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Issue 2 12/15/2009
Ju-Fen Chen
Graduate Student, Institute of Maritime Technology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, R.O.C
Recommended Citation
Tzeng, Ching-Yaw and Chen, Ju-Fen (2009) "Fundamental Properties of Linear Ship Steering Dynamic Models,"
Journal of Marine Science and Technology: Vol. 7: Iss. 2, Article 2.
DOI: 10.51400/2709-6998.2525
Available at: https://jmstt.ntou.edu.tw/journal/vol7/iss2/2
This Research Article is brought to you for free and open access by Journal of Marine Science and Technology. It has been
accepted for inclusion in Journal of Marine Science and Technology by an authorized editor of Journal of Marine Science and
Technology.
Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 79-88 (1999) 79
Keywords: Nomoto model, Controllability and observability, cludes surge, sway, yaw and roll modes is needed [2, 3].
Identifiability, Model reduction, Overshoot, Bode plot. Since the hydrodynamics involved in ship steering is
highly nonlinear, coupled nonlinear differential equa-
tions are needed to fully describe the complicated ship
ABSTRACT maneuvering dynamics.
A simple transfer function model description is
This paper is concerned with the fundamental properties asso-
usually preferred when a qualitative prediction capabil-
ciated with the Nomoto models. Specifically, the state space model
associated with the first order Nomoto model is both observable and ity is all we need from the model. This is the case in a
controllable. The state space model associated with the second order model-based controller design, since the feedback con-
Nomoto model is also observable; however, it is controllable only if troller itself tolerates certain amount of modeling error
the effective sway time constant is different from the effective yaw and a complicated model might result in a controller too
time constant. The zero appearing in the transfer function model is
complicated to implement. The popularity of the first
found responsible for the overshoot behaviors, which are typical in
the yaw rate for large rudder angle steering. This suggests that a order Nomoto model in ship steering autopilot design is
second order Nomoto model is more appropriate if the overshoot due to its simplicity and relative accuracy in describing
feature is to be properly modeled. Both the first and second order the course-keeping yaw dynamics, where typically, small
Nomoto transfer function models are identifiable, with an ill-condi- rudder angles are involved [4, 5]. Extension to large
tioning problem associated the latter. This makes the first order
rudder angle yaw dynamics basing upon the Nomoto
Nomoto model very popular in the adaptive autopilot applications.
Model reduction for a fourth order transfer function ship model model has been proposed to better describe the nonlin-
describing the sway-yaw-roll dynamics is conducted to reach the ear behavior of yaw dynamics [6].
second order Nomoto model describing the sway-yaw dynamics and Fundamental properties like the controllability and
the first order Nomoto model describing the yaw dynamics itself, and observability of linear systems are known to be impor-
the Bode plots for these models are given to show the changes in
tant in the design for controllers. The controllability
system frequency response caused by model simplification. Thus,
appropriate model structures can be selected according to the intended property ensures that all the system states can be driven
frequency range of application to meet the modeling accuracy to desired values with the control input. The
requirements. observability property ensures that all the system states
can be retrieved from the measured output [7].
INTRODUCTION Specifically, the controllability property itself ensures
the state-feedback controllers can be successfully
Ship response in waves is typically treated as a six implemented. The controllability and observability
degree-of-freedom rigid body motion in space. Whereas, properties together ensure the output-feedback control-
a three degree-of-freedom plane motion is usually con- lers can be successfully implemented. The identifiabil-
sidered adequate for ship maneuvering study [1]. ity property ensures that the system model parameters
However, for high speed vessels like the container can be uniquely determined from measured input output
ships, turning motion induced roll is not negligible. data, which is crucial to the design of adaptive control
Hence a four degree-of-freedom description that in- systems [8, 9].
Generally speaking, state space models are less
identifiable than transfer function models. Ship steer-
Paper Received August 10, 1999. Revised September 17, 1999. Accepted ing state space dynamics models are also known to have
October 25, 1999. Author for Correspondence: Ching-Yaw Tzeng. identification difficulties due to the cancellation effect
*Associate Professor, Institute of Maritime Technology, National Taiwan
Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
[10]. Since most adaptive ship steering autopilot
**Graduate Student, Institute of Maritime Technology, National Taiwan designs are based on transfer function models, our
Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, R.O.C. identifibaility study will be concerned with the Nomoto
80 Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 2 (1999)
a 1 = (m – Y V )S – Y V (3a) eters in Eq. (6) for a Mariner class vessel are given by T1
= 118, T 2 = 7.8, T2 = 18.5 and K = 0.185 [7]. The zero
a 2 = Y PS 2 + Y PS + Y φ (3b) term (1 + T 3S) and the high frequency pole term (1 +
T 2S) are due to the coupling effect from the sway mode.
a 3 = Y rS + Y r + mu 0 (3c) In practice, because the pole term (1 + T2S) and the
zero term (1 + T3S) in Eq. (6) nearly cancel each other,
a4 = Yδ (3d) a further simplification on Eq. (6) can be done to give
the first order Nomoto model
b 1 = (I X – K P )S 2 – K P S + mgGM (3e)
r = K (7)
δ (1 + TS)
b 2 = K VS + K V (3f)
where
b 3 = K rS + K r (3g)
T = T1 + T2 − T3 (8)
b4 = Kδ (3h)
in Eq. (8) is called the effective yaw rate time constant.
c 1 = (I Z – N r)S – N r (3i) Eq. (8) is obtained by equating the right handside of Eq.
(6) to the right handside of Eq. (7) requiring the equality
c 2 = N VS + N V (3j) relationship to hold up to first order in S. If T 2 = T 3;
namely, a perfect cancellation occurs, then the equality
c 3 = N PS 2 + N PS + N φ (3k) relationship is true up to second order in S, then T is of
course, equal to T 1. For the Mariner class vessel, the
c4 = Nδ (3l) value of the effective constant T in Eq. (8) is given by T
= 107.3.
After eliminating the sway speed V and roll angle The first order Nomoto model defined by Eq. (7) is
φ from Eqs. (2a)-(2c), the following transfer function widely employed in the ship steering autopilot design.
relating the yaw rate r to the rudder angle δ can be The yaw dynamics is characterized by the parameters K
obtained: and T, which can be easily identified from standard
maneuvering tests. In practice, ship steering autopilots
r = a 1(b 1c 4 + b 4c 3) + a 2(b 4c 2 – b 2c 4) + a 4(b 1c 2 + b 2c 3) are design for heading angle control. Hence, it is the
δ a 1(b 1c 1 – b 3c 3) – a 2(b 2c 1 + b 3c 2) – a 3(b 1c 2 + b 2c 3)
transfer function relating the heading angle Ψ to the
(4) rudder angle δ being needed in the autopilot design.
Since the yaw rate r is actually the time derivative of Ψ,
It can be easily verified that the numerator of Eq. the required transfer function can be readily obtained by
(4) is third order in S, while the denominator is fourth adding an integrator 1/S to the transfer function models
order in S. Hence, Eq. (4) can be expressed in the defined by Eq. (6) and Eq. (7).
following form
FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF THE FIRST
r = K(1 + T 3S)(S 2 + 2ηω0S + ω02) ORDER NOMOTO MODEL
(5)
δ (1 + T S)(1 + T S)(S 2 + 2ξω S + ω 2)
1 2 n n
The controllability, observability and identifiabil-
where the quadratic factors are due to the coupling ity properties of the first order Nomoto model-based
effect from the roll mode on the yaw rate. The zero (1 system will be discussed in this section. The identifi-
+ T 3S) and the pole (1 + T 2S) are due to the coupling ability property will be discussed with respect to the
effect from the sway mode on the yaw dynamics. first order Nomoto transfer function model. However,
If the roll mode is neglected, Eq. (5) can be further the controllability and observability properties have to
reduced to the following form be discussed with respect to the state-space model de-
rived from the Nomoto model. This is because the
r = K(1 + T 3S) transfer function model always represents the observ-
(6)
δ (1 + T 1S)(1 + T 2S) able and controllable parts of the system dynamics. If
there is any unobservable or uncontrollable parts of the
Eq. (6) is known as the second order Nomoto dynamics, they are cancelled out before reaching the
model, where K is the static yaw rate gain, and T1, T2 and transfer function model form. Hence, it only makes
T 3 are time constants. Numerical values of the param- sense to discuss the controllability and observability
82 Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 2 (1999)
properties of the state space model, which contains the of full rank
observable, unobservable, controllable and uncontrol-
lable modes [11]. V= C
CA
Eq. (7) can be expressed in time domain as
Tr + r = K δ (9) = 1 0 (14)
0 1
With the notation Straightforward computation indicates that the
matrix U and the matrix V defined by Eq. (13) and Eq.
ψ=r (10) (14) respectively are full rank. Hence, the first order
Nomoto model-based system is both controllable and
where Ψ is the heading of the ship. Eq. (9) can be observable. Eq. (12b) describes the measurement
written as information. According to Eq. (12h), the measured
signal is the heading angle Ψ, which is readily available
Tψ + ψ = Kδ (11) onboard almost all the vessels.
In the above discussion, controllability indicates
Eq. (10) and Eq. (11) can be arranged in the the system states (Ψ, r) can be controlled to arbitrary
standard state space form value via application of the rudder δ . Observability
indicates the system states (Ψ, r) can be obtained via the
x = Ax + Bu (12a) measured data Ψ. Moreover, controllability implies the
state-feedback controller will be successful. With the
y = Cx (12b) addition of observability implies that the output-feed-
back controller will be successful.
where Identifiability of the first order Nomoto model
defined by Eq. (7) implies that the parameters K and T
ψ
x= r (12c) can be uniquely determined from the input rudder angle
δ and the output yaw rate r. Since, this is equivalent to
u=δ (12d) fitting a first order model to the measured input-output
data, and the gain K and the time constant T are uniquely
y=Ψ (12e) determined. Consequently, the first order Nomoto model
satisfies the identifiability property. Hence, on-line
and estimation of the model parameters based on the mea-
sured rudder and yaw rate information will be possible
0 1 and adaptive control strategy can be successfully
A= (12f) implemented.
0 –1
T
FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF THE SECOND
ORDER NOMOTO MODEL
B= 0 (12g)
KT
Similar to previous discussions the identifiability
condition will be discussed basing upon the
C = [1 0] (12h) transfer function model defined by Eq. (7), and the
controllability and observability conditions will be
According to linear system theory, the system discussed basing upon the corresponding state space
defined by Eqs. (12) is controllable if the following model.
matrix U is of full rank Recall that the second order model Nomoto model
defined by Eq. (6) is obtained from Eq. (1a) and Eq.
U = [B AB] (1c), while neglecting the roll mode. Namely,
and the system is observable if the following matrix V is Eqs. (15) can be put in state space format as
C.Y. Tzeng & J.F. Chen: Fundamental Properties of Linear Ship Steering Dynamic Models 83
(I z – N r)Y δ + Y r N δ
m – Yv – Yr 0 v – Yv mu 0 – Y r 0 v b 11 = (17m)
(m – Y v)(I z – N r) – N vY r
– N v Iz – N r 0 r + – Nv – Nr 0 r
0 0 1 ψ 0 1 0 ψ
(m – Y v)N δ + N v N δ
b 21 = (17n)
(m – Y v)(I z – N r) – N vY r
Yδ
= Nδ δ (16) Controllability of the second order Nomoto model-
0 based system described Eqs. (17) is satisfied if the
following matrix U is of full rank
Eq. (16) can be further rearranged in the standard
state space format as U = [B AB A 2B]
v
x= r (17c) (18)
ψ
After some computation, it can be verified that the
u=δ (17d) matrix U defined by Eq. (18) is of full rank if
Fig. 6. Bode diagrams, fourth order model. Fig. 8. Bode diagrams, first order model.
r = – 0.049 (26)
δ 1 + 17.78S
Eq. (26) corresponds to the first order Nomoto
Fig. 7. Bode diagrams, second order model. model defined by Eq. (7) Bode plots that represent the
frequency domain yaw responses of the models defined
by Eqs. (24)-(26) are given in Figs. 6-8 respectively.
0 Each figure has a magnitude plot and a phase plot.
B = 0.00821 (23g) Specifically, Fig.6 corresponds to the fourth order model,
0.1559 Fig. 7 corresponds to the second order model and Fig. 8
– 0.0033
corresponds to the first order model. The magnitude
plot and phase plot of the second order Nomoto model
C = [0 0 0 1] (23h) are about the same as those of the fourth order model,
expect that there are humps associated with the fourth
Using the MATLAB, the transfer function from order model. The difference between the second order
input rudder δ to the output yaw rate r is obtained as Nomoto model and the first order Nomoto model is
somewhat larger. Specifically, there is a 5db magnitude
3 2 difference and a 20 deg phase difference for the fre-
r = – 0.0033S – 0.00038S – 0.000195S – 0.000079 quency range between 10 −2 rad/sec to 10 −1 rad/sec.
δ S 4 + 0.1913S 3 + 0.075S 2 + 0.0692S + 0.00013 Based on the results of Figs. 6-8, it is clear that the
(24) effect of model simplification from the fourth order
model to the second order Nomoto model is not
The numerator and denominator of Eq. (24) are of significant; namely, the coupling effect of the roll mode
third order and fourth order in S respectively, and this on the yaw motion is negligible. However, the effect of
agrees with that of Eq. (4). It is to be noted that Eq. (24) model reduction from the second order Nomoto model
represents the yaw dynamics with inclusion of the roll to the first order Nomoto model is more significant;
and sway coupling effects. namely, the coupling effect of the sway mode on the
C.Y. Tzeng & J.F. Chen: Fundamental Properties of Linear Ship Steering Dynamic Models 87
Fig. 9. Yaw rate response due to rudder, fourth order model. Fig. 11. Yaw rate response due to rudder, first order model.
CONCLUSIONS
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