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Multiplication of Algebraic Expressions

Definition Multiplication of two or more algebraic expressions is performed


by applying the distributive property of multiplication over addition:
au  v  au  av , where a, u and v are algebraic expressions, and the laws of
integral exponents.

Remark There are two methods in finding the product of two or more
algebraic expressions, namely: multiplication by distribution and special products.

In multiplication by distribution, the following formula is applicable where a, u, v, w


represents algebraic expressions:

au  v  w  au  av  aw

Example Find the following products.


1. 4s  5t 3s  4t   4s 3s  4t   5t 3s  4t  applying multiplication by distribution

 12 s 2  16 st  15st  20t 2 then combine like terms

 12 s 2  st  20t 2

2. 3x 2  2 x  13  x  4 x 2   3x 2 3  x  4 x 2   2 x 3  x  4 x 2   13  x  4 x 2 


 9 x 2  3x 3  12 x 4  6 x  2 x 2  8 x 3  3  x  4 x 2
 12 x 4  3x 3  8 x 3  9 x 2  2 x 2  4 x 2  6 x  x  3
 12 x 4  11x 3  3x 2  5 x  3

3. x 2 n1 2 x 2 n1  x 2 n  3x  1  2 x 2 n1 x 2 n1  x 2 n1 x 2 n  3x 2 n1 x  x 2 n1


 2x2n1 2n1  x2n1 2n  3x2n11  x2n1 applying laws of exponents
 2 x4n  x4n1  3x2 n  x2n1
4.  x x  72   x x  7x  7
  x 2  7 x  x  7 
  x 2 x  7   7 x x  7 
  x 3  7 x 2  7 x 2  49 x
  x 3  14 x 2  49 x
Exercises
Find the following products:
1. 3x 2  5 y 2 x  7 y 2  7. 2 p  m  n 2 p  m  n 
2. x  5 8. 2mn  3 p 4m 2 n 2  6mnp  9 p 2 
4

3. 2u  3v 4u 2  uv  3v 2  9. x n  p x 2  p n 


4. r 2 n  2r n p n  p 2 n r 2 n  2r n p n  p 2 n  10. 5cd  1  2 f 2cd  1  f 
5. 3b 2  b  2 3b 2  4b  5 11. w  3x  2 y 3  3x  2
6. 3 y 2  y 3  4 y 4  23 y  4  y 2  12.  p 4  2 p 2q  4q 2  p 2  2q 

Special Products

Let u, v be any algebraic expressions and a, b, c , and d be any constants. The


following formulas are frequently used in problems involving multiplication and
factorization of polynomials.

1. a u  v   au  av 5. au  bv cu  dv   acu 2  ad  bc uv  bdv 2


2. u  v u  v   u 2  v 2 6. u  v3  u 3  3u 2v  3uv 2  v3

3. u  v  2  u 2  2uv  v 2 7. u  v u 2  uv  v 2   u 3  v3
4. u  a u  b   u 2  a  b u  ab 8. u  v u 2  uv  v 2   u 3  v3

Example Use special product formulas to multiply the following expressions.

1. 3xyz a 3 x  2 xb  b 2   3a 3 x 2 yz  6bx 2 yz  3b 2 xyz Formula 1


2. 4a 2  5b 4a 2  5b   4a 2   5b 2
2
Formula 2
2 2
(u - v) (u + v) u - v

 16a 4  25b2
3. 5 x 2  3 y  2  5 x2 2   2 5 x 2 32 y   3 y 2
2
Formula 3
2
(u - v) u - 2 u v + v
 25 x 4  30 x 2 y  9 y 2
Notice that in using the formulas, it is important to identify the form and which
expression is u and which expression is v . Can you determine which formula is used
in the following?

4. a 2  b  2  a 2  2  2 a 2  b  b 2  a 4  2a 2b  b 2

5. 3n  53n  9  3n2   5  93n   59  9n2  12n  45

6. 5 x  2 y 3x  6 y   5  3 x 2  5  6   2  3 xy   26 y 2
 15 x 2  24 xy  12 y 2

7. a 2  b   a 2   3a 2  b  3ab 2  b3
3 3 2

 a6  3a4b  3a2b2  b3

8. 5x  3 y 3  5x 3  3 5x 2 3 y   3 5x 3 y 2  3 y 3


 125 x 3  225 x 2 y  135 xy 2  27 y 3

9.  p 2  2 p 4  2 p 2  4   p 2   23  p 6  8
3

10. 3  m 9  3m  m 2   33  m3  27  m3

Exercises

Perform the following using special products.

1. x 1  1x 1  1 19. 2 x  y 
3

2. 1  x 1  x 1  x 2  20. 3x  y 


3

3. 2 p  m  n 2 p  m  n  21. 2 x  y 4 x 2  2 xy  y 2 


1 2 1 3 1 4 2 1 2 3 1 6
4. a  3b  2c  2d a  3b  2c  2d  22.  u v  w   u v  u vw  w 
2 3  4 6 6 
5. x 2  3  x x 2  3  x  23. 2a  b 4a 2  2ab  b 2 
6. 2 x  3 y  z 2 x  3 y  z  24. x n  y k x 2 n  x n y k  y 2 k 
1  1  1 
7. 7 x 2  5 y 7 x 2  5 y  25.  p  2q   p 2  pq  4q 2   p 3  8q 3 
2  4  8 

 1  1
8.  m2 n3    m 2 n3   26. 2mn  3 p 4m 2 n 2 6mnp  9 p 2 
 4  4
9. 2m  3n  2 27. 
3

a 2b 2  c ab 3 ab  3 a 2b 2c 3  c 2 

10. 2v  2w2v  2w2 28. 2v  2w3 2v  2w3


11. a 2  4b  3 2 29.  p n  2  n  2
12. x  y   1 30. c 2  d 2 c 4  c 2d 2  d 4 c2  d 2 c4  c 2d 2  d 4 
2

2
1 
13.  a1/ 3  b3 4  31. 2 x  y 2 2 x  y 2 16x 4  4 x 2 y 4  y8 
4 
14. 2 x  3 y  4 z  32. 5cd  1  2 f 2(cd  1)  f 
2

15. 2x  3 y   53x  3 y   2 33. 3x 2 n  2 x n  13x  x1n 


16. x  2x  5 34. 3x  29 x 2  6 x  49 x  4
17. 2x  3x  5 35. 4m2  n4 2m  n2 2m  n2 
18. 4x  3 y 7 x  3 y  36. u 2  2v u 4  2u 2v  4v 2 

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