factors of Disasters
• Death and destruction
• Emotional and psychological upheaval due to death/injury to near and dear
• Confused and feeling helpless
• Busy trying to save whatever possible – family, belongings
• Emergency services fail
• Loss of basic amenities
• Life comes to standstill – food, shelter and clothing lost
• Water facilitates and food supplier languish – threat to life
• Disruption of emergency services – hospitals are also in chaos
• Destruction of roads and modes of communication – impacts relief measures
• Disorganization in response services – lack of clarity leads to ineffective services
Distinction Between Hazard and Disaster
• Hazard and disaster are closely related
• A hazard is a natural event while the disaster is its consequence
• A hazard is a perceived natural event which threatens both life and property
• A disaster is the culmination of such hazard
• A hazard is a potential for a disaster.
• A hazard becomes an emergency, if situation requires immediate attention
• Emergency is an event which jeopardise life and environment and calls for momentous and
coordinated response, which community is capable of handling.
• When emergency moves beyond capacity of community, it becomes disaster
• A hazard becomes a disaster when it hits an area affecting the normal life system. If a hazard
like a cyclone hits an unpopulated area, say an unpopulated cost, it need not be considered as a
disaster.
• However, it will be considered a disaster if life and property are seriously damaged.
• A hazard may be regarded as pre-disaster situation, in which some risk of disaster
exists, because the human population has placed itself in a situation of risk
Disaster and Human Development
• Disaster impact is intimately connected with human development. A hazard
turns into a disaster when the people, potentially in the danger zone, are
vulnerable and do not have the capacity to cope with the impact of the
hazard.
• For the sake of understanding the connection between hazard (H), disaster
(D), vulnerability (V), and capacity (C), it can be concluded that

𝑯∗𝑽
𝑫=
𝑪
Hazard and Vulnerability
• The occurrence of a disaster depends on two factors:
• Hazard
• the probability of occurrence of a potentially damaging phenomenon
• a potentially destructive physical phenomenon (e.g., an earthquake, a windstorm, a
flood). Common natural hazards include floods, volcanic eruptions,, hurricanes,
drought, tsunami, landslides, and more.
• Vulnerability
• the degree of loss resulting from the occurrence of the phenomenon
• the likelihood that assets will be damaged/destroyed/affected when exposed to a
hazard. For example, a building with multiple floors may be more vulnerable to shaking
from an earthquake and more likely to collapse than a one-story building. Another
example, an elderly person may be more vulnerable to the impacts of flooding because
s/he has a harder time evacuating or moving quickly
Capacity
• the manner in which an individual, a collection of individuals and
organizations use the available and existing resources under their control to
limit the impact of a disaster.
• Vulnerability cannot be changed without the political will of the government
and the long-term development interventions aimed at the poor and the
vulnerable people living in the known disaster prone areas.
• Enhancement of the capacity of the coping mechanism of these communities
is possible in a relatively short period of time. This is the essence of disaster
preparedness, which is referred as Disaster Risk Reduction
Types of Vulnerability
• Vulnerability may be defined as “The extent to which a community, structure,
services or geographic area is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact
of particular hazard, on account of their nature, construction and proximity to
hazardous terrains or a disaster prone area.”
• Vulnerabilities can be categorized into
• Physical
• Social
• Economical
• Environmental
Physical Vulnerability
• It includes notions of who and what may be damaged or destroyed by natural
hazard such as earth quakes or floods.
• It is based on the physical condition of people and elements at risk such as
buildings, infrastructure, etc; and their proximity, location and nature of the
hazard.
• It also relates to the technical capability of building and structures to resist the
forces acting upon them during a hazard event
Social Vulnerability
• It refers to the inability of the affected population to endure unfavourable
impacts of hazards.
• It includes social aspects such as levels of literacy, good governance, social
justice, conventional values, customs and ideological beliefs.
• It seeks to estimate the effects of event so vulnerability groups of society to
respond to hazards
Economic and Environmental Vulnerability
• Economic Vulnerability
• It refers to potential impacts of hazards on assets and business processes.
• The level of economic vulnerability is dependent to a great extent on the economic
status of individuals, communities and nations.
• Environmental Vulnerability
• It is the after math of natural resources depletion and resource degradation.
Types of Capacity
• Is defined as the ‘resources, means and strengths which exist in house holds
and communities which enable them to cope with, with stand, prepare for,
prevent, mitigate or quickly recover from disaster’.
• Physical Capacity.
• Socio-economic Capacity.
Types of Natural Disasters & It’s Causes
• Meteorological
• Tropical Strom
• Extra-tropical storm
• Local/Convective storm
• Geophysical
• Earthquake
• Volcano
• Mass movement – Rockfall, Subsidence, Avalanche
• Hydrological
• General floods
• Storm/Coastal flood
• Climatological
• Extreme Temperatures – Heat wave, Cold wave, Winterstrom
• Drought
• Wildfire
• Biological
• Epidemic
• Insect infestation
• Animal stampede
Types of Man-Made Disasters & It’s Causes
• Sociological
• Arson
• Civil disorder
• Terrorism
• Political
• War
• Chemical
• Biological
• Nuclear
• Armed
• Massacre
• Industrial
• Chemical spill
• Explosion
• Transport
• Engineering failures – Structural
• Human
• Human errors – Stampede, Airplane Crashes, Railway accidents, Road accidents
• Poisoning – Food poisoning, Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning
Meteorological Disasters
• Meteorological disasters are events triggered by short – lived or small to meso-
scale atmospheric processes. These are generally 3 types of storms
• Tropical storm
• Four stages – disturbance, depression, storm and hurricane based on wind speed
• Tropical disturbance -
• tropical depression, tropical storm and hurricane.
• Extra-tropical storm
• Local/Convective storms
What Is a Natural Disaster?
• Natural disasters are catastrophic events that threaten the safety and function
of a community. It can damage both public and personal properties
significantly.
• These disasters can range from hurricanes, floods to tsunamis and avalanches.
You should know that apart from natural causes, disasters can occur due to
anthropogenic causes.
• Activities like deforestation, agricultural practices, mining, etc., can cause
landslides. In addition, wildfires can again damage the natural habitat of
plants and animals.
Natural Disasters & Causes
• Geological disaster
• Changes in the above or underneath the earth's surface cause geological disasters. The
effects of natural disasters due to tectonic plates are unpredictable and beyond human
control. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, avalanches, etc., are examples of
geological disasters.
• Hydrological disaster
• Hydrological disasters are caused due to sudden changes in the quality or distribution
of water below the earth’s surface or atmospheric conditions. Flood and drought both
fall under hydrological disasters. These disasters can cause harm to agriculture and
properties. Limnic eruption, Tsunami, Volcano, etc., are examples of Hydrological
disasters.
• Meteorological disaster
• Meteorological disasters are mainly caused by extreme weather conditions such as
drought, snow, and rain. These disasters affect the weather forming process and
atmospheric conditions. Examples of meteorological disasters include blizzards,
drought, cold waves, tornadoes, cyclonic storms, etc.
Types of Natural Disasters

Geological Disasters Meteorological Hydrological Biological

Disasters Disasters Disasters
– Sinkholes – Limnic Eruption – Cyclonic – AIDS
– Landslides – Flood – Storm – Tuberculosis
– Volcanic Eruption – Tsunami – Blizzard – Hepatitis A
– Earthquakes – Cold waves – Hepatitis B
– Avalanche – Drought – Hepatitis C
– Hailstorms – COVID
– Tornadoes
Geological Disasters – Examples
• Avalanche: An earthquake triggered an avalanche in Peru, killing nearly
20,000 people in 1970.
• Landslides: An entire village was wiped away in the Pithoragarh district of
Uttarakhand in 1998.
• Earthquakes: An earthquake which registered 7.9 on the Richter scale, ripped
through Gujarat, killing over 1,00,000 people in 2001.
• Sinkholes: A sinkhole over a 100 meters deep formed suddenly. The event
resulted in the death of five people and evacuation of thousands in 2007.
• Volcanic Eruption: Mount Vesuvius – the deadliest volcano to ever erupt. It
released 100,000 times the thermal energy of the Hiroshima-Nagasaki
bombings. It was speculated that around 2,000 people died as a direct result
in 79 AD.
Hydrological Disasters – Examples
• Flood: A series of floods devastated China in 1931. It was also called one of
the deadliest floods in history, with the death toll estimated to be between
3.7 million to 4 million.
• Tsunami: A 9.0 magnitude earthquake caused a 33 feet high tsunami to strike
in 2011. It resulted in the deaths of over 18,500 individuals. The tsunami also
caused the nuclear meltdown of the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant.
• Limnic Eruption: A limnic eruption is a rare kind of natural disaster in 1986.
Because of its invisible nature, only two instances of this disaster have been
ever observed. The deadliest among the two was the Lake Nyos limnic
eruption. 1746 people and 3500 cattles were killed in this event.
Meteorological Disasters – Examples
• Cyclonic Storm: Cyclone Amphan caused widespread damage in Eastern India,
while Cyclone Nisarga wreaked havoc on the West Coast of India in 1920.
• Blizzard: In 1972, a blizzard dropped nearly 26 feet of snow, completely
covering 200 villages in Iran. It was the deadliest in recorded history, causing
the death of 4,000 individuals.
• Cold waves: In February 2020, Baghdad experienced the very first snowfall
since the 1910s.
• Drought: Cape Town, in South Africa faced a major water crisis between mid
2017 to 2018. This crisis had an extensive impact on public health and the
nation’s economy.
• Tornadoes: The Daulatpur-Saturia tornado was the deadliest tornado to occur
in recorded history. It killed approximately 1,300 people and injured an
estimated 12,000 people
Dimensions of Natural and Anthropogenic Disasters - 1
• A disaster is an unfortunate event that causes a large number of fatalities and
damages.
• The increasing trends towards losses of both lives and property can be
attributed to two broad reasons:
• The increase in the population density world wide. Heavily populated cities are
growing in highly hazardous areas.
• The standards of living have augmented has resulted in property values
• Individual vulnerability is defined as ‘the characteristics of a person or group
and their situation that influence their capacity to anticipate, cope with, resit
and recover from the impact of a normal hazard.
• Degree of vulnerability largely depends on: location of its people, kind of homes they
live, their level of preparedness, information and other resources they have access to
• Other factors: their social class, gender and age
• Social and political processes result in asymmetrical exposure to hazards
Dimensions of Natural and Anthropogenic Disasters - 2
• Disasters cause severe alterations in the normal functioning of society
• Adverse impact requires immediate response and recovery
• Major disasters are reported in media and minor once may be unreported
• Disasters grind down the ability of communities to develop by deflecting
resources kept for development to fund recovery and restoration
• Estimated impact on GDP 2% to 15%
• Dangerous assumption: disasters are inevitable and beyond anyone’s control
• Leeds to Ignoring core cause of disaster and neglect vital points help reduce impact
• Disasters are complex chain of social, material, economic and political
processes
• Understanding these dimensions can help in understanding and managing disasters
Dimensions of Disaster
• Individual
• Breaks down completely – psychologically and economically
• Psychological dimension has various manifestations and be evidenced from behavioural
impact
• Social class is also impacted, which has greater implications
• Society
• Disaster struck society suffers a set back – economically and socially
• Regional Level
• Disasters cause havoc as politically and economically
• National Level
• Country faces impediments as large scale destruction calls for greater investments
• Anthropogenic disasters have greater political impact – terrorism and war
Dimensions of Disaster
Aims of Disaster Management
• Disasters, disrupt the normal lives by causing havoc and destruction
• The destruction that is caused in a few seconds takes years and decades to
recompense.
• The important aspect of disasters is that though they cannot be done away
with, surely the extent of damage can be reduced considerably.
• Thus, management of disasters becomes an important agenda for both
individuals and nations
• Management of disaster is a prerequisite, which incorporates the steps of
mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery activities.
• The aim is to minimize the risk of disasters and to handle them when they do
occur in an effective manner to limit and reduce the quantum of loss
Aims of Disaster Management
1. To reduce the impact of disasters and quantum of loss.
2. To create environment where individuals and community work together in groups
and are able to achieve selected aims effectively and efficiently.
3. To develop important strategies to reduce and control the occurrence of disasters.
4. To train individuals and community to remain prepared for sudden disasters.
5. To organize recovery and rescue mechanism.
6. To trigger the affected region’s and community’s emergency resources for quick
response.
7. To coordinate and communicate for proper management of resources, namely,
man, material and economic resources available for the purpose of disaster
response and recovery.
8. To foster team spirit, where persons rise above their self to help the victims of
disasters in whatever way they can.
Aims of Disaster Management
9. To generate resources necessary for rescue, recovery and post-recovery
work.
10. To elicit action for management of disaster in a time-bound manner.
11. To facilitate the non governmental and governmental machinery to work in
tandem for disaster management.
12. To commit resources for disaster mitigation, preparedness, rescue and
recovery.
13. To draw the attention of national and international agencies for disaster
relief.
14. To formulate policies for curbing the menace called disaster before its onset.
15. To develop a systematic approach to management of disasters.
16. To foster local resilience to disasters by adopting a consensus-building
approach in consultation with the local community
Principles and Components of Disaster Management - 1
1. Comprehensiveness – Takes into account all hazards and all stages
irrespective of nature, location and affected community
2. Prevention and protection – quest should be to prevent what can be
prevented and protective mechanism to reduce damage for disasters cannot
be prevented. Create disaster resistant and resilient communities
3. Shared responsibility – Individuals, communities, NGOs and nations
4. Judicious use of available resources – effective management of limited
resources
5. Collaboration and coordination – between various agencies is essential
6. Flexibility – Space to deviate from plans, adopt innovative practices
7. Practice of ethical standards – possibility of siphoning funds illegally
Principles and Components of Disaster Management - 2
8. Prioritization – to job categories and available resources for relief & rescue
9. Risk-driven hazard identification – differentiated approach is required
10. Initiative – all levels of government and community
11. Accountability – should not try to pass the buck people responsible
12. Equity – treat victims as equally as possible
13. Subordination and individual interest to common interest – rise above self
14. Order and discipline – right things at right time and right place
15. Unity – harmony and unity among those serving
The Disaster Management Act, 2005
• This Act provides for the effective management of disaster and for matters connected therewith or
incidental thereto. It provides institutional mechanisms for drawing up and monitoring the
implementation of disaster management. The Act also ensures measures by the various wings of
the Government for prevention and mitigation of disasters and prompt response to any disaster
situation.
• The Act provides for setting up of a National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) under the
Chairmanship of the Prime Minister, State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) under the
Chairmanship of the Chief Ministers, District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) under the
Chairmanship of Collectors/District Magistrates/Deputy Commissioners. The Act further provides
for the constitution of different Executive Committee at national and state levels. Under its aegis,
the National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) for capacity building and National Disaster
Response Force (NDRF) for response purpose have been set up.
• It also mandates the concerned Ministries and Departments to draw up their own plans in
accordance with the National Plan. The Act further contains the provisions for financial mechanisms
such as the creation of funds for response, National Disaster Mitigation Fund and similar funds at
the state and district levels for the purpose of disaster management.
• The Act also provides specific roles to local bodies in disaster management. Further the enactment
of 73rd and 74th Amendments to the constitution and emergence of local self-government, both
rural and urban, as important tiers of governance, the role of local authorities become very
important. The DM Act, 2005 also envisages specific roles to be played by the local bodies in
disaster management.
Crisis Management Structure
Nature, Scope and Management Process – 1/3
• It is true that given the nature of our existence, we are all living in a risk-prone
hazardous zone and any disaster can strike at any time.
• If we plan ahead and are prepared, these disasters can be managed to a great
extent and the damage that these disasters can cause can be reduced
substantially
• The problem with Disaster management process is
• Mismanagement of Resources
• Underestimation of impact of Disaster
• A holistic approach towards disaster management is warranted.
• Management is about accomplishing goals by optimum and judicious
utilization of resources
Nature, Scope and Management Process – 2/3
• Setting up goals and ascertaining responsibility of utilization of both human
and material resources is required.
• Management is indispensable to any of the disaster irrespective of the size or
nature of events.
• Disaster Management should focus on optimal utilization of available
resources for reducing or limiting the impact of disasters
• Disaster Management by nature is both an art and a skill.
• A skill in conducting any human activity.
• Art is application of knowledge; an artist attains perfection through practice;
• Disasters are situations which generally trigger a terror alarm and people are
unable to respond as they get panicky.
• With practice and exposure, this skill can be developed.
Nature, Scope and Management Process – 3/3
• There is involvement of both science and art in management of disasters.
• Science takes care of well-laid principles and how they are implemented is
dependent on the skill of individuals, which inherently an art.
• Disaster Management seeks to replace explanations with a systematic study,
with the aim to explain, predict and control disaster
• Scope of Disaster management is large as it covers the entire gamut of
stakeholders, from individuals to communities, regions and nations.
• The process of disaster management covers all actions that are taken to
reduce the losses from disasters
• Disaster Management can be defined as the organization and management of
resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of
emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to
lessen the impact of disasters (According to IFRC)
Elements of Disaster Management
• Planning helps by providing clear goals and map the activities needed to
achieve them efficiently and effectively.
• Collecting information about past disasters, alternatives, best practices etc.
• Organizing is the second step where roles and responsibilities are defined.
• Staffing involves manning the organizational structure through proper and
effective selection and development of personnel to fill the designed roles.
• Leading articulate clear organizational vision for its members to accomplish,
energies and enable employees in achieving organizational goal.
• Controlling means evaluation of how well an agency or a group has achieved
its goal.
• Management of disasters is a dynamic process consisting of various elements
and activities that have to be coordinated and controlled for effectiveness.
Policy of disaster Management – 1/2
• Policy is a statement of intent that assists and aids decision-making.
• The disaster management policy aims at the following:
• To provide guidance & directions to management & execution at the grass-root level.
• To promote community based management and execution at the grass-root levels.
• To develop capacity of all stakeholders.
• To consolidate past initiatives and develop best practices for future use.
• To facilitate cooperation with agencies at national, state, regional and international
levels.
• To ensure multi-sectoral synergy for compliance and coordination.
• To create and uphold a culture of prevention and preparedness.
• To priorities disaster management as the principal priority at all echelons and at all
times.
Policy of disaster Management – 2/2
• To promote disaster mitigation measures on the basis of state-of-the art technology and
environmental sustainability.
• To integrate disaster management issues into the development planning process.
• To create and protect the veracity of an enabling regulatory environment and a
compliance system
• To promote culture of coordination where all the stakeholders work in tandem for
generating awareness and developing capacity.
• To ensure well-organized response and relief measures to aid the disaster-affected
person.
• To visualize reconstruction and opportunity to build disaster-resilient structures.
• To take time-bound actions for response, relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction.
Types of Plans: Management by Objective
• MBO was first presented by Peter Drucker in his book, ‘The Practice of
Management’ in 1954.
• The core of MBO is participative goal setting, course of action selection and
decision-making.
• It is observed that in participative goal setting, an individual is more motivated
and committed towards achieving the goals
• Benefits of MBO
• Clarity of goals.
• Effective synergy between overall objectives and individual’s objectives.
• Timeliness.
• Committed actions from stakeholders make it immensely helpful in disaster
management.
SWOT Analysis
• SWOT Analysis: evaluates Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats
concerned with disasters.
• SWOT Analysis can be carried out form micro to macro level; three levels-
• Community Level
• Information relating to capacity of households in terms of economic status, social status, age group
to which most of the community belong to ascertain their
• Response capacity, gender division of the population, nature and construction of houses,
vulnerability of the community to risk etc. should be gathered
• Regional Level
• Information should include regional vulnerability to disasters, overall capacity of people living in the
region to cope with combat disaster, development aspects – infrastructure, type of dwelling units,
population density, nature of occupation etc.
• National Level
• Information should take into account are with respect to political vulnerability, economic status, and
regional proneness to risks
Hazard and Vulnerability Analysis
• Hazard recognition helps in ascertaining the areas that are affected by
disasters, probability of occurrence of a disaster and severity of the disaster
• Vulnerability is a community’s defencelessness to a given hazard, which is
ascertained by the extent to which they can foresee, handle, respond to and
recover from its impact.
• It is a set of conditions and processes arising from physical, social, economic
and environmental factors, which increase the vulnerability of a community to
the impact of hazards
• Various dimensions of Vulnerability
• Economic dimension
• Physical dimension
• Social dimension
Aims of Hazard and Vulnerability Analysis
1. To assess the risks and hazards the communities face and capacity of
population to respond to such situations.
2. To determine the facilities at risk and the degree to which they might be
affected.
3. To analyse each probable event from start to end.
4. To involve communities, government authorities and organizations in the
identification of hazards and assessment of vulnerability.
5. To make action plans to prepare for and respond to the identified risks.
6. To identify activities to avert or reduce the effects of expected hazards, risks
and vulnerabilities.
Steps of Hazard and Vulnerability Analysis
• Vulnerability analysis is a risk, hazard, vulnerability and capacity mapping
exercise that helps in recognizing the threats to the community.
1. Recognition of hazards and vulnerabilities.
2. Estimation of the probability of occurrence of an event.
3. An analysis of the probable human impact of each disaster in terms of loss of lives
and quantum of physical injury
4. An assessment of the probable damage to the property. This includes analysis of
replacement cost, setting-up cost and cost of repair.
5. An assessment of capacity, highlighting the capability and availability of resources
with the community to reduce disaster risks and to organize effective response
• There are four classes in which hazards are divided according to the chance of
occurrence, state of response mechanism, effects on human beings or
community and economic impact
Identifying Crisis Situations: A Framework
• Crisis is an unwanted situation that takes people by surprise and pose a threat
to the community at large.
• The time to take a decision for responding to this type of situation is usually
very short, because of which the situation gets out of control and results in
huge losses of both humans and property.
• A crisis has the potential to cause harm if not handled timely or properly
• If identification of crisis can be done before, the losses can be diluted to a
great extent.
• Crisis management is a process by which a community deals with a disaster
which adversely affects the community and its stakeholders.
• It is study that deals with recognizing, measuring, comprehending and coping
with an emergency situation from the moment it appears to the point where
rescue and recovery starts
Risk management vs Crisis management
• Risk management involves assessing potential threats and ascertaining the
best way to avoid threats
• Crisis management dealing with ascertaining before, during and after they
appear.
• It is very difficult to predict accurately a crisis situation, but with diligence and
by adopting a structured approach, to a great extent, crisis can be identified.
Three phases of Crisis Management
• Pre-Crisis phase – Focus of Identification crisis is, its prevention and
preparation for combating the situation.
• Crisis Response Phase – community has to respond to the crisis
• Post-Crisis Phase – review and ascertain the reasons of occurrence of crisis. It
gives insights to be better prepared for the next crisis
Crisis Identification Steps
1. An Analysis of the current situation based on information of past crises that
the place might have had.
2. A study of regional vulnerability.
3. Identification of the ideal situation in which the crisis could be easily
handled.
4. Identification of gap-based analysis
5. Formulation of detailed strategies
6. Communication of the plans to all stakeholders.
7. Monitoring of the situation closely to help in identifying the crisis
Organisational Structure and design
• A blueprint of an Organisational structure should be made to determine the
responsibility and accountability of each stakeholder.
• It is a formal division of the authorities and roles for ease of decision – making
and serves as an integrating and controlling mechanism.
• The organisational structure for disaster management has four distinct
departments based on the functionalities
• Disaster Mitigation division.
• Disaster Preparedness division.
• Disaster Response division.
• Disaster Recovery division.
Organisational Structure and design
• National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA): responsible for laying
down policies, plans and guidelines for disaster management for ensuring
timely and effective response to disaster
• NDMA is to be assisted by a National Executive Committee
• National Executive Committee is responsible for preparing and updating a National Plan
for disaster management
• State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA):
• State Authority is to be assisted by a State Executive Committee
• prepare a state plan which would include assessment of vulnerability of different parts
of the state to different forms of disasters; measures to be adopted for prevention and
mitigation of disasters; capacity building; and role of departments of State Government.
• District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA):
• prepare the District Plan for disaster management in accordance with instructions by
NDMA and SDMA
• National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM):
• The institute is headed by the Union Home Minister and Vice-Chairman, NDMA also
acts as the Vice-President of the Institute
• The institute has five divisions i.e.,
• Geo-Hazard Division;
• Hydro-Met Hazard Division;
• Policy Planning and Cross Cutting Issues Division;
• Response Division; and
• Administrative and Finance Division
• National Disaster Response Force (NDRF):
• NDRF was consist of 10 battalions drawn from the paramilitary forces
• The force provides specialized response during disasters, is pro-actively deployed in
impending disaster situations, imparts training to state disaster response force
personnel and conducts programmes for creating awareness and community capacity
building
NRDF Team Location Across India
Authority, Delegation and Decentralization
• Authority
• The authorities are the people who have the power to make decisions and to make sure
that laws are obeyed.
• Delegation
• Is the assignment of any responsibility or authority to another person (normally from a
manager to a subordinate) to carry out specific activities.
• Decentralization
• Is the process of reallocation of duties and the decision making power to individuals
away from a core authority
Roles, Skills and Competencies
• Leaders:
• Leads initiatives and influence people to work for achievement of goals.
• Informational Role:
• Collection & dissemination of accurate information to handle disasters.
• Resource Allocator:
• During disastrous events judicious allocation of the resources by ascertaining the needs of the
affected population is taken care by RAs
• Taking on these roles requires certain skills
• Leadership Skills.
• Conceptual Skills.
• Human Relation Skills.
• Managerial Skills
• Certain required Competencies:
• Knowledge, which is acquired through learning.
• Experience.
• Behaviour.
Importance of Control Process in Disaster Management
• Control is a check mechanism that ensures all the activities in the organization
take place according to the plan, and if there is any deviation, timely action is
taken to bring back activities on the planning path
• Benefits of Control Process:
• Helps in achieving goals.
• Makes efficient use of resources by ensuring that each activity is performed according
to predetermined standard.
• Improves employee motivation.
• Ensures order and discipline.
• Facilitates coordination in action.
• Helps in minimizing errors.
Three Types of Control
• Feed Forward Control
• pre-judgement on the bases of situation and control is triggered.
• Concurrent Control
• When action do not lead to the expected response, in such cases, action should stop
immediately and the situation is brought under control.
• Feedback Control
• An analysis of the action of the past gives insights and learning about what went wrong
Group Dynamics – 1/2
• Is a classification of behaviours and processes taking place with in and
between social groups.
• A noted social psychologist Kurt Lewin coined the term group dynamics in the
early 1940s.
• An understanding of the intricacies relating to group behaviour helps in
decision-making
• Study involves sensitive information like social class divisions, regionalism and
other forms of social prejudice.
• Nature and attitude of persons involved in group tasks.
• These information will help in establishing autonomous workg roups
Group Dynamics – 2/2
• The inter and intra group relationship of individuals should be good so that
the achievement of goals is facilitated.
• Instead of being competitive, the individuals have to be adaptive and
cooperative.
• Members of group follow the code of conduct of the group, and the
responsibilities and obligations of each member are dictated by group norms
• If a group is highly cohesive, the members may settle a conflict and can clear
misunderstanding easily.
• The important aspect of an autonomous work group is that members trust
one another and collaborate towards achieving goals.
• The attitude of collaborative decision making is warranted so that the group
can take quick decisions at times of crises
Understanding the importance of Team-building in
Disaster management
• Team work foster better and open communication between individuals.
• It will help in:
• A team has shared values and a common goal.
• No individual identity of member.
• A team has individuals who can be trained as member rather than as high performers.
• A team shares values, integrity and commitment.
• An effective team takes risks.
Capability Assessment
• Capability assessment helps in getting a realistic view of the quality and
quantity of available resources for mitigating disaster and responding to it.
• Capacity assessment is a very important part of emergency management
plans.
• It includes:
• Personnel
• Equipment and Material
• Capacity assessment rating are:
• Satisfactory
• Needs improvements
• Deficient
• Capability Enhancement plans are documents based on the capability
assessment data.
• Capability assessment must be done at regular intervals
Four Pillar's Disaster Management
• Mitigation
• Minimizing the effects of disaster.
• Ex: building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses; public education.
• Preparedness
• Planning how to respond.
• Ex: preparedness plans; emergency exercises/training; warning systems.
• Response
• Efforts to minimize the hazards created by a disaster.
• Ex: search and rescue; emergency relief.
• Recovery
• Returning the community to normal.
• Ex: temporary housing; grants; medical care.
Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development
• Developmental considerations contribute to all aspects of the disaster
management cycle.
• One of the main goals of disaster management, and one of its strongest links
with development, is the promotion of sustainable livelihoods and their
protection and recovery during disasters and emergencies
• Where this goal is achieved, people have a greater capacity to deal with
disasters and their recovery is more rapid and long lasting.
• In a development oriented disaster management approach, the objectives are
to reduce hazards, prevent disasters, and prepare for emergencies.
Disaster Mitigation – 1/5
• Is the first phase of disaster management cycle.
• It entails measures that seek to remove or decrease the impacts and risks of
hazards through proactive and predetermined measures.
• The main aim of mitigation is to reduce loss of life and property by attenuating
the impact of disasters
• Mitigation is proactive step, taken to reduce human loss and financial costs
that may arise as an after math of disaster.
• The mitigation efforts are generally organized into three primary activities,
namely risk analysis, risk reduction and risk insurance.
• The mission of any mitigation effort is to proactively avert or moderate its
impact
Disaster Mitigation – 2/5
• The mitigation measures are designed to reduce the vulnerability of local citizens
and property at risk.
• It can be applied to enhance protection from natural disasters such as floods,
tsunami is, earthquakes, cyclones, storms and other natural disasters.
• The mitigation measures help community avoid several damages to their assets and
help them remain operational in the face of calamity
• Mitigation aids further strength infrastructural facilities such as roads, railways,
hospitals, fire stations and other significant service facilities so that they can remain
active in an event of disaster.
• Pre-disaster planning helps in achieving mitigation objectives by creating an
awareness of risks and hazards.
• Structural measures like strengthening infrastructure, checking dams, contour
planting, improved drainage system, rain water harvesting, building codes and
policies
Disaster Mitigation – 3/5
• Non structural measures such as public health campaigns, vaccination programmes,
etc are to be considered in pre-planning.
• All the mitigation measures are aimed at reduction of the frequency, extent,
intensity and effect of disasters.
• Objective of mitigation is to guarantee that any human action or natural occurrence
does not lead to disaster
• The key to mitigation lies in reduction, aversion, avoidance of the risk from an event
by taking pre-emptive action.
• Mitigation measures can be – Physical, economical, social.
• Physical/infrastructural measures can be categorized into:
• Reconstruction of destroyed structure.
• Planning a new infrastructure.
• Retrofitting (strengthening of existing facilities)
Disaster Mitigation – 4/5
• In all these cases, it should be ensured that stronger individual structures, that
are hazard resistant, are constructed.
• Mitigation can be carried out in a systematic manner.
• Strategies can be build to amend, avert, adjust or circumvent the potential
hazard
• Amending the hazard involves modifying the nature of the hazard by
eliminating or reducing the incidence of its occurrence.
• Averting the hazard involves transmission of the impact of hazard away from a
susceptible location to protect people and property from harm.
• Ex-Dam constructions.
• Adjusting the hazard means changing structural designs and standards
Disaster Mitigation – 5/5
• Circumventing the hazard involves keeping people away from the hazard
zones by limiting development in a risk area.
• There are four sets of tools that could be used to mitigate disasters:
1. Hazard management and vulnerability reduction.
2. Economic diversification.
3. Political intervention and commitment.
4. Public awareness.
• Of these, 1&2 apply to natural disasters while 3&4 are used to mitigate any
other hazard.
• Two categories of mitigation activities–
• Structural Mitigation.
• Non-structural Mitigation
Structural Mitigation – 1/6
• Deals with construction projects that are aimed at reducing the economical
and social impacts.
• After carrying out risk analysis, the information can be used to describe and
execute hazard mitigation activities.
• The available options must be identified, and cost-and-benefit analysis of each
of the options must be performed
• These measures are aimed at minimizing the destructive and disruptive
effects of disasters on the built environment.
Structural Mitigation – 2/6
• Selection of site for industrial and residential buildings the following should be
considered:
• Site planning – Site selection & Site analysis.
• Land-use Pattern – adverse effect on biodiversity should be analysed.
• Other factors – ecosystem, urban & environmental considerations.
• The National Building Code of India 2005 (NBC,2005) is a comprehensive
building code that provides guidelines for regulating the building construction
activities across the country.
• The costal areas are found to be vulnerable to tsunami and cyclones like
natural calamities.
• These issues are to be considered while building constructions near water
bodies
Structural Mitigation – 3/6
• The NBC-2005 code mainly contains administrative regulations, control rules
and general building requirements; fire safety requirements, stipulation
regarding materials, structural design & construction.
• There are five factors to resist cyclonic wind – roof coverings, windows &
doors, roof sheathing attachment, walls & foundations.
• Minimum distance from sea: Orientation of Buildings
• The distance from the edge of a costal bank to a building is called asset back distance.
• Ordinary high water mark (OHWM) or average high water mark.
• Set back distance – horizontal distance from OHWM is generally 75 ft
Structural Mitigation – 4/6
• Stability of structures : Issues and Concerns
• Technological and socio-economic growth increases in demand for more and more
style and intricacy in building causes increase into complexities.
• Structural stability, land use regulations, construction areas, layouts, material used
should be taken care.
• Optimum utilization of renewable energy sources.
• Fire Escape in Building Plan.
• NBC- 2005, prescribes the minimum standards of fire protection and fire safety of
buildings.
• Fire safe-design.
• Having fire plan of the buildings.
• Safe and sufficiency of exits.
• Obstacle free exit.
• Automatic fire detection and alarm system
Structural Mitigation – 5/6
• Fire Escape in Building Plan
• Thermo-sensitive devices such as automatic sprinkler system should be installed.
• Fire fighting arrangements.
• Emergency lighting system.
• Cyclone shelters
• The increase in number of deaths in cyclone affected areas was mostly due to the non-
availability of safe shelters in the coastal villages.
• Provides safe shelters to vulnerable people during flood and cyclones.
• These are constructed near evacuating community and away from source of hazard
• These specialized buildings are designed to endure wind speed upto 300 km/h
(category5) cyclone and moderate earth quake.
• Its plinth is above high flood line and standing on a stilted floor, it can remain
unaffected in storm surge up to the first floor level.
• These shelter structures are differ from normal buildings to endure more sever wind
pressure
Structural Mitigation – 6/6
• Cyclone shelters:
• The roof, walls, windows, doors and ventilation grills of the cyclone shelters are
constructed to resist wind-born debris.
• Extra security concerns like protecting glass window by screen,lamination of windows,
fitting of doors with barrel bolts.
• An emergency generator for lighting, a battery backup for emergency in case of
generator failure.
• Minimum desirable lighting for safe movement of people.
• Appropriate security measures for ventilation.
• Safe Kitchen faculties are required in shelters.
• Water supply to buildings along with safe drinking water.
• The community members are involved in the process with first-aid kits and trainings.
• Basic shelter management training to shelter members
Non-Structural Mitigation – 1/2
• These mitigation involves measures that seek to reduce the likelihood of risk
through modification in human behaviour.
• These techniques are often considered mechanisms where man adopts to
nature.
• These measures are less costly than the structural measures
• The general non-structural mitigation includes regulatory measures,
community awareness and education programmes, environmental control and
behavioural modifications.
• Regulatory measures that are applied to facets of societal and individual life
limit hazard risk by legally dictating human actions.
• These actions are aimed at the common good of society; compliance to these
reduces communal vulnerability
Non-Structural Mitigation – 2/2
• Land-Use Regulations
• These regulations ensures orderly and planed development of cities and
public services.
• Two aspects of land use in India
• Floor Area Ratio (FAR).
• Urban Land ceiling.
• Floor Area Ratio (FAR): Is capital-land ratio allowed in each city, regulates
haphazard development & avert congestion around human settlement.
• In Indian cities, FAR determines the total build-up space that a plot is allowed
to hold, subject to the land availability and requirements, house hold densities
and dwelling sizes & availability of parking.
Land-Use Regulations
• The Urban Land (Ceiling & Regulation) Act: ULCRA enacted in 1976 stipulates
that individuals or firms cannot hold vacant land beyond a certain size.
• If there is any such land, they have to declare it and sell the extra land to the
government.
• It seeks to build an adequate stock of urban land for the interest of general
public purposes such as road widening and development of open spaces for
public utilities.
Hazard Zoning – 1/4
• Is an essential non-structural mitigation measure and got high acceptance amongst
communities and disaster management authorities.
• A world Bank and United Nations repot estimates that around 200 million city
dwellers in India will be exposed to storms and earth quakes by 2050.
• According to geographical statistics, in India almost 54% of the land is susceptible to
earthquakes
• The earth quake zoning map of India divides India into four seismic zones, Zone 2, 3,
4 & 5.
• Zone 5 is highest level of seismicity and zone 2 is associated with lowest level of
seismicity.
• Each zone indicates the effects of an earthquake at a particular place based on the
observations of the affected area and can be described using descriptive scale like
Modified Mercalli intensity scale or the Medvedev-Sponheuer-KarnikScale(MSK).
Hazard Zoning – 2/4
• Zone 5 – highest risk that suffer earth quake of intensity of MSK IX or greater.
• The zone factor 0.36 is assigned to zone 5 and civil engineers use this factor
for building earth quake-resistant design.
• Zone5 – The zone factor of 0.36 is indicative of effective peak-horizontal
ground acceleration of 36% of gravity that may be generated during earth
quake in this zone
• It is referred as Very High Damage Risk Zone.
• Jammu & Kashmir, Westerns & Central Himalayas, North-eastern states and
Rann of Kutch fall in this zone
Hazard Zoning – 3/4
• Zone 4
• Is called the High Damage Risk Zone and covers are as liable to MSK VIII.
• The zone factor is assigned to zone 4 is 0.24.
• Area near Indo-Gangetic basin, Delhi and parts of Jammu and Kashmir & Maharashtra
fall under zone 4
• Zone 3
• Is a moderate Damage Risk Zone that is liable to MSK VII.
• The zone factor 0.16 is assigned.
• The Andaman & Nikobar Island, Parts of Kashmir, Western Himalayas fall under this
zone.
• Zone 2
• Is liable to MSK VI or less and is categorised as Low Damage Risk Zone.
• The Zone factor of 0.10 is assigned to this zone.
Hazard Zoning – 4/4
• Building code and construction:
• These are the integral aspects of non-structural mitigation.
• The various aspects relating to building codes are ground coverage, basement,
projections, etc.
• Ground coverage is defined as the total area covered by a building immediately
above the plinth level.
• Distance between buildings, road width, internal road width, the maximum floor
area permitted for residential and commercial use.
• Floor area ratio (FAR) & height of the building is regulated according to the width of
public street or road.
• Basement is the storey that is partly or wholly below the average ground level, with
a height not exceeding a projection of 1.2 m above the average ground level.
• National Building Code regulations to be strictly adhere to while constructing a
building.
Disaster Mitigation Strategies
• Disaster Management strategies can not be unilaterally mandated and
implemented.
• The success of disaster mitigation strategy likewise requires collaboration
among stakeholders.
• These strategies should be fine tuned to meet the needs of the local
community and should be capable of adjusting to varying conditions and
seizing opportunities when they arise
• The countries should work together for disaster management based on needs.
• The strategies objectives should be prioritized according to the specific needs
of the region.
• The development initiative should also include changes in human and social
systems in its development agenda