Name: Binwag, Alvincent D.

Date: January 17, 2022

Submitted to: Ma’am Mary Lou Basa Section: BSN-1C
I. DEFINE
British Society for Immunology (2018), stated that Immunology is the study of the human
immune system and it is very significant in the field of biological sciences as well as in the field
of medicine. The immune system is the human defense mechanism against unwanted pathogens.

The immune system protects a human from harmful microorganisms that tries to invade the
human body. Some harmful microorganisms include viruses, fungi, bacteria, and contaminants,
or toxins made by microbes. The said system has its important roles in the human body and it is
made up of dissimilar cells, proteins, and organs that function together (JohnsHopkinsMedicine,
2022)

From the word response, the immune response pertains to how a human body identifies and
defends itself from unwanted microbes like fungus, and bacteria’s, and other substances that
seem harmful to the body (MedicalEncyclopedia, 2022).

Immunity is the ability of human body to recognize the word “self”, meaning molecules that
constitute one’s own physique and distinguish, or separate them from the word “nonself”,
meaning molecules that are found to be harmful and infectious microbes (Robinson A., 2019).
Further, there are two cooperative defense systems under immunity, these are nonspecific (innate
immunity) and specific (acquired immunity). Innate Immunity, or nonspecific immune responses
defend the human body from all harmful pathogens equally, meanwhile, acquired immunity or
specific immune responses are custom-made to specific characteristics of unwanted invaders,
however, both systems are working together (Perdue S., 2020).

Carey E., (2021), stated that Immunodeficiency disorders avoid a human’s body from
combating illnesses and infections. Worst case, this kind of disorder makes it easier for a person
to acquire viral infections. Carey E., (2021) further added that immunodeficiency disorders are
either acquired, or congenital. An acquired is a type of disorder a person will get later in life and
congenital disorder is one the person who is born with.

II. GIVE THE ROLE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

It protects the human body from infectious microbes that cause harmful effects. It rejects tissues
cells of foreign antigens. The system removes dead or worn out cells like Red Blood Cells
(RBCs). It also identifies and destroys abnormal cancer cells in the human body. Lastly, it
protects the body from autoimmune diseases.

III. DISCUSS BRIEFLY

Immune System Organs. The key primary lymphoid organs of the immune system include the
thymus and bone marrow, as well as secondary lymphatic tissues including spleen, tonsils,
lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, skin, and liver (IDF, 2022).

The immune system cells can be categorized as lymphocytes (T-cells, B-cells and NK cells),
neutrophils, and monocytes/macrophages. These are all types of white blood cells. The major
proteins of the immune system are predominantly signaling proteins (often called cytokines),
antibodies, and complement proteins (BiologyLibreTexts, 2021).

Immune System Molecules. The proteins that recognize foreign invaders are the most diverse
proteins known. They are encoded by hundreds of scattered gene fragments, which can be
combined in millions or billions of ways (Tonegawa, 1985)

IV. DEFINE

A type of immunity called nonspecific, or innate immunity is a defense system with which
you were born, for short this is known as the body’s genetic or natural immunity. It shields the
person from all antigens. Innate Immunity involves blockades that keeps out dangerous
pathogens from entering the human body. These blockades create the first line of defense in the
immune system (MedicalEncyclopedia, 2022).

Adaptive immunity is the human’s acquired immunity that points out to a specific
microorganism. This type of immunity is also denoted to as acquired immunity. Adaptive
Immunity lasts in the organism’s life expectancy. The adaptive immune response is marked by
clonal expansion of B and T lymphocytes, releasing many antibody copies to neutralize or
destroy their target antigen (Gleichmann, 2020).

Nicole Gleichmann (2020), stated that active immunity is defined as immunity to a

microorganism that happens following exposure to said microorganism. When harmful
pathogens invade the human body, a kind of white blood cells called B cells construct antibodies
to contribute upon the neutralization of the disease agent.

Passive immunity is given when an individual is given antibodies to infection instead of

creating them through his or her claimed immune response. For instance, an infant procures
detached resistance from its mother through the placenta (CDC, 2021).

V. REFERENCES

Perdue, S. Scott and Humphrey, John H. (2020). immune system. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/science/immune-system

Anon (2021). Cells and Organs of the Immune System. Biology LibreTexts.
https://bio.libretexts.org/@go/page/11703

CDC (2021). Immunity Types. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/immunity-types.htm#:~:text=Passive%20immunity%20is
%20provided%20when,its%20mother%20through%20the%20placenta.

Gleichmann N. (2020). Active vs Passive Immunity: Differences and Definition. Immunology

and Microbiology. https://www.technologynetworks.com/immunology/articles/active-vs-
passive-immunity-differences-and-definition-335112#:~:text=Active%20immunity%20is
%20defined%20as,or%20neutralizing%20the%20disease%20agent.

Medical Encyclopedia (2022). Immune response. Medical Encyclopedia.

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000821.htm#:~:text=INNATE%20IMMUNITY,defense
%20in%20the%20immune%20response.

Tonegawa S., (1985). The Molecules of the Immune System. Scientific American.
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-molecules-of-the-immune-system/

BiologyLibreTexts (2021). Cells and Organs of the Immune System. Biology LibreTexts.
https://bio.libretexts.org/@go/page/11703

IDF (2022). The Immune System and Primary Immunodeficiency. Immune Deficiency
Foundation. https://primaryimmune.org/immune-system-and-primary-
immunodeficiency#:~:text=The%20cells%20of%20the%20immune%20system%20can%20be
%20categorized%20as,%2C%20antibodies%2C%20and%20complement%20proteins.

Carey E., (2021). Immunodeficiency Disorders: Symptoms, Types, and More.

Healthline.

https://www.healthline.com/health/immunodeficiency-disorders

JHM (2022). The Immune System. Johns Hopkins Medicine.

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/the-immune-system

British Society for Immunology (2018). What is immunology? British Society for Immunology.
https://www.immunology.org/public-information/what-is-immunology