1.report 3&halfstorey 319

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ROYAL-PIONEER SOIL TEST AND GEOTECHNICAL SERVICES CO., LTD.

Co.Reg. No. 133923845
Geotechnical Site Investigation Report
For
Three and Half Storey Building Project
Block No.319, Corner of West Circular Road and 26L Street,

Chanayetharzan Township, Mandalay
February 2023
No. Ha-12/77, 61-B St., Bet: 116 St. & 117 St., Pyigyitagon Township, Mandalay
Tel: 09798652934, 09897878266 Email: pioneer.soiltest@gmail.com
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P2303/ Site Investigation Works for Three & Half Storey Residential Building Project
Block No.319, Corner of West Circular Road and 26L Street, Chanayetharzan Township, Mandalay
Table of Contents
Chapter No. & Title Page No.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 General 1
1.2 Project Description 1
1.3 Scope of Work 3
2. SITE INVESTIGATION WORKS

2.1 Borehole Exploration Work 4
2.2 Laboratory Test 6
3. METHOD OF SITE INVESTIGATION WORKS

3.1 Borehole Exploration Works 8
3.1.1 Rotary Wash Boring 8
3.1.2 Soil Sampling 10
3.1.2.1 Disturbed Sample 10
3.2 In-Situ Tests
3.2.1 Standard Penetration Test 10
4. GROUND CONDITIONS
4.1 General Geology 12
4.2 Subsoil Condition 12
4.3 Soil Classification 15
4.4 Results of Soil Investigation 16
5. RECOMMENDED GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN PARAMETER 20
5.1 Foundation Recommendation 26
6. SEISMICITY 28
6.1 Earthquake Intensity of the Project Area 28
6.2 Liquefaction 32
6.3 Procedure of Liquefaction Analysis 33
Royal-Pioneer Soil Test And Geotechnical Services Co., Ltd. February 2023
09798652934 / 09897878266 pioneer.soiltest@gmail.com
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7. CONCLUSION 37
8. LIMITATIONS 40
APPENDICES
Appendix A Layout of Boreholes 41
Appendix B Soil Boring Logs 43
Appendix C Laboratory Result 50
1. INTRODUCTION
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
This report (Site Investigation Work for Three & Half Storey Residential Building
Project) presents the soil investigation results of the one (1) borehole –(36.45m)
carried out at Block No.319, Corner of West Circular Road and 26L Street,
Chanayetharzan Township, Mandalay (Figure 1.1).
1.2 Project Description
(a) Title of Project
Site Investigation Works for Three & Half Storey Residential Building Project
(b) Client
Daw Ei Ei Kyaw
(c) Soil Investigation Contractor
Royal-Pioneer Soil Test and Geotechnical Services Co., Ltd.
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Figure 1.1 Site Location Map
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1.3 Scope of Work
The scope of work covering the soil investigation works of 1 borehole is

summarised as follows:
• Soil drilling and diamond coring (if any) at designated borehole locations
• Obtaining SPT split spoon samples and delivery of soil samples to laboratory
for testing
• Performing Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) including split spoon sampling
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2. SITE INVESTIGATION WORKS
2.1 Borehole Exploration Work
The borehole exploration work was carried out by using rotary wash boring method
for obtaining representative field data and good quality samples in present
investigation. The field works consisting of boreholes and relevant field tests as
summarized in Table 2.1 were carried out under the supervision of a geologist from
Royal-Pioneer Soil Test and Geotechnical Services Co., Ltd.
The field exploration program of these 2 completed boreholes started on 06 February

2023 and completed on 09 February 2023 with the depth of borehole 36.45m below
the existing ground surface.
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Table 2.1 Summary of field test quantities
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2.2 LABORATORY TEST

Laboratory test on disturbed soil samples (SPT) were conducted at Soil and
Concrete Laboratory, Irrigation Department, Patheingyi. In the project, one number
of investigation drill hole is carried out in project site and the quantities of soil
samples that assigned by client were sent and tested. The total quantities of
laboratory tests are listed in Table 2.2 and detail laboratory results are also
attached as Appendix - (C). The entire tests were carried out in accordance with
the standard of ( American Society of Testing Material; ASTM).
The physical properties tests include the following items.
- Natural Moisture Content ( N.M.C )
- Wet Density ( γw )
- Dry Density (γd )
- Triaxial UU Test ( C , Ø )
- Direct Shear test
- Grain Size Distribution,
The purpose of laboratory tests is for the evaluation of shear strength,
compressibility characteristics and classification of soil properties. Classification of
soil types is based on the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS).
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Table 2.2 Summary of laboratory test quantities
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3. METHOD OF SITE INVESTIGATION WORKS
The site investigation works consisting of borehole exploration and field tests were carried
out in accordance with American Standards (American Society of Testing and Material;
ASTM), also the requirements specified by Client as described in following sections.
3.1 Borehole Exploration Works

3.1.1 Rotary Wash Boring
This investigation work was performed using rotary drilling rig. A cutting
tool (drag bit) was mounted to drilling rod to produce 75mm diameter
borehole. Circulated water was pumped through the hollow rods into the hole
to stabilize the borehole and to wash out the soil sludge (resulted due to
drilling) to the ground surface with pressure. Partial casing was used to
stabilize the borehole wall apart from using mud circulation. A sketch given
the illustration of boring work is presented in Figure 3.1. During the
investigation, a field borehole log was kept by Geotechnical Site Supervisor
to record soil properties, stratum changes, SPT and other field test results.
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Figure 3.1 Schematic Diagram of Rotary Wash Boring
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3.1.2 Soil Sampling
3.1.2.1 Disturbed Sample
Disturbed samples were taken from split spoon sampler for

identification purpose. All the collected samples were stored in
sealed plastic containers and properly labelled for delivery to office.
3.2 In-Situ Tests
3.2.1 Standard Penetration Test
The standard penetration tests were performed in accordance with the

American Standards (American Society of Testing and Material; ASTM)
Standard D 1586. Standard penetration tests were carried out at intervals of
1.5m and 3.0m and the sketch illustrating the procedure is furnished in Fig-
3.2. The purpose of this empirical dynamic penetration test is to determine
the resistance of soils to the penetration (i.e. 450mm or lesser) of a split
barrel sampler of 50 mm external diameter which was driven by a 63.5 kg
automatic drop hammer with a free fall of 760 mm. (Figure 3.2). The value
of penetration resistance, N is the number of blows required to achieve a 300
mm penetration of the barrel after an initial penetration of 150mm was
achieved or an initial blow count number of 25 was recorded. This was
achieved by recording the blows for every 150mm penetration.
Standard Penetration Tests were conducted at specified depth according to

Consultant’s requirements. The values of N obtained in this investigation
were recorded in the borehole logs presented in Appendix B: Soil Boring Log.
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Test Procedure:
1. Lower sampler to
bottom.
2. Drive sampler
through 0.45 m.
3. Record number
of blows required
to advance every
150 mm.
4. N = Sum of last
two readings.
Figure 3.2 General Set-up and Procedure of SPT

(Note: Manual hammer instead of automatic hammer was shown)
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4. GROUND CONDITIONS
4.1 General Geology
Geomorphologically, the project site falls in the Central Low land. Refer to the
geological map from Geology of Burma (2014), regional geology of the project
area and its environs is mainly composed of Palaeozoic Metamorphic in the east
and intruded by Granitoids rock of Mesozoic and Lower Tertiary age and overlain
by Lower and Upper Pegu Group of Oligocene to Miocene, the Irrawaddy
Formation of Upper Miocene to Pliocene and the younger alluvium of Holocene.
But the exact location of project site is covered by Younger Alluvium. By the
result of recent site investigation, the project area is mainly covered by Clayey
Soil. The regional geologic setting and the stratigraphic succession of project area
is as shown in figure (4.1).
4.2 Geological Structure
The project area lies in the Shan Scarp Fault Zone and between Sagaing Fault and
Kyaukkyan Fault. It is very closed to Sagaing Fault which is an active right lateral
strike slip (dextral) fault. Around the project area, it is observed some anticlinal
structure and mostly occurred in younger Tertiary units. The axis of the anticline
and syncline is trending nearly NNW-SSE direction. The geological structure
around the project site is shown in Figure 4.2.
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Figure 4.1 Geological Map around the Site
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Figure 4.2 Regional Geological Structure Map of the Project Site
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4.3 Soil Classification

The soil classification is based on the geological classification and unified soil
classification. However, in absence of any laboratory testing, the classification is based on
field tests only. The consistency of clay/silt and relative density of sand samples have
been classified according to the following criteria:
N-Value Unconfined
(blows/30cm of Compressive Consistency
penetration) Strength (kPa)
<2 < 20 Very Soft
2–4 20 – 40 Soft
4– 8 40 – 75 Firm
8 – 15 75 – 150 Stiff
15 – 30 150 – 300 Very Stiff
> 30 > 300 Hard
Table 4.1 Classification of Consistency of Clays/Silts from SPT results (Terzaghi and Peck)
N-Value Angle of
Relative
(blows/cm of internal Compactness
Density
penetration) friction (ɸ)
<4 0.2 <30◦ Very Loose
4 - 10 0.2-0.4 30◦-35◦ Loose
10 - 30 0.4-0.6 35◦-40◦ Medium Dense
30 - 50 0.6-0.8 40◦-45◦ Dense
> 50 0.8-1.0 >45◦ Very Dense
Table 4.2 Classification of Relative Density of Sands from SPT results (Terzaghi and Peck)
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Description Criteria
Non Plastic A 3 mm thread cannot be rolled at any water content.
Low The thread can barely be rolled and the lump cannot be formed when drier
than the plastic limit.
Medium The thread is easy to roll and not much time is required to reach the plastic
limit. The thread cannot be rerolled after reaching the plastic limit. The lump
crumbles when drier than the plastic limit.
High It takes considerable time rolling and kneading to reach the plastic limit. The
thread can be rerolled several times after reaching the plastic limit. The lump
can be formed without crumbling when drier than the plastic limit.
Table 4.3 Term for description of plasticity (BS5930-2015)
4.4 Results of Soil Investigation

This section briefly describes the soil conditions encountered at the project site. Detailed soil
conditions are presented in each log of boring in the Appendices of Borehole Logs. The
summary of borehole data is given in the form of a Generalized Sub-Soil Profile which
interpolates conditions between boreholes and profiles is prepared based on the assumption that
the borehole details accurate. In the project area, total one borehole and based on the data
collected from this borehole, it can be classified the soil layers as follows for the whole project
area.
(BF) Backfill
(L1) Firm Silty CLAY/ Clayey SILT (Younger Alluvium)
(L2a) Stiff Silty CLAY/Clayey SILT (Younger Alluvium)
(L2b) Medium dense Silty SAND (Younger Alluvium)
(L3) Very stiff Clayey SILT/ Silty CLAY (Younger Alluvium)
(L4) Very stiff to hardDense Silty SAND (Younger Alluvium)
The detailed description, SPT N-values of each soil layer are described in Appendix-B
and Lab results are stated in Appendix-D. The design parameters of each layer are described in
Table 5.2.
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Layer 1_ Firm Slightly Sandy Clayey SILT (Younger Alluvium)
Layer 2a_ Stiff Clayey SILT (Younger Alluvium)
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Layer 2b Medium dense Clayey Silty SAND (Younger Alluvium)
Layer 3 Very stiff Silty CLAY (Younger Alluvium)
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Layer 4 Dense Silty SAND (Younger Alluvium)
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5.0 RECOMMENDED GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN PARAMETER
The geotechnical parameters can be directly evaluated from many ways such as field in situ
testing, laboratory testing and so on. For evaluating the stability of ground, the shear strength
parameters are significant. The geotechnical design parameters required for foundation design
analysis are listed as below-
Cu (Cohesion of soil (kN/m2))

φ (Friction angle of soil (angle of internal friction in degree)
γd (Dry unit weight of soil (kN/m3))
γwet (Wet unit weight of soil (kN/m3))
E (Modulus of elasticity of soil (kN/m2))
υ Poisson's Ratio
The bearing value is often assessed from the soil description in the borelog. The presumed
bearing value is typically given in the geotechnical engineering assessment report based on the
site conditions, but often without the benefit of specifics on the loading condition, depth of
embedment, foundation geometry, etc. Considerations of these factors can optimize the design
and is required for detailed design. The use of presumed bearing pressure from the soil
description is simple – but not very accurate. Therefore use only for preliminary estimate of
foundation size.
Table 5.1a Preliminary Estimation of Bearing Capacity (Burt G. Look, 2007)
Material SPT (N-field) Description Strength (kPa) Presumed Bearing Value (kPa)
Cohesive Soil (Clay)
0-2 Very Soft 0-12 <25

2-4 Soft 12-25 25-50
4-8 Firm 25-50 50-100
8-15 Stiff 50-100 100-200
15-30 Very Stiff 100-200 200-400
>30 Hard >200 >400
0-4 Very Loose Dr<15% <40
Granular Soil
4-10 Loose Dr=15-35% 40-100

(Sand)
10-30 Medium dense Dr=35-65% 100-300

30-50 Dense Dr=65-85% 300-500
>50 Very dense Dr=>85% >500
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Table 5.1b Elastic Modulus vs. SPT (N) Values (AASHTO, 1998)
Note: For the elastic modulus, due to no specific test i.e. pressure meter test, it converted
from SPT(N) values according to soil types by using table 5.2 to get the approximate elastic
modulus Es
Table 5.1c Elastic Modulus and Poisson's Ratio for soil (AASHTO, 1998)
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Table 5.1d SPT N value vs Friction angle & Bulk Density (Bowels, 2004)
In the project area, one point of soil investigation borehole had been carried out to determine the
physical and mechanical properties of the soils under the existing ground level of project area.
According to the investigation results of Project Area, the soil layer of the whole project area
can be classified as follow:-
(BF) Backfill
(L1) Firm Silty CLAY/ Clayey SILT (Younger Alluvium)
(L2a) Stiff Silty CLAY/Clayey SILT (Younger Alluvium)
(L2b) Medium dense Silty SAND (Younger Alluvium)
(L3) Very stiff Clayey SILT/ Silty CLAY (Younger Alluvium)
(L4) Very stiff to hardDense Silty SAND (Younger Alluvium)
The geotechnical design parameters which calculated from various methods level by level for each
borehole are shown in Table (5.2). The recommend design parameter for this area is shown in Table
(5.3). The relationship between depth (elevation level) and SPT N-value is shown in figure (5.1).
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N(field)-Value (Measured)
0 10 20 30 40 50
0.00
-1.50
-3.00
-4.50
-6.00
-7.50
-9.00
-10.50
-12.00
-13.50
Ground level (m)
-15.00
-16.50
-18.00
-19.50
-21.00 BH-1
-22.50
-24.00
-25.50
-27.00
-28.50
-30.00
-31.50
-33.00
-34.50
-36.00
Figure 5.1 The relationship between depth (elevation level) and SPT N(Field)-value
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5.1 Foundation Recommendation
The choice of foundation system depends on the type of structures and the nature of the
underlying strata. In general, the foundation system must satisfy the following two
principals:
1. It must have adequate factor of safety against Ultimate Limits Criteria.
i.e. Transmitting the worst possible combination of dead and live loads of a
structure to the ground without causing soil or pile failure.
2. It must have adequate factor of safety against Serviceability Limits Criteria.
i.e. To withstand heavy load without causing excessive settlement.
In this present investigation, it is subdivided into five layers (including Backfill Layer in
the uppermost part_2.74m) and the designed parameters of those layers are shown in
Table 5.3.
Layer L1 is composed of Firm Silty CLAY/ Clayey SILT with N-value ranging from 5 to
7 and with thickness ranging from 1.47m to 4.27m. This layer is not a very suitable layer
for foundation. But, if it cannot be avoidable to choose as foundation layer, the detailed
calculation should be made for foundation embedded depth, type and size.
Layer L2 is subdivided into L2a and L2b by their different soil type but same N-value
range.
Layer L2a is composed of Stiff Silty CLAY/Clayey SILT with N-value ranging from 12
to 14 and with thickness ranging from 1.52m to 4.50m. Layer L2b is composed of
Medium dense Silty SAND with recorded N-value of 12 and with a recorded thickness
of 3.00m. The layer L2 can be foundation layer for the proposed structure with suitable
foundation type and size.
These layer L1 and L2a and L2b have some liquefaction potential which calculation is
only based on N-value, but soil type for L1 and L2a is not likely to be happened
liquefaction. (refer Table 6.1)
Layer L3 is composed of Very stiff Clayey SILT/ Silty CLAY with recorded N-value of
25 and with recorded thickness 2.50m.
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Layer L4 is composed of Dense Silty SAND with N-value ranging from 38 to 48 and
with recorded thickness of 11.00m within the exploration depth.
The layer L3 and L4 are the best foundation layers for proposed structure.
The designer should compromise and made detailed calculations between actual load and
the design depth/types of foundation such as on the loading condition, depth of
embedment, foundation geometry, etc. Considerations of these factors can optimize the
design and are required for detailed design. (Table 5.2).
The presumed bearing value for each tested layer is stated in Table 5.2 which converted
from Nfield and it should be used only for preliminary estimating of foundation type and
size with actual structures' load.
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6.0 SEISMICITY
The origin and occurrence of earthquakes occurred in Myanmar can be interpreted as

below.
• Myanmar lies in one of the great earthquake provinces called the Alpine
Earthquake Belt. Therefore, minor to catastrophic earthquakes can be happened.
• The central and eastern part of Myanmar lies on the Burma Platelet which has a
convergent boundary with Indian Plate in the western most part of Myanmar. The
Burma Plate has been relatively moving 2 to 3 cm per year to the north.
Earthquake intensity in the area can be observed in figure (6.1). The map is an
earthquake probable intensity zoning map. The approach is mainly empirical and
historical in the sense that it makes use of past seismic event and history to make
educated guesses about region wide intensities in the future. It is hoped that a
probabilistic seismic risk (or earthquake hazard map) on horizontal ground acceleration
should be taken into account in the design.
6.1 Earthquake Intensity of the Project Area

Regional Seismicity of the Project area is shown in figure (6.1) Seismic zone map of
Myanmar (Dr. Maung Theinet.al.,2005. the project area falls in Destrustive Zone (with
the probable ground acceleration range of 0.4 - 0.5g which is equivalent to MM Class
IX).
According to Esteva (1970), the ground acceleration on the project area can be regarded
as 0.22g and calculated by using the below stated equation. In this calculation, the data is
assumed that the epicenter is 10km away from the project area, 10km focal depth and the
Richter Scale 7.
αmax = 1230 (exp 0.8 x Max) / (R+25)2 cms-2Pro

g value=αmax / 980
where αmax = the maximum seismic acceleration
R= Hypo central distance in Km
Max= the maximum magnitude in Richter Scale
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Two Site Location
Fig 6.1 Seismic zone map of Myanmar (Maung Thein etal. 2005)
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Fig 6.2 - Seismic Activity Record in the 100km diameter area from the project area within last
60 years. (Data from ISRS & USGS)
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Fig 6.3 - Seismic Zoning Map of Mandalay-Amarapura Area
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6.2. Liquefaction
During an earthquake, the propagation of shear wave causes the loose sand to contract,
resulting in an increase in pore water pressure. Because seismic shaking occurs so quickly, the
cohesionless soil is subjected to an undrained loading. The increase in pore water pressure
causes an upward flow of water to the ground surface, where it emerges in the form of mud
spouts or sand boils. The development of high porewater pressure due to the ground shaking and
the upward flow of water may turn the soil into a liquefied condition, which has been termed
liquefaction.
6.2.1 Kinds and Characteristics of Liquefiable Soil
Liquefaction of a soil may occur in saturated granular soil and low cohesion soil when
shaking an earthquake. The following basic requirements are need for liquefaction of a soil
layer:-
1) Saturated granular soil and low cohesive soil

2) Shallow ground water table (<4m)
Project
3) Mostly happened in the soil layer within Site 15.0 m below the ground level but
the depth
some records till 20.0m
4) Lower SPT blow count (N) of saturated soil and blow count over 30 is not likely to
be happened liquefaction
5) Bigger maximum peak acceleration
6.2.2 Liquefaction Potential of Project Area
In the project area, the groundwater table is observed about 2.13m within the exploration
depth during the exploration period. The project area mainly composed of Backfill (BF) in the
uppermost part and Firm Silty CLAY/ Clayey SILT (L1), Stiff Silty CLAY/Clayey SILT (L2a),
Medium dense Silty SAND (L2b), Very stiff Clayey SILT/ Silty CLAY (L3) and Dense Silty
SAND (L4) of Younger Alluvium deposit. By detailed analysing of liquefaction potential
(Calculation based on N-value and regardless of soil type), the project area has some
liquefaction potential in Layer L1, Layer L2a and L2b, but soil type for L1 and L2a is not likely
to be happened liquefaction The detailed liquefaction potential analysis is shown in Table (6.1).
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Analyzed boreholes for Liquefaction Potential
Fig. 6.4 Borehole Location for Liquefaction analysis
6.3 Procedure of Liquefaction Analysis

Liquefaction analysis is performed by the method presented by Liquefaction Resistance
of Soils (2001). 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF Workshop on evaluation of liquefaction
resistance of soils are as follows.
In this analysis, magnitude of earthquake and peak acceleration at ground surface is
assumed as 7.0 and 0.22g respectively. Soil strength (measured by Standard Penetration Test,
SPT, value).
• Effective stress at the point of liquefaction.
• Content of fines (where fines are defined as particles that pass through the #200 sieve).
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6.3.1.Cyclic Stress Ratio

Earthquake properties that affect the liquefaction of a soil are amalgamated into
one parameter known as the Cyclic Stress Ratio, CSR.
CSR = 0.65 x (ɑ max/g) x (σ / σ ') x rd
where
ɑ ma x = peak horizontal acceleration at the ground surface
σ = total stress at the point of concern
σ' = effective stress at the point of concern
r d = stress reduction coefficient
Z = depth to the point of concern in metersr d = 1.0 - 0.00765 Z for Z <9.15 m
r d = 1.174- 0.0267 Z for 9.15 m <Z <23 m
6.3.2. Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR)
Resistance to liquefaction of a soil depends on its strength measured by SPT value.

The resistance to liquefaction of a soil depends on the content of fines as well.
CRR7.5 = 1/[34 - (N1)60c] + (N1)60c/135 + 50/ [10 x (N1)60c + 45]2 - 2/200
CRR7.5 = soil resistance to liquefaction for an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.5 Richter
(N1)60 is the standard penetration value corrected to a 60% hammer and an overburden pressure
of 100 kPa. (N1)60 is corrected to (N1)60c according to fine content by using below equation.
(N1)60c= a + b x (N1)60
a = 0 for FC <5%
b = 1.0 for FC <5%
a = exp[1.7 6 - 190/FC2] for 5% <FC <35%
b = [0.99 + (FC1.5/1,000)] for 5% <FC <35%
a = 5 for FC >35%
b = 1.2 for FC >35%
If the soil resistance to liquefaction (CRR) is larger than the Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR) value,
the soil will not undergo liquefaction for an earthquake of magnitude 7.5.
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6.3.3.Correction Factor for Magnitude

The above calculation is valid only for earthquakes of magnitude 7.5. A correction
factor is proposed to account for magnitudes different from 7.5. The factor of safety
(F.O.S.) is given by
CRR7.5/CSR
where
CRR7.5 = resistance to soil liquefaction for a magnitude of 7.5 earthquake

CSR = cyclic stress ratio (which is a measure of the impact due to the earthquake load)
The factor of safety for any other earthquake is given by following equation.
Factor of Safety (F.O.S.) = (CRR7.5/CSR) x MSF
W here, MSF = magnitude scaling factor
Earthquake MSF suggested by magnitude by Idris (1990).
Earthquake MSF
Magnitude
5.5 2.2
6.0 1.76
6.5 1.44
7.0 1.19
7.5 1.00
8.0 0.84
8.5 0.72
The value of Safety (F.O.S) is greater than 1, the soil will not liquefy.
35
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7. CONCLUSIONS
1. Geomorphologically, the project site falls in the central low land. The project area mainly
composed of Backfill (BF) in the uppermost part and Firm Silty CLAY/ Clayey SILT (L1), Stiff
Silty CLAY/Clayey SILT (L2a), Medium dense Silty SAND (L2b), Very stiff Clayey SILT/
Silty CLAY (L3) and Dense Silty SAND (L4) of Younger Alluvium deposit. The Geology of
the project site is shown in Figure 4.1.
2. On the basis of the results of field and laboratory tests conducted in the present study, the
findings are summarized as follows for design reference:- The subsoils found in the
present borehole consists of the following 5 layers including backfill layer.
Layer Geological SPT-N Layer

Soil /Rock Type
No. Formation Thickness
Medium to coarse grained

BF Backfill SAND mixed with brick and N=2 2.74m
rock fragments
Younger
Alluvium
Firm Silty CLAY/ Clayey 5≤N≤7 1.47m-
L1
SILT 4.27m
Younger
Alluvium
Stiff Silty CLAY/Clayey 12≤N≤14 1.52m-
L2a
SILT 4.50m
Younger
L2b Alluvium Medium dense Silty SAND N=12 3.00m
Younger
Alluvium
Very stiff Clayey SILT/ N=25
L3 2.50m
Silty CLAY
Younger
L4 Alluvium Dense Silty SAND 38≤N≤48 11.00*
* within the exploration depth of present boreholes
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3. In the project area, the groundwater table is observed about 2.13m within the exploration depth during
the exploration period.
4. The SPT N-values were corrected from field measured value using N60 method. The corrected SPT
N-values used to apply for evaluating of geotechnical design parameters for construction purposes.
The geotechnical design parameters for each borehole are stated in Table 5.2.
5. Foundation type and Bearing Stratum: In this present investigation, it is subdivided

into five layers (including Backfill Layer in the uppermost part_2.74m) and the designed
parameters of those layers are shown in Table 5.3.
Layer L1 is composed of Firm Silty CLAY/ Clayey SILT with N-value ranging from 5 to 7
and with thickness ranging from 1.47m to 4.27m. This layer is not a very suitable layer for
foundation. But, if it cannot be avoidable to choose as foundation layer, the detailed
calculation should be made for foundation embedded depth, type and size.
Layer L2 is subdivided into L2a and L2b by their different soil type but same N-value range.
Layer L2a is composed of Stiff Silty CLAY/Clayey SILT with N-value ranging from 12 to 14
and with thickness ranging from 1.52m to 4.50m. Layer L2b is composed of Medium dense
Silty SAND with recorded N-value of 12 and with a recorded thickness of 3.00m. The layer
L2 can be foundation layer for the proposed structure with suitable foundation type and size.
These layer L1 and L2a and L2b have some liquefaction potential which calculation is only
based on N-value, but soil type for L1 and L2a is not likely to be happened liquefaction.
(refer Table 6.1)
Layer L3 is composed of Very stiff Clayey SILT/ Silty CLAY with recorded N-value of 25
and with recorded thickness 2.50m.
Layer L4 is composed of Dense Silty SAND with N-value ranging from 38 to 48 and with
recorded thickness of 11.00m within the exploration depth.
The layer L3 and L4 are the best foundation layers for proposed structure.
38
* *
The designer should compromise and made detailed calculations between actual load and the
design depth/types of foundation such as on the loading condition, depth of embedment,
foundation geometry, etc. Considerations of these factors can optimize the design and are
required for detailed design. (Refer to Table 5.2).
The presumed bearing value for each tested layer is stated in Table 5.2 which converted from
Nfield and it should be used only for preliminary estimating of foundation type and size with
actual structures' load.
6. According to seismic zoning map of Myanmar, the project area falls in Destrustive Zone
(with the probable ground acceleration range of 0.4 - 0.5g which is equivalent to MM Class
IX). According to formula of Esteva (1970), the ground acceleration on the project area can
be computed as 0.22g and liquefaction potential is calculated by using this value.
Therefore, for design of building structure, lateral body force by earthquake should be
considered and selection of value of coefficient of earthquake becomes very important for
seismic design of building structure.
7. In the project area, the groundwater table is observed about 2.13m within the exploration
depth during the exploration period. The project area mainly composed of Backfill (BF) in
the uppermost part and Firm Silty CLAY/ Clayey SILT (L1), Stiff Silty CLAY/Clayey SILT
(L2a), Medium dense Silty SAND (L2b), Very stiff Clayey SILT/ Silty CLAY (L3) and
Dense Silty SAND (L4) of Younger Alluvium deposit. By detailed analysing of liquefaction
potential (Calculation based on N-value and regardless of soil type), the project area has
some liquefaction potential in Layer L1, Layer L2a and L2b, but soil type for L1 and L2a is
not likely to be happened liquefaction The detailed liquefaction potential analysis is shown in
Table (6.1).
39
* *
8. LIMITATIONS
This factual report on soil investigation works has been prepared for the client to be
used solely in the design for the construction of Three and half Storey Building. In
performing our professional services, we have used that degree of care and skill
ordinarily exercised, under similar circumstances by our geologists.
The report has been developed based on the results of field investigation and laboratory
testing of the present study. It should be recognised that subsurface conditions can vary
laterally and with depth at a given site. If before or during construction, conditions are
exposed that differ from those described in this report, those should be brought to the
attention of M/s Royal Pioneer Soil Test and Geotechnical Services Co., Ltd (RPSGS).
to evaluate whether reassessment of the findings and conclusions contained in this report
is necessary. Note that additional cost will apply if further investigation works are
required in the opinion of RPSGS.
40
* *
APPENDIX A
LAYOUT OF BOREHOLES
41
* *
42
* *
APPENDIX B
SOIL BORING LOGS
43
* *
44
* *
45
Client: Daw Ei Ei Kyaw
RPSGS Project: Site Investigation Work for Three & Half Storey Residential Building Project
Location: Block No.319, Corner of West Circular Road and 26L Street, Chanayetharzan Township, Mandalay
Project No. 202302RPSGS1 Borehole No. : BH-1 Water Level: 2.13m

Drilling Date Started: 6-Feb-23 Borehole Dia : 100 mm Northing: -
Drilling Date Completed: 9-Feb-23 Core Dia : Easting -
Log By: Soe Myint Drilling Method: Rotary Reduce Level: -
Shear
(Thickness)
Water Content
Classification
Depth(m)
Wet Density
Dry Density
Graphic
SPT (N-value) Sample &Test Rock
Unified Soil
Strength
UCS (qu)
(kN/m )
(kN/m3)
(kN/m 2)
Scale
3
Log
(%)
Description
RQD(%)
TCR (%)
(kN/m 2
Type &
Blow/mm
Legend
Depth
φ (◦)
No.
c
N field N 60
Backfill
Light to dark brown, loose,
medium to coarse grained
SAND mixed with brick and
rock fragments (Backfill) 1
(2.74) 2/30 1/30 SPT1 1.50-1.95

(1/1/1)
2.74 BF
Firm Clayey SILT 6/30 4/30 SPT2 3.00-3.45 1 3°10' 19.4 14.7 31.70
3 -
(1/2/4)
Light to dark brown,
slightly plastic, slightly
moist, firm, Clayey SILT
(Younger Alluvium)
4
5/30 4/30 SPT3 4.50-4.95

(1/1/4)
(4.27) 5
6 7/30
5/30 SPT4 6.00-6.45
(2/3/4)
7.01 7 MC
Stiff Clayey SILT
Dark yellowish brown, 12/30
10/30 SPT5 7.50-7.95
(3/6/6) 55.00 3°55' 20.47 14.72 34.30 96
moderately plastic, stiff, (1.52)
Clayey SILT (Younger 8
Allluvium)
8.53 MC
Firm Silty CLAY
9 7/30 6/30 SPT6 9.00-9.45
Dark grey to black, 17 1°56' 18.5 14.7 35.10 29
(3/3/4)
moderately plastic, firm (1.47)
Silty CLAY (Younger
Alluvium)
10 CM
10.00
Remarks TCR/RQD %
10
46

Shear
(Thickness)
Water Content
Classification
Depth(m)
Wet Density
Dry Density
Graphic
Unified Soil
Strength
UCS (qu)
(kN/m )
(kN/m3)
(kN/m 2)
Scale
3
Log
(%)
Description
RQD(%)
TCR (%)
(kN/m 2
Type &
Blow/mm
Legend
Depth
φ (◦)
No.
c
N field N 60
Stiff silty CLAY
Dark brown , moderately
plastic, stiff, silty CLAY
(Younger Alluvium) 11
12
12/30 10/30 SPT7 12.00-12.45
(4/5/7)
(4.5)
13
14
14.5
CM
Medium dense Silty
SAND 15 12/30 10/30 SPT8 15.00-15.45 4 26°33' 21.2 17.1 24.1 -
Dark brown, medium (3/5/7)
dense silty fine SAND
(Younger Alluvium)
(3.0) 16
17
17.50
SM
Stiff silty CLAY

18 12/30 10/30 SPT9 18.00-18.45
Dark brown to black, (4/5/7)
moderately plastic, stiff,
silty CLAY (Younger
Alluvium)
19
(2.5)
20 CM
20.0
Remarks TCR/RQD %
10
47
Shear
(Thickness)
Water Content
Classification
Depth(m)
Wet Density
Dry Density
Graphic
Unified Soil
Strength
UCS (qu)
(kN/m )
(kN/m3)
(kN/m 2)
Scale
3
Log
(%)
Description
RQD(%)
TCR (%)
(kN/m 2
Type &
Blow/mm
Legend
Depth
φ (◦)
No.
c
N field N 60
Very stiff Silty CLAY
Dark grey, highly plastic,
very stiff, silty CLAY
(Younger Alluvium)
21 25/30 21/30 147.0 3°46' 19.8 15.4 28.1 226
(7/11/14) SPT10 21.00-21.45
(2.5)
22
22.5 CM
Stiff silty CLAY

Dark brown to black, 23
moderately plastic, stiff,
silty CLAY (Younger
Alluvium)
(3.0)
24 14/30 12/30 SPT11 24.00-24.45
(5/6/8)
25
25.5 CM
Dense Silty SAND

Yellowish brown, dense, 26
silty medium to coarse
SAND (Younger
Alluvium)
27 38/30 32/30 SPT12 27.00-27.45 14.0 36°15' 19.9 16.9 17.5 -
(15/18/20)
(4.5)
28
29
40/30 33/30 SPT13 30.00-30.45

30.00 30 (18/20/20) SM
Remarks TCR/RQD %
10
48
Shear
(Thickness)
Water Content
Classification
Depth(m)
Wet Density
Dry Density
Graphic
Unified Soil
Strength
UCS (qu)
(kN/m )
(kN/m3)
(kN/m 2)
Scale
3
Log
(%)
Description
RQD(%)
TCR (%)
(kN/m 2
Type &
Blow/mm
Legend
Depth
φ (◦)
No.
c
N field N 60
Dense Silty SAND
Yellowish brown, dense,
silty medium to coarse
SAND (Younger 31
Alluvium)
32
33 45/30 38/30 SPT14 33.00-33.45 10 39°17' 22.25 19.68 13 -

(20/22/23)
(6.5)
34
35
36
48/30 40/30 SPT15 36.00-36.45
(20/23/25)
36.45 SM
Borehole is terminated at
36.45 m 37
38
39
40
Remarks TCR/RQD %
10
49
* *
D
D
APPENDIX C
LABORATORY TEST RESULTS
A A
B
B
50
SOIL, CONCRETE LABORATORY & CONSTRUCTION QUALITY CONTROL
SOIL TEST RESULTS

CLIENT : Daw Ei Ei Kyaw
PROJECT : Site Investigation Work for Three & Half Storey Residential Building Project
LOCATION : Block No.319, Corner of West Circular Road and 26L Street, Chanayetharzan Township, Mandalay Date 15-02-2023
Dry Unconfined
Sr. N.M.C Wet Density Triaxial Shear Compressive Remarks
Location & Field Description Density
No. (%) rwet (pcf) Strength
rd (pcf) 2
2
C(kg/cm ) Ф (Deg) qu(kg/cm )
1 BH-1, SPT-2 Depth (3.00m-3.45m) 31.7 123.5 93.7 0.01 3°10' - Direct Shear
2 BH-1, SPT-5 Depth (7.50m-7.95m) 34.3 130.3 93.7 0.56 3°55' 0.98 Triaxial Shear
Checked by. Tested by.
51
23-01-2023
Site Investigation Work for Three & Half Storey Residential Building Project
Block No.319, Corner of West Circular Road and 26L Street, Chanayetharzan Township, Mandalay 15-02-2023
31.10
38.40
53.00
57.00
61.00
66.50
1 BH-1 (3.00m - 3.45m) 42.7 27.8 24.3 5.2 43.2 23.4 19.8 2.67 CL
88.70
94.30
2 BH-1 (15.00m -15.45m) 6.3 21.9 70.3 1.5 34.2 21.3 12.9 2.65 96.20 SM
97.30
98.70
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
Checked by. Tested by.
52
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR OFFICE ( SOIL, CONCRETE LABORATORY & CONSTRUCTION QUALITY CONTROL )
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION CHART
CLIENT. Daw Ei Ei Kyaw
PROJECT. Site Investigation Work for Three & Half Storey Residential Building Project JOB NO.
LOCATION. Block No.319, Corner of West Circular Road and 26L Street, Chanayetharzan Township, Mandalay DATE. 15-02-2023
D Percent D Percent D Percent

(mm) finer (mm) finer (mm) finer
100.0 0.0012 31.6
0.0030 38.9
90.0
0.0060 44.7
80.0 0.0083 47.3
0.0117 50.7
70.0
0.0197 55.9
60.0 0.0303 59.9

0.0750 70.5
50.0 0.1490 76.3
0.2500 80.3
40.0
0.4250 82.7
30.0 0.8500 86.9
2.0000 90.9
20.0
4.7500 94.8
Percentage Finer By Weight

10.0 9.5300 96.9
19.050 98.6
0.0 25.400 99.7
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 38.100 100.0
Particle Size (mm) 76.200 100.0
BH-1 (3.00m - 3.45m) 42.7 27.8 24.3 5.2
53
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR OFFICE ( SOIL, CONCRETE LABORATORY & CONSTRUCTION QUALITY CONTROL )
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION CHART
CLIENT. Daw Ei Ei Kyaw
PROJECT. Site Investigation Work for Three & Half Storey Residential Building Project JOB NO.
LOCATION. Block No.319, Corner of West Circular Road and 26L Street, Chanayetharzan Township, Mandalay DATE. 15-02-2023
D Percent D Percent D Percent

(mm) finer (mm) finer (mm) finer
100.0 0.0012 2.5
0.0030 4.6
90.0
0.0060 7.2
80.0 0.0083 9.4
0.0117 12.3
70.0
0.0197 16.2
60.0 0.0303 19.8

0.0750 28.2
50.0 0.1490 40.2
0.2500 60.3
40.0
0.4250 75.4
30.0 0.8500 85.2
2.0000 94.3
20.0
4.7500 98.5
Percentage Finer By Weight

10.0 9.5300 99.7
19.050 100.0
0.0 25.400 100.0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 38.100 100.0
Particle Size (mm) 76.200 100.0
BH-1 (15.00m -15.45m) 6.3 21.9 70.3 1.5
54

1.report 3&halfstorey 319

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ROYAL-PIONEER SOIL TEST AND GEOTECHNICAL SERVICES CO., LTD.

Geotechnical Site Investigation Report

Three and Half Storey Building Project

Block No.319, Corner of West Circular Road and 26L Street,

2. SITE INVESTIGATION WORKS

3. METHOD OF SITE INVESTIGATION WORKS

4.3 Soil Classification 15

4.4 Results of Soil Investigation 16

5. RECOMMENDED GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN PARAMETER 20

5.1 Foundation Recommendation 26

6.1 Earthquake Intensity of the Project Area 28

6.3 Procedure of Liquefaction Analysis 33

1.2 Project Description

(a) Title of Project

(c) Soil Investigation Contractor

Royal-Pioneer Soil Test and Geotechnical Services Co., Ltd.

Figure 1.1 Site Location Map

1.3 Scope of Work

The scope of work covering the soil investigation works of 1 borehole is

2. SITE INVESTIGATION WORKS

2.1 Borehole Exploration Work

The field exploration program of these 2 completed boreholes started on 06 February

Table 2.1 Summary of field test quantities

2.2 LABORATORY TEST

- Dry Density (γd )

Table 2.2 Summary of laboratory test quantities

3. METHOD OF SITE INVESTIGATION WORKS

3.1 Borehole Exploration Works

Figure 3.1 Schematic Diagram of Rotary Wash Boring

3.1.2 Soil Sampling

3.1.2.1 Disturbed Sample

Disturbed samples were taken from split spoon sampler for

3.2 In-Situ Tests

3.2.1 Standard Penetration Test

The standard penetration tests were performed in accordance with the

Standard Penetration Tests were conducted at specified depth according to

Figure 3.2 General Set-up and Procedure of SPT

4.1 General Geology

4.2 Geological Structure

Figure 4.1 Geological Map around the Site

Figure 4.2 Regional Geological Structure Map of the Project Site

4.3 Soil Classification

<2 < 20 Very Soft

15 – 30 150 – 300 Very Stiff

> 30 > 300 Hard

<4 0.2 <30◦ Very Loose

4 - 10 0.2-0.4 30◦-35◦ Loose

10 - 30 0.4-0.6 35◦-40◦ Medium Dense

30 - 50 0.6-0.8 40◦-45◦ Dense

> 50 0.8-1.0 >45◦ Very Dense

Table 4.3 Term for description of plasticity (BS5930-2015)

4.4 Results of Soil Investigation

Layer 1_ Firm Slightly Sandy Clayey SILT (Younger Alluvium)

Layer 2a_ Stiff Clayey SILT (Younger Alluvium)

Layer 2b Medium dense Clayey Silty SAND (Younger Alluvium)

Layer 3 Very stiff Silty CLAY (Younger Alluvium)

Layer 4 Dense Silty SAND (Younger Alluvium)

5.0 RECOMMENDED GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN PARAMETER

Cu (Cohesion of soil (kN/m2))

0-2 Very Soft 0-12 <25

4-10 Loose Dr=15-35% 40-100

10-30 Medium dense Dr=35-65% 100-300