1. Explain the relationship between host and pathogen.

 The host–pathogen interaction is defined as how microbes or viruses sustain

themselves within host organisms on a molecular, cellular, organismal or
population level. This term is most commonly used to refer to disease-causing
microorganisms although they may not cause illness in all hosts.

a. What is a Pathogen?

 A bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.

2. What is the difference between innate and adaptive

immunity?

 Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against pathogens. It is general
and non-specific, which means it does not differentiate between types of
pathogens. Adaptive immunity is a type of immunity that is built up as we are
exposed to diseases or get vaccinated.

a. Give examples of both.

Line of Examples
Defense

Innate (non- Skin, hair, cough, mucous membranes, phagocytes,

First
specific) granulocytes

Adaptive (specific) Second Pus, swelling, redness, pain, T and B lymphocyte response

3. What is the difference between specific and non-

specific immune response?

 Nonspecific protective mechanisms repel all microorganisms equally, while

the specific immune responses are tailored to particular types of invaders.
Both systems work together to thwart organisms from entering and proliferating
within the body.
4. What is the function of white blood cells?
  White blood cells are part of the body's immune system. They help the
body fight infection and other diseases.

a. Are they involved innate and/or adoptive immunity.

 Some of our white blood cells play a role in innate immunity, others in acquired
immunity, while some are involved in both.

5. Describe the process of blood clotting.

 Blood clotting normally occurs when there is damage to a blood vessel. Platelets

immediately begin to adhere to the cut edges of the vessel and release
chemicals to attract even more platelets. A platelet plug is formed, and the
external bleeding stops.

6. How are blood clots important in innate immunity?

 During infections, the blood coagulation system is activated and components of

the hemostatic system are directly involved in the immune response and immune
system modulations. The current view is that the activation of coagulation is
beneficial for infections with bacteria and viruses.

7. Define the term Vaccine?

 A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a

particular infectious or malignant disease.
8. Explain the role of vaccines in immune response.
  Another critical component of vaccination is that it helps produce memory B- and
T-cells that are specific to the virus. Like an army reserve force, these immune
cells can be quickly activated in the future to produce antibodies to stop the
virus from invading your body. And unlike antibodies, these cells persist.

9. Explain the role of lymphocytes and phagocytes in the

innate immune response.

 White blood cells, also called leukocytes (LOO-kuh-sytes), play an important role
in the immune system. Some types of white blood cells, called phagocytes (FAH-
guh-sytes), chew up invading organisms. Others, called lymphocytes (LIM-fuh-
sytes), help the body remember the invaders and destroy them.

10. How is a fever important in innate immunity?

 The heat of fever augments the performance of immune cells, induces

stress on pathogens and infected cells directly, and combines with other
stressors to provide a nonspecific immune defense.

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