NAZI

SM I
NGERMANY drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794
[JN2006]
85.
[a].
li
stanyf i
vef act
orsthatpromotedHi
tl
er’
sri
set
opoweri
nGer
many
?[5]
Depressionof1923- 1930.
Versail
lestreaty’
sv i
ndi
cti
veness
Weakandi ncompet entgovernment
Weakeconomy
Unempl oyment
Highinflat
ion
Hispersonal i
ty[
demagoguer ypowers]

[
b].
Outli
neHitl
er’sdomest i
cpoli
cyupto1939.
Pol
iti
cal
El
iminati
onofopposi ti
one.gNightoft
heLongknives
PassedEnabl i
ngActof1933
Mergingofof f
iceofChancell
orandPresi
dentorFuhrer
Useofsecretpol i
ce,Gest
apo[Germanyst
atepoli
ce],
SSSA
Youthmov ement s
Presscensorship
Banningoftradeunions
Anti-
Semiti
sm
Useofpropaganda

Economic
Creat
ionofempl oymentt hroughremovalofwomenf
rom i
ndust
ry
Highindust
ri
ali
sati
one, gar mamentsfact
ories
Reducti
onofinflat
ionandf irmingoft
hemar k
Banni
ngofst r
ikes,lockouts,si
tins
Monitori
ngpri
cesandwages

Soci
al
Educati
on
Healthfaci
l
iti
es
Recreati
on/l
eisur
e
Sporti
ngactiv
iti
es

(C)Towhatext entdidthepeopleofGermanybenef
itf
rom Hi
tl
er’
sdomest
icpol
i
cydur
ingt
hisper
iod?
Benefit
s:
Employment
I
ndustr
ialexpansion
Hi
ghst andardofliv
ing
Nat
ionali
sm andpat ri
oti
sm
St
ablegov tandpeacei nthecount
ry

Non-benefit
s/disadv ant
ages
Lossoff reedomse, gpress,associat
ion,expr
essi
onandr
ightt
ovot
e
Anti-
Semi ti
sm( broughthelli
shcondi t
ionsforJews)
Useofv i
olence
Secretpolice(theS.Sandt heGest apo)
Hunger
Starvati
on
Pover t
ypar t
icularl
ySouthI t
aly
PoorSt andardsofl ivi
ng.

[
Nov2003]
86.
[a]
.Stateanyfiv
epolit
ical
problemsbyWei marRepubl
i
cbet
ween1919and1933.
[5]
.
Accusedofsi gni
ngtheVersail
l
esTr eat
y
Angryrightwinggroupscall
edthispoli
ti
cal
treacher
y
generalunresti
nthecountry

1
 NAZI
SM I
NGERMANY drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794
Dif
ficul
ti
esoft heSDPt ocooperatewi t
hconser
v ati
ves
Armyt hr
eatenedgov ernments
Numer oussmal lrevoluti
onaryupri
singswerebrutal
lycrushedbyt
hear
my
Problemswi t
hr adicalsocial
i
stsandGer manyCommuni stPart
y
Ther i
ghtwingopposedt herepubli
c
I
n1920t her
ewasansuccessf ulcoup

[
b].
Out li
net heeconomi candsoci alprobl
emsf acedbytheWei marrepubli
cbet ween1919and1933.
All
iesdemandedr epar ati
onswhi chledtoappall
ingeconomi csi
tuati
oninGermany
Occupat i
onoftheRuhrcoal f
iel
dsbyFrenchowi ngtonon-paymentofreparations
Decl i
nei nGermani nindust r
y
FallofGer manymar k,whichbecameal mostwor thl
ess
Middl eandpr of
essional classesinGermanysuf f
eredseverel
yforthei
rpension, i
nvestmentsand
i
nsuranceswer ecompl etelywipedout
I
nt heRuhrdi stri
ctGer mansdecl aredageneralstri
keandrefusedinanywayt oco- operat
ewiththe
Fr
ench
Count rywasv erychaot i
canddesper ate
Unempl oyment
Seriousf oodshortages
Pov erty
Diseasese, gtuberculosis

[
c].
Towhatext entdi deconomi cpr oblemsl eadt othecollapseoftheWeimarRepubl i
c?
Depressionhi tGer manydi sastrousl y
6mi l
li
onunempl oy edi nGer many
Socialdiscont entandv i
olencedev eloped
Hitl
erbegant oappeari nGer manyast hereal hope-themanwi thastrongpol i
cyandpurposeunli
kethe
i
ncompet entpol i
ti
cianswhohadf ail
edhopel essl
ytot akeGermanyf r
om Cal amit
y
Thelossofwor kingcl asssuppor tandr educt i
oninunempl oymentbenefit
swasabl owtotherepubli
c
Otherfact orswhi chbr oughtaboutt hecollapseoft heWei marRepubli
c
Republicmi ghthav er eunitedhadt hesebeennoot heropt i
ons
Nazisoff erednat ional unity,prosper it
yandf ul
lempl oymentri
ddingGermanyofMar xi
stand11
Novembercr imi nals
Promisedov erthrowoft heVer saill
esset tl
ement
Nazishadapr ivatear mywhi chwasat tr
act i
vetoy oungpeople
Weal t
hyl andowner sandi ndust r
ialistsencour agedNazisbecauset heyfearedacommuni strevol
uti
on
Hitl
erhadext raor dinar ypolit
ical abili
ti
es.Hepossessedt remendousener gyandar emarkabl
egiftf
or
publ
icspeaki ng

[
Jun2004]
87.
[a].
Identif
yanyfi
vet
err
it
ori
eswhi
chwer
eoccupi
edbyGer
manybet
ween1935and1939.
Rhineland
Sudet enl
and
Aust r
ia
Bohemi a
Meni al
Czechosl ovaki
a
Poland
Mor avia

b) .
Descri
beHitler’sannexationoft heRhineland[1936]andAust r
ia[1938].
Hi t
ler
’sannexationoft heRhi neland(1936)andAust r
ia(1938)are:
-
-the1935plebisci t
epeopleint heSaarr egionv ot
edt oretur
ntoGer many.
-90%oft hepeopl eint heSaarr egionvotedt oGermany .
Germanybecamel essdependentont hegoodwi llofFranceandBr i
tai
nand2mont
hsl
aterHi
tl
er
announcedhi sdeci siontorear m.
inMarch1936, 35000Ger mansol di
ersmar chedintotheRhineland.
Hitl
eroff
eredFr anceandBr it
ain25y earnon-aggressionpacts.

2
 NAZI
SM I
NGERMANY drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794
Aft
erther emil
it
ari
zationoftheRhineland,
Hitl
er,
setoutt oabsor bal
l Ger
mansintotheThir
dReich.
ThelargestGermangr oupoutsi
det heReichweret heAustrians.
Austri
anNazi sst
agedademonst r
ationandAustrianchancel l
orfear
ingGermanattackannounced
pl
ebi
sciteaboutwhet herornotAustri
ashouldremai nindependent.
Hit
lerfear
ingthevotewoul dgoagai nsthi
m deci
dedt oact.
Germant roopsmov edintoAustr
iaandAust r
iabecamepar toftheThirdRei
ch.
Austri
ansandJewswhohadi ni
ti
allyopposedtheuni onwer esenttoconcent
rat
ioncampsandt ort
ured.

(c) Howf ardi dtheseannexat ionsleadt otheout breakofthewar?

WhenHi t
lermov edintoAust ria,
itrevealedtheweaknessesofBr i
tai
nandFrancewhodidnomor ethan
prot est.
theannexat i
onofAust riaalsodemonst ratedtoHi tl
ertheadvant
agesofhisall
i
ancewithMussol
ini–
theRome–Ber l
inAxis.
Theannexat ionoftheRhi nelandandt helackofr esist
anceledhimtobeli
evehecouldatt
ackAustr
ia
wi thnoopposi ti
on.
TheLeagueofNat i
onsf ail
edt otakeact i
onagai nstHitl
er.
Howev er,therewereot hercausesl ikeappeasement .
I
nef fecti
vepeaceguar anteeingmachi ner ybyvictori
ouspower s.
Emer gencyofaggr essorslikeHi t
lerandMussol i
ni whodistur
bedworldpeaceandsecuri
ty.
Statesl i
keGer manyf elttheyhadbeeni ll
-tr
eatedatt hepeacesettl
ementof1919.
Britai
nandFr ancehopedbywor kingwi thHitl
ert heyweretaminghim.
Thear msr ace.

[
Nov2004]
88. [
a].Stateanyf iv ef actorswhi chenabl edHi tl
ert ogainpoweri nGer many[ 5]
(a)Descr i
beHi tl
er ’sf oreignpol i
cyupt o1939* 12+
(b)Howf ardi dHi tl
er ’
sf oreignpol i
cyenhancet hel i
vesofGer manpeopl e?
(a)Chaosanddi sillusionmenti nGer manyaf tert heFi rstWor l
dWar
Germanshat edt hei rgov ernment( Wei mar ).
Pay mentofr epar at i
onsmadel ivesoft heGer manpeopl ehar dandt heywer ereadyt obepersuadedby
Hitler’
Ther ewasacut eunempl oy ment .
Ther ewasi ndust ri
al unr estofst ri
kessi t-
insandl ockout s.
Violence.
Depr essioni nt hel ate1920’ sincr easedcal l
sf oranewgov ernment* 5+.
Hitl
er ’
scr azyski ll
s.
Hungerandst ar vation.
(b)Hitler
’sf oreignpol i
cywasbasedont her ever sal oftheVer sail
lesTr eaty,t
heest abli
shmentof
Ger manyasagr eatpowerandt hecr eat i
onofl ivingspacef orGer mans.
Tomaket hi ngseasyhegotGer manyoutoft heLeagueofNat ions.
Heal sor emov edGer manyf rom t hedi sarmamentconf erencet of acilitatehisre-ar
mamentpr ogr
amme.
1935hesi gnedr ear mament( nav al)wi t
hBr i
tain.
1936, hei nv adedt heRhi nelandi ndef ianceoft hel eagueandVer sai llesTr eaty.
1936, hef or medanaggr essi vepar twithI tal
y–Rome–Ber l
i
nAxi s.Thi swasexpandedt otheRome–
Ber l
in–Toky oAxi swhenJapanj oinedi n1937.
1936heco- oper atedwi thMussol initoi ntervenei ntheSpani shCi vi
l War .
1938hef or medt heAnschl usswi thAust ri
av iolat i
onofVer saill
esTr eat y.
1938het ookSudet enlandf rom Czechosl ovaki ainor dert oreunitet heGer manpeopl e.
1939i nabi dt ocr eat eli
v i
ngspacef ort heGer manshet ookt her estofCzechosl ovakiaandputitu
underGer many .
1939hei nv adedPol andf ort hesamer easonandsensi blytoi ncorpor ateDanzi g.
1939, hesi gnedanon–aggr essi onpar twi t
hRussi a(TheNazi Sov ietPact )i
nabi dt oavoi
dwaront wo
frontsi fthewest ernal l
iesat tackedhi scount ry.

[
c].
Rearmamentcr eatedempl
oy ment.
Theestabli
shmentofanenlargedarmybroughtbacksenseofsel
frespectamongtheGer
many
popul
ati
on.
Taki
ngov ertheRhinel
andbroughtsomeeconomicbenefitt
otheGermanpeople.

3
 NAZI
SM I
NGERMANY drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794
ActsliketheAnschl ussbroughtbackt oget
herGermanf ami l
i
est hathadbeensepar at
edbythe
Versail
l
esTr eat
y .
Therewasaf alsesenseofsecur it
yast heGermanaggr essiveactsappearedtosucceed.
Butdidnotbenef itinotherpeople’
swar sexposedGer mancit i
zenstounnecessarydanger,
andmany
werekill
ed
Hisambi t
iousaggr essiveai
msmadehi m morerut
hlessashecompel ledt
hepeopl etoacceptand
endorsehisactions.Thereforesuppressionofanycri
tici
sm intensif
ied
TheGer manpeopl ehadt ol
iveforsomet i
measanoccupi edlandandadi videdpeople.

[Nov2007]
89.[a]
.Stat
eanyf i
vepoli
ti
calpr
oblemsoft
heWei
marRepubl
i
c[5]
.
spart
acistuprisi
ng
kappput sch
poli
ti
calassassinati
ons1920-1922
MunichPut schorBeerhallPutsch
Communi str
iots[RosaLuxemburg]

[
b].Descr ibet her i
set opoweri nGer manybet ween1920and1933.
In1920Hi t
lerjoinedt heGer manWor kers’Par tywhichlaterbecamet heNat ionalSociali
stGerman
Wor kers, Party[ Nazi ]
.
In1921Hi t
lerbecamet hel eaderoft hepar ty
In1921t hest or mt rooper s[SA]wascr eatedasapr ivat
ear myt odeal withopponent s
1923att hepeakofi nflationHi tl
erat tempt edt ooverthr
owt heWei margov ernmentt hroughtheabort
ive
Muni chPut schorBeerhal l Put sch
Hitlerwasar rest edandsent encedt o5y ear sbutonl yserved9mont hs
Whi leinpr i
son, Hitlerwr otehi sbook“ Mei nKampf ”*
myst ruggle+
In1925Hi t
lerr e-foundedNAZI
Hitlercr eatedhi sper sonal body guards
Hesetuppar tybr anchesnat ionwide
In1925Gener alel ect i
ons, t
heNazi won14seat sintheReichstag
Nazi popul arit
ydecl i
neddur ingtheageofpr osperi
tyinGer many[ 1924t o1929] .
In1928t heNazi wononl y12seat s
Thegr eatdepr essi ont il
tedt hescal esi nfav ourofHi tl
er
Hitler’sor atoryappeal edt omanyGer mansandNazi suppor tgrew
In1930gener al elect ionsNazi seatsr osef rom 12t o107maki ngt heNazi partythesecondlargest
poli
tical partyinRei chst ag
InMar ch1932pr esi dent ialelections, Hit
lerchal l
engedHi ndenbur g
Hitler’spol i
tical posi tionwasst r
engthenedashewon13, 4mi ll
ionv otesagai nstHindenburg’
s
19,
4mi l
lionv otes
InJul y1932, theNazi won230seat si ntheRei chstagparty,maki ngi tthelargestbutwi thnooveral
l
major i
ty
Hitlerdemandedt obeappoi ntedchancel lorbutHi ndenburgr efused
TheNazi won196seat sint heNov1932el ections
Nazi ter rorintensi fied
VonPapenper suadedHi ndenbur gt oappoi ntHi tl
erchancellorhopi ngt hattheycouldusehi m
InJanuar y1933Hi tl
erwasappoi ntedchancel loroftheWei marRepubl ic
Bur ningoft heRei chst ag

[
c].
Towhatext entdi
dt heeconomi cprobl
emsoft heWei marRepubli
ccontri
but
etotheriseofHi
tl
erto
poweri n1933?Page85of111
Economi cFactors
Nazi supportgrewdur i
ngtheperiodofinf
lati
on
Dur i
ngtheper i
odofGr eatDepressi
onNazi supportgrewasevidencedbythe107seatswoninthe
Reichstag
Unempl oymentat t
ractedmanyGer manst otheNaz ipar
ty
Thegr eatdepressi
onmadet heparli
amenttobeunst abler
esult
inginchancel
l
orsr
esigningegVon
Papen,VonSchl ei
cher

4
 NAZI
SM I
NGERMANY drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794
Otherfactors
Hitl
er’
sor ator
y
Naziv i
olence
Unpopular i
tyoftheWeimar
Nazipropaganda
Toomanypol it
icalpar
ti
esi
nGer
many
Fearofcommuni sm

[
Jun2005]
90.
[a]
.Identi
fyanyf i
vefactor
swhi chledtotheri
seofHitl
erinGermany.
[5]
WeimarRepubl icacceptedthehumi li
ati
ngandunpopularVersai
l
lesTr
eaty
Lackofr espectf ordemocrati
cgov ernment
Greatadmi rati
onf orthearmyandof f
icercl
ass
Poli
ti
cal parti
eshadl it
tl
eexperienceofhowt ooperat
eademocr ati
cparl
iament
arysy
stem
Outbreakofv i
olence
Bankruptcy
Hitl
erofferedat tr
acti
vepolici
es
Comi ngofgr eatdepression
Hitl
er’sabil
itytospeaki npubli
c

*
b+.Out li
neHi t
ler’
sdomest icpol icyupt o1939.
Enabl i
ngl aw-gov ernmentcoul di ntroducel awswi thouttheappr ovaloftheReichst
ag
I
gnor edt heconst i
tutionandsi gnedagr eement swi t
hforeigncount ri
es
Gav echancel lorpower stodr af tlaws
Hitl
eracompl etedi ctat
orandcoul dext endt he4y earperiodindefini
tely
MadeuseofSAandSS
TurnedGer manyi ntoat otalit
ar i
anorf asci ststate
Allaspectofl if
etot all
ycont roll
edbyGov ernmentusi ngGest apo
Allpol i
ti
cal parti
esbanned, al
lf unctionst akenov erbyaNazi SpecialCommi ssi
on
Civi
l servicepur ged
Tradeuni onsbannedandr eplacedbyGer manyLabourFr ont
Educat ioncont roll
edandchi l
dreni ndoct rinatedwi thNazi’
sopi nions
I
ntroducedt heHi tlerYout handgi rlsjoinedt heLeagueofGer manMai dens
Communi cationcont roll
edbyJosephGoebbel s
Self-
suf fi
ciency
Reli
gi onbr oughtunderst atecont rol
I
ntroduct ionofpubl icwor ks
El
imi nationofunempl oyment
PurgesofJewsandant i
-Nazi ’
sf rom civ i
lser vi
ce
Reintroduct i
onofconscr i
ptioni n193j oyor ganisati
ons-subsidisedholidays,
crui
sers,
cheapt
heat
re

[
c].Howdi dthedif
fer
entsocial
groupsinGermanybenefitf
rom hi
sdomest
icpol
i
cyi
nthi
sper
iod?
OrdinaryGermans
Pol i
cyseemedt ooff
erpromiseofacti
onandagr eatnewGermany
Pleasedwi t
hreducti
onofunempl oy
ment
Pur gesofJewsandant i
-Nazi
sfrom ci
vi
lserv
icecreat
edjobsforthem
Subsi di
sedholi
days
Ant i
-Semit
icpoli
cypopul
arwithsomeGer mans

JewsandAnt i-Nazis
Terri
bleti
medepr i
vat
ion
Propertywealthtaken
Segregatedagainst
Severerestr
icti
ons
Purges-murdersinconcent
rat
ioncamps[
Speci
men]

91.
[a]
.Gi
veanyfivei
deasexpr
essedbyHitl
erinhi
sbook,
MeinKampf
WantedtorescueGermanyfr
om thet
hreatofcommuni
sm

5
 NAZI
SM I
NGERMANY drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794
TorescueGer manyfrom thethr
eatoftheJewswhopr of
it
edwhilemanyGer
manssuff
ered
Hewouldest abli
shaThirdReichwhichwouldrest
oreGermanytoherdomi
nantpl
acei
nEurope
Wouldcreateliv
ingspace[Lebensr
aum]f ort
heGermanAr y
anrace
Wouldoverturnthetr
eatyofVersai
ll
es[st
abintheback]
Hewouldr estor
eGermanpr ideandprosperi
ty
Pr
eservepur i
tyofAryanrace

[
b].
DescribeHi tl
er’
sat temptt oseizepoweri nGermany [
Muni chPut sch]
8thNovember1923Hi tl
erandt heNazi partymember sdecidedt oseizepowerbyf or
ce
Theytookadv antageoft hepoliticalandeconomi cdiffi
cul
tiesfacingGermanybatt het i
me
Marchedt othemuni ci
palbuil
dingsi nMuni ch.Procl
aimedapr ovisi
onalnati
onalgovernmenti
nabeer
hal
lwith600ofhi sf ol
lowers
Bavari
annat ionalistswithdrewthesuppor ttheyhadearli
erpr omised
Hit
lerandhi sfoll
ower swereeasi lydispersedbyaf ewarmedpol ice.
16Nazi f
oll
owerswer eki
l
led
Hit
lerwasar restedandsent encedt o5y earsi
mpr i
sonmentf ortreason
Hewasgi venacomf ort
ablefl
ati njailandasecretarytotypehi smanuscr i
ptformeinKampf
Hit
lerwasr eleasedaf t
er9mont hs.

[c].
Towhatext entdidtheMunichPutschhelpHi t
lert
orisetopoweri nGer many.
Exposedhim andt heweaknessoftheWeimarRepubl ic
Gavehim oppor t
unit
ytomakehi spoli
ti
calideasandt hoseofhispar t
yknown
Madehi mrealisethatfor
cealonewasnotr ightmethodt opursueinordertorisetopower
Resort
edtoel ecti
onsandothermethods,e,gpr opagandaandor ator
y
Otherfact
orsincludetheweaknessesoftheWei margov er
nment ;
polit
icalandeconomicpr
obl
ems
causedbydepr ession,suppor
tfrom i
ndustr
ialistandfearedthecommuni st
s.

[
Nov2006]
92.
[a]
.Ident
if
yanyf i
vepoli
ti
calpart
iesi
nGer
manybet
ween1919and1933.
Nazi
Socialdemocrats
Communi stPar t
y /
Conservat
ives
CentreParty
/Cat holi
c
Bavar i
anPeoples’party
Li
ber al
s

[
b].Outl
inest epst akenbyAdol fHitlertoconsol idatehi
sposi ti
oninGer manyf rom 1933onwar ds.
1933af terdeat hofFi eldMar shal VonHi ndenbur ghemer gedofficesofchancel l
orandpr esi
dent,
becameFuhr er[ thel eader].
Enablingactt oensur ethattherewasnoopposi ti
oninGer many
Nightoft hel ongkni ves–gav ehi m oppor tunit
yt oeli
minateinternal opposit
ionwi t
hint
heNazi
Reichstagf ire–usedasexcusef orbanni ngthecommuni stsandpar li
ament
Secretpol i
ce- Gest apo,SS,SA- t
ot errori
seopponent s
PurgingofNazi par ty-
manyof f
icialskill
ed
Nurember glaws- aimedatJewi shnat ionalswhom hesai dwer epar asit
es
Useofpr opaganda- Goebbelsappoi ntedmi ni
ster
Banningofst rikesandt radeuni ons/ anythingt odowi t
hwor kers
Censor shipofpr ess
Paradesandy out hmov ement s
Rapidcr eationofempl oyment /publicwor ks
Self-
suffici
ency
Cont r
ol ofeducat ion
[c]
.Howsuccessf ul wasHi t
lerinconsol idatinghispositi
on?
Measur eskepthi mi npower
EnablingActel imi natedallformsofopposi ti
on
Mer gi
ngofof f
icesofChancel l
orandpr esidentaswel lasbur ni
ngofRei chstagalsoeli
minatedpossi
ble
oppositi
onf rom hi sownpar ty
Opposi ti
oncont inuedi nGer manyaswasev i
dencedbyat tempt sonhi slif
e
Thechur chcont i
nuedt oopposeNazi sm e, gBonheoffer

6
 NAZI
SM I
NGERMANY drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794
I
ntel
l
ect
ual
scont
inuedt
oopposehi
m.

[
N2008].
93.
[a]
.Nameanyfiv
eChancel
l
orsoft
heWei
marRepubl
i
cbet
ween1923and1933.
[5]
GustavStr
esemann
Bruni
ng
VonPapen
VonSchlei
cher
AdolfHi
tl
er

[
b].Out l
inet hepoliti
calandeconomi cprobl
emsthatwer
efacedbyGer
manybetween1919and1933.
Poli
tical problems
Soci alistandCommuni stvi
olence
Toomanypol iti
calparti
es
Unst abl ecoaliti
ongov ernments
Attempt edcoups
Pol i
tical assassinat
ions
Nazi violence
Unpopul arityoftheWei margov er
nments
Inexper i
encei ndemocr acy
Stigmat i
zationbecauseofsi gningtheVer
sai
l
lesTreat
ye,
guseofter
m‘November“toref
ert
oWeimar
Republ ic.

Economi cproblems
Pay mentofr eparati
ons
Hy perinfl
ati
on
Unempl oy
ment
Thegr eatDepr essi
on
Closureoff actori
es
Foodshor t
ages
Strikes

[
c].Towhatext entdideconomi cproblemscont ri
butetothecol
lapseoftheWeimarRepubl
ic?Page89of
111
Inflati
onmadet hemi ddleclasst oloseconf i
denceinthegovernmentandbegantosupportext
remi
st
parti
esl i
ket heNazi s
Manyoft heunempl oy edjoinedt heNazi sandCommuni st
s
Thedepr essioncausedpeopl etoturnt oextr
emistparti
es
Nazi sandCommuni stsuppor tincreasedduringtheperi
odofeconomiccri
sis
Howev er,t
her ewereot herfactors
Hi t
ler’
sabilit
yt ousepr opaganda
Unst ablecoal i
ti
ongov ernment s
Mi stakebyt heWei marpol i
tici
anst oappointHitl
erasChancellor
Nazi v
iol
ence
Par li
ament aryparalysis
FearofCommuni sm byt hei ndustr
iali
sts

[
Nov2009] .
94[
a].
Stateanyf ivef act
orst hatpromot edtheri
seoft heNazi Part
yinGer many?
Propaganda
Theyofferednat ionalunit
y, prosperityandfullemploy ment
Promisedt oov erthrowVer sail
lesset tl
ement
Pri
vatearmy[ SA]wasat tractivet oyoungpeopl eoutofwor k/Depressi
on.
Wealthylandowner sandindust r
iali
stsencouragedtheNazi sbecauset heyfear
edcommunism
Hitl
erhadext raordinarypoliti
cal abi
lit
iesandwasgoodor at
or
Therewasst r
ikingcont r
astbet weent hegovernment sofWei marandtheNazi par
ty.Thef
ormercoul
d
notmaintainlawandor derwher east helat
terpromisedt herestor
ati
onofpr i
de
Hunger/starvati
on

7
 NAZI
SM I
NGERMANY drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794

[b].
Out linet hest epst akenbyHi tl
ert oconsol i
datepoweri nGer many , 1933to1939.
Enabl ingl aw[ 1933]enabl edHi tl
ert obecomeacompl etedictat
or ,
coul dintroducelawwi thoutthe
appr ov al oft heRei chst ag
Hitl
erf ollowedapol i
cyknownas“ Glei chschal tung’-[f
orciblecoordination]
,turnedGer manyi ntoa
totali
tar ianst ate.
Allpol iti
cal parti
esexceptt heNazi wer ebanned- onepar tystatebor n
Nomor eel ections
Civilser v i
cepur ged, al lJewsandot hersuspect edenemi esr emov ed
Tradeuni onsabol i
shedandt heirf undsconf iscat edandl eadersarrest ed,r
eplacedbyGer manyLabour
Front
Stri
kesnotal lowed
Educat ionsy stemscont rolledandchi ldrenwer ei ndoctri
nated
School booksr e-writt
en
Histor ydi st ortedt ofitwi thHi tl
er ’
sv iewt hatgr eatt hi
ngscoul donlybeachi evedbyf orce
HumanBi ologydomi nat edbyNazi racet heor y
Teacher s, l
ecturer sandpr of essor scl osel ywat ched
Boy sj oinedHi tl
er’sy out hatageof14
Girl
sj oi nedt heleagueofGer manmai densandchant edsl ogans,”TheFuhr eri sal
way sright”
Childrenencour agedt obet raypar ent st oGest apo
Allcommuni cationsandmedi acont rolled
Radi o, newspaper s, magazi neset c,cl osel ymoni tored
Religionbr oughtunderst at econt rol afterConcor datwiththePope
Disagr eementwi tht hechur chi n1937l edt oar restandi mpr i
sonmenti nconcent r
ationcampsofpr i
est
s
nuns
Persecut i
onofJews
[C].
Di dHi tlersucceedi nconsol i
dat inghi spoweri nGer many ?Explai
ny ouranswer
Remai nedi npowerf or12y ear s
Hitl
erbecameacompl etedi ctat or
Noonecoul dopposehi m ast heywer eper secut ed
Howev er ,
hi
sr ul econt i
nuedt ober esist edbyt heCat holi
cChur chandsomemember soft hear medf orces
somey oungpeopl edi dnotj oinHi tl
ery out hmov ement s
somenat ionalistsr esi stedhi sr ule
socialistandCommuni stcont inuedt oexi st
[Nov2010]
95.(a) I
dent ifyanyNazi l
eader s.(5)
Adol fHi t l
er ,HermanGoer ing, JosephGoebbel s, Heinri
chHi mml er, RudolfHess, Mar ti
nBor mann,
Alber tSpeer ,Hindenbur gandEr nstRohm

(
b).
Descr ibeHit l
er’sdomest icpoli
cybetween1923and1939.(8)
1933Mar chtheEnabl ingAct
Ministr
yofpr opaganda
Presscensor shi p
Banningoft radeuni onsandstr i
kes
Nightoft helongkni ves
Banningofpol it
icalpar t
ies
Secretpol i
ce-Gest apo
Educationsy stem
Reli
gion
Publicwor ks–r oadconst r
ucti
on
Agricul
ture-creditprov i
dedbyt hestat
e–encouragedfar
merstoproducef
ood
Economi csel f-suffi
ciency(autarky
)ledtot
hecreati
onofnewindustr
iest
omakesy
nthet
icr
ubber
,
t
extil
es,fuelset c
Rearmamentaf ter1936

(c)Towhatext
entdi
dtheGer
mansbenef
itf
rom t
hisdomest
icpol
i
cy?(
8)
`Benef
it
s:

8
 NAZI
SM I
NGERMANY drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794
Employmentcreat
ed
Restor
ati
onofnational
pri
de
Laworderrest
ored
Inf
rast
ruct
uraldev
elopment

Non-benefi
ts:
Fear
Jewskill
ed
Nof r
eedom ofspeech
Lossofcivil
i
anli
bert
ies
Presscensorshi
p

[June2011]
96[a].Listanyfi
vepolit
icalpart
iesi
nGermanybetween1919and1933.[
5]
-Soci alDemocr at
s/Social
ist
s
-GermanNat i
onali
stPeople’sPart
y/Nat
ional
i
sts
-Cathol icCentr
ePar t
y
-Communi st
s
-Nazi
-Bav ar i
anPeople’
sPar ty
-Liber als

*b+.Out li
neHitl
er’sdomest i
cpol icyf rom 1933t o1939.[ 5]
-Embar kedonamassi veindust r
ial pr ogramme, Hugear mamentf actor
iesofKr uppatEssenwereput
underf ullpr
oduct ion
-Publ i
cwor kprogr ammesai medatr educingunempl oymentr esultedinconst ructi
onof
Motor way s(
autobahns)
-Rear mamentpr ogr ammesputi npl ace.Const itut
ionintroduced( 1935),Germanai r
force(
Luft
waff
e)
developed
-Banni ngofpol i
tical parti
es,Nazi remai nedtheonl ylegal part
y
-Useoft err
orandv i
olencebyt heGest apoandSS
-Anti-Semi t
ism,Jewsputi ntoexi le,concent rat
ioncamps, gaschamber s,excludedf r
om gover
nment
i
nstitutionsandempl oyment ,
andshopandhomesdest r
oy edetc
-Cont rolofpress, radios,newspaper s, fi
lmset cputunderst ri
ctcensorship
-Cont rolofeducat ion.Booksr e-wr i
tten, pro-governmentt eachersandl ecturersempl oyed
-Establ i
shmentofast rongy out hmov ement /bri
gades-mai dengir
ls
-Useofpr opagandaandsl oganeer ing
-Eli
mi nationofopposi ti
ont hroughpur gesandmur ders
-Knightoft helongKni v
eswher eopponent sandev enNazi member sweresl aughtered
-Creat i
onofGest apoandSS( count rybecameapol i
cest ate)
-Adopt ionoftheTi tl
eFuhr er

*c+.Didthepeopl eofGer manybenef itfrom Hit

ler’
sdomest icdur
ingthi
speri
od?Expl ai
nyouranswer.[
8]
-Ahi ghdegr eeofnat ionalism asser t
ed
-Cr eati
onofempl oymentt hroughpubl icworks,conscript
ionandrearmamentpr ogr
ammes
-Impr ovementi nwor kingcondi tionsandwages
-Howev er,Peoplewer edepr i
vedoft heirci
vilandpolit
icalri
ghtst
hroughbanningofopposit
ionpart
ies,
tradeuni ons,pr
ess, v
iol enceandmur der
-ManyGer manslivedi nper petualfear-somel ostthei
rliv
es,homes,jobs,
cit
izenshi
petc.Other
swer e
tortured,putint
oconcent rationcampsandchamber s

[Nov2011]
97[a]
.I
denti
fyanyf i
vepolit
icalfact
orswhichhelpedHit
ler
’sr
iset
opoweri
nGer
many
.*5+
-Generaldi
scontentassociatedwiththeTreat
yofVersail
l
es
-Weakcoal i
ti
ongov ernments
-Threatofcommuni sm
-Toomanypol it
icalpart
ies
-Useoff or
ce/vi
olence

9
 NAZI
SM I
NGERMANY drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794
-Manoeuv r
ingofelecti
ons
-Fail
ureoftheWei margovernment
-Propaganda
-DeathofSt resemann
-DeathofHi ndenburg
-Theuprisi
ngofMuni chPutsch

[b].
Out l
inethest epst akenbyHi t
lertoconsolidat
ehi spositi
oni nGermanyfrom 1933onwar ds.[
12]
-Mar ch1933, Nazi sbur ntt heRei chst agandusedi ncidenttobanopponentscommuni sts
-PassedEnabl ingActwhi chmadehi m di
ctat
or.VonPapenf orcedtoresi
gn
-Allopposi tionpol iti
cal par t
ieswer ebannedexceptt heNazi
-Tradeuni onsal sobanned
-1934, Nightoft heLongkni v esledt opurgingofinternaloppositi
on.Oldguardmur deredtoprevent
furt
herchal lengest ohi spower
-Bannedst rikes
-August1934, deathofVonHi ndenbur genabledHi t
lertocombi neoffi
cesofchancellorandpresident
.
Hitl
ernowt heFuhr er,theleader
-Agreementwi thCat holicChur ch
-Useoft er
r orandv i
olencebyGest apoandSS.Per pet ualf
earinsti
l
ledinevery
one
-Presscensor ship
-Anti-Semitism, deliberatepol i
cyt oexterminatetheJews
-Cont rolofeducat ion
-Stayi npoweral soanchor edbyuseofpr opagandaandHi tlerYouths
-Conscr ipt
ion-aut arky/sel f–suf fi
ciency
-Intr
oduct i
onofpubl i
cwor kpr ogr ammes
-Germanyr e- armament
-Bannedel ect i
ons

[c]
.Howsuccessf ulwasHi tl
erinconsol idatinghisposi tion?
-Oppositionpoliti
calparti
esandt radeuni onssuccessf ull
ysuppressed.Nazionl
ypol
i
tical
par
ty
remaini
ng
-NightofLongkni ves-i
nternalopposi t
ionsuppr essed
-Useofv iolencebyGest apoandSSenabl edGer manst osubmi ttoHitl
er’
sdemands
-Jews,Hitler’
spotential
challengerscompl etelysilenced, exi
ledormurdered
-Howev er,oppositi
ondrivenundergr ound, notcompl etelyeroded
-Notallinternalopponentswer emur deredont heNi ghtoft helongknives
-Hitl
erfacedst i
ffoppositionfrom thechur che,gBonheof fer

[
June2012]
98[
a]Li
stanyf
iveeconomicprobl
emsf
acedbyGer
manyi
mmedi
atel
yaf
tert
heFi
rstWor
ldWar
.[5]
SameasQuestion86[
b]-Nov2003
SameasQuestion89[
c]-
Nov2007
SameasQuestion93[
b]-NOV2008

[b].
Describetheatt
emptstooverthr
owt heWeimargov ernment
,bet ween191and1923.[12]
TheSpar taci
stRisi
ng1919
1919RosaLuxembur g[RedRosa]andKar lLi
eblcneckktmadeanat temptt oover
thr
owthegover
nment
Theuprisi
ngwasdownonl ybyt heaidofthefr
iekorps[ex-
sol
diers]
.Bothleader
sweremurder
edbefor
e
comi ngfortr
ial
I
nspiredbytheRussi
anr ev
olut
ion.seizedpowerinBerli
nandot hercit
ies

1920KappPut sch
I
nMar ch1920WofgangKappari
ghtwingerat
temptedtopowerinBer
li
n[revol
tinBerl
i
n]whenthe
governmentwishestodi
sbandt
heFriekor
ps.Thearmyrefusedt
otakeacti
on.Ageneralst
ri
keparal
ysed
thecapital
butgover
nmentmanagedtogaincontr
ol.

1923Thebeerhal
Pust
ch[MunichPustch]
1923,8NovemberHit
lerandtheNazipar
tyai
dedbyGener
alLudendor
fai
medt
otaket
heSt
ateof

10
 NAZI
SM I
NGERMANY drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794
Bavari
aandthenmar chtoov ert
hrowthegov ernment
Bavari
annati
onali
stswithdrewt hesupporttheyhadear
li
erpromised
Hitl
erandhi
sfoll
ower swer eeasil
ydisper
sedbyaf ewarmedpol i
ce.16Nazif
oll
ower
swer
eki
l
led.
Hit
lerwasarr
estedandsent encedtofiveyears.Hewasreleasedaft
er9months.

[
c].Towhatext
entdidpolit
icalproblemsi nGer
manyleadtother
iseofHi
tl
er?
Democracygaveroom tothef ormationofpol
it
ical
part
ies
Toomanypolit
icalpar
ti
esl edtocr eati
onofweakergover
nment
s
Unpopul
ari
tyoftheWeimargov ernment
Attempt
stooverthr
owt hegov ernment

Otherfactors
Unempl oyment
Hunger /
Starvat
ion
Hitl
er’spersonali
ty
Naziv i
olence

[
Nov2012]
99[
a]St
ateanyf
ivepol
i
ticalpr
oblemsf
acedbyt
heWei
margov
ernment
.[5]
SameasQuesti
on86[a]-
Nov2003
SameasQuesti
on89[a]-
Nov2007
SameasQuesti
on93[b]-Nov2008
SameasQuesti
on97[a]-
Nov-2011

[b].Outli
net hef act orsthatpr omot edt heri
seofHit l
ertopowerbet ween1919and1933.[ 12]
TheWei marr epubl icwasv erydemocr ati
cguaranteeingt oomanyf reedoms.ThiswasusedbyHi tl
erto
denouncet hegov ernment
Left-wingv iolenceegmanyar medr i
singsandthef ail
ureoft hegover nmenttopuni
shperpetrat
ors
sev erely.
Right-wingv i
olencei n1920, egDrKappl edarmyuni tstoseizeBerli
nbutst oppedbyagener alstr
ikeof
wor kersagai nsthi m.
Manysol dierswer edemobi l
isedaf terWorldWar1cr eatingmassiveunempl oyment
Wei margov ernmentaccusedof‘ stabbingthearmyatt heback’bysi gningt
heVersai
ll
esorar misti
ce
[1918] .
Existenceoft oomanypol i
tical par
ties.
Economi ci nst abilit
yegt heAl li
edalsoi mposedimpossi bler
eparat
ions.
Franco- Bel giant roopsoccupat ionoft heRuhrindustrialregi
on.
Infl
ationandt heGr eatDepr ession
Gener al l
awl essnessandt hei nabil
itytocontrolthemasses
Fearoft hespr eadofcommuni sm
Stri
kesandgener al unrest
Hitl
er’sor at orical skil
ls
Weaknessofopposi t
ionpar ties
Creationofami l
itarywi ng[stormt roopers],
Nazi vi
olence.
Propaganda[ mei nkampf ]

[c].
Towhatext entdideconomi cfactorshel pHitl
ertogai
npower ?
1923inflati
on
1929depr essi onseti nandi ncreasedpol it
icali
nst
abil
it
yandasdi scontentgrew,opposit
ion
member shipgr ew.
Duetor epar ati
onspay mentandaf terFranceoccupiedri
chRuhrar eaunempl oymentmul t
ipl
iedand
Hitl
erluredt her edundantt ohi sside.
Howev er,Ger manyex- soldierstendedt osympathi
semor ewithHitlerwhopor t
rayedhimselfasa
sav i
our.
Hit
ler
’smet hodswer eforcefuliemi li
tari
sm, pr
opagandaanddi dmucht opr
opel Hit
lert
opower .
Therepubl i
cr eli
edt oomuchoncoal i
tions.Therewasin-f
ight
ingandl ackofprogress.Naziwere
uncheckedasHi t
lerprogressedt oriset ofame.

11
 NAZI
SM I
NGERMANY drhoepr
oduct
ions0772155794
[
June2013]
100[
a]St
ateanyf
ivef
actor sthatpr
omot
edt
her
iseofHi
tl
ert
opoweri
npoweri
nGer
many
.[5]
SameasQuesti
on85[a]–June2006
SameasQuesti
on88[a]-Nov2004
SameasQuesti
on90[a]-June2005
SameasQuesti
on94[a]–Nov2009
sameasQuesti
on97[a]
-Nov2011

*
b+.Descr
ibeHi
tl
er’
sfor
eignpol
i
cybet
ween1933and1939.[
12]

SameasQuest
ion88[
b]-
Nov2004

[
c].DidthepeopleofGer manybenef itf
rom Hitler’
sforei
gnpoli
cy?Explai
nyouranswer
.*8+
Benefi
ts
Germansgai nedextrali
vingspacet hroughHi tl
er’
sconquestofAustr
iaandCzechosl
ovaki
a
Theirpri
dewasr estoredbyv iol
ati
onoft hetreatyofVersai
ll
es
Industr
yobtainedrawmat er
ialsfr
om occupiedt err
it
oryegSaarbasinandCzechosl
ovaki
a
Empl oymentcreat
edi nrearmamenti ndustr
ieswhenGer manymov edoutofdi
sarmamentconf
erence.

Non-
benef
it
s:
Ger
manysol di
ersdi
edinthewarsofinvasi
on
Ger
manyblindlydr
iveni
ntoadisastr
ouswar
Ger
manJewsi noccupiedter
ri
tori
essuffer
ed

101[a]
.I
dentif
yanyf i
vegroupsofpeoplet
hatwerevi
cti
msofHitl
eri
nGer
many
.[5]
Jews, Communi st
s.
Tradeunionists,Professi
onal
s[teacher
s,doct
ors,
lawyer
set
c]
Women, Youths
Lesbians,Homosexual s
Industr
ial
ist
s, Catholi
cs,Di
sabl
ed.

(b)Descr ibeHi tler’

spol i
cytowar dst heJewsi nGer manyupt o1939.* 12+
Persecut i
onofJews, apopul arpol i
cywi t
hmanyGer mansi nit
iall
y
Jewsusedasascapegoatf orev erythi
ngf r
om Ver sail
lesonwar ds-depression,unemployment,
communi sm etc
Theant i-Jewi shcampai gngi venl egal statusbyt he1935Nur ember glawswhi chdepri
vedJewsof
Ger manci t
izenshi pforbadet hem t omar rynon- Jewsandr ul
edt hataper sonwi thevenoneJewi sh
grandpar entmustbecl assifi
edasaJew.Jewshar assedIev erypossibleway–pr opert
yattackedand
burned, shopsl oot ed,synagoguesdest r
oy edandf inall
yt heJewi shpopulationwasher dedinto
concent rati
oncamps
Ult
imat elythef inalsoluti
onwasdev elopedt oext erminatetheJewst hrought heuseofgaschamber s
andsendi ngot her si
ntoexi l
e.
Womenhadt owr i
te‘Sarah’bef orewr i
tingtheirnames
Anti-
Semi tism, Mat hsusedt odi scriminat eagainstthem; Biologywasusedt oshowsuper i
orit
yofthe
Ar y
anr ace.
Jewsexcl udedf rom publ i
cpl acesegPubs, parkHot el
set c
Jewsundercur f
ew, werenotal l
owedt oj oinformal schools-Jewswer enotallowedintocivi
lserv
ice,

(c)Didt heGer mansbenef i

tfrom Hit
ler’
spolicytowardstheJews?Expl ainy ouranswer .[
d]
Germansf il
l
edv acanciesinempl oymentleftbyt heJews-
atuni v
ersit
ies,i
nschool s,inthejudi
ciary
Germanst ookov erenterpr
isesandbusi nessesabandonbyt heJewsasar esul
tofHi tl
er’
spoli
cy.
Nati
onalistfeel
ingswer esatiat
edespeciall
yt hoseofGermanswhobl amedev eryt
hingont heJews
Howev er,
Germanywasr obbedofsev er
alskill
edmanpower -teachers,doctors,l
awy er
set c
Citi
zenshipofsomei nnocentGer mansandot heropport
uni
tieslostasar esultoftheNur embergl aws.
Familiesgotsepar at
ed.

12