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By
December 1969
DDC
JAN 30 gr
HYDRONAUTICS, incorporated
research in hydrodynamics.
Reproduced by the
CLEARINGHOUSE
for Federal Scientific & Technical
Information Springfield Va. 22151
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HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
TECHNICAL REPORT 117-14
By
December 1969
Prepared for
Office of Naval Research
Department of the Navy
Contract Nonr-3349(00)
NR o62-266
- -.
,_______________________ .
HYDRONA TTTI CS, In corpora ted
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. I9TRODUCTION ...........................................1
II. INNER AND OUTER EXPANSIONS AND CLASSIFICATION OF
SHIPP..................................................2
1. Notation and Basic Equations ....................... 2
2. Outer:-Expansion; Classification of Hull Shapes. 4
3. Inner Expansion; Bow Singularity ................... 7
III. GRAVITY FLOW PAST TWO-DIMENSIONAL BLUNT BODIES
OF SEMI-INFINITE LENGTH ............................... 13
1. General ........................................... 13
2. Free-Surface Gravity Flow near a Stagnation
Point ......................................... . .. 15
3. Small Froude Number Flow (FrT < 1)................ 17
4t. High Froude Number Flow (FrT > 1): The Jet Model. 26
IVT. CON~CLUSIONS, ....................... . .. .. ......... 142
REFERENCES ......................................... .. .. . .. 414
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
LIST OF FIGURES
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
-iii-
NOTATION
a, b constants
B' ship beam
D, drag force
f, F outer and inner comp-ex potentials
Fr = U,2 /gT'
T Froude numbers
Fr = U' 2 /gL'
L
g gravity acceleration
h'( h'(x') functions describing the hull shape
k(z) function of complex variable (k = w + if)
shiplength
L1' forebody length
N free surface elevation (inner, dimensionless)
p' pressure
P pressure (inner, dimensionless)
q velocity modulus
T' draft
u', v' velocity components
velocity component (Sect. I), complex
velocity w' - u' - iv' (Sect. III)
-U' unperturbed velocity at infinity
U, V, w velocity components (inner dimensionless
Sect. II); w - u - Iv (Sect. III)
V velocity vector
X', y' coordinates
4
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
-iv-
V constant
Jet thickness (A = At/T')
- TYL' draft/length ratio
E B'/L' beam/length ratio
* = T'/gU' 2
velocity potential
velocity potential (inner dimensionless)
auxiliary complex variables
, p. auxiliary variables
angle and also dummy variable
e angle between velocity vector and x axis
n -An(u-iv)
-*
.
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
-1-
I. INTRODUCTION
-2-
assumptions are badly violated there: the speed and the free
surface rise are no longer small perturbations of the uniform
speed and of the horizontal level, respectively. At the stern
the situation is different due to separation and viscous effects.
h
4.
. 4.
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
-3-
The three basic lengths associated with the hull are B', T'
and L'. Additional geometrical coefficients or lengths may be
considered, like the forebody length L1 '. The latter is im-
portant in characterizing the bluntness.
rot V, = 0 [2.3
(in the flow domain)
div 0o [2.4]
U+ V1 2 + W2 (oUre-urae225
-4-L
[2.9]
(y = i(xz))
Sy x no x Z] o [
(.12]
- h,x - 0,0h,
0,x, z - 0 (y - h(x,z)) [2.13]
0S
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
advantage of the fact that B'/L' or T'/L' or both are much smaller
than unity. With c = T'/L' and EB = B'/L' an outer expansion is
obtained by assuming that V and P may be expressed as a series
associated with an asymptotic sequence based on E or EB, This
has been done in numerous publications (see for instance Wehausen
and Laitone, 1960 and Tuck, 1965) and will not be repeated here.
Since by definition
0 = - x + E01 + 0(E)
pI
I
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
-6-
v2 , = 0 y < 0 [2.17]
vi= (y = 0) [2.22]
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorpora ted
-7-
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
-8-
~0 N = N + O(E) [2.24]
V -9-
In the case of a blunt-bow ship the appropriate inner vari-
1* ables in
the bow region are
[2.25]
While in the case of' the Inner midbody expansion the ob-
server is fixed laterally with respect to the ship and at zero
order the length tends to inffinity, in both bow and stern direc-
tions, in the bow inner expansion the observer Is fixed with re-
spect to the bow and the shiplength tends to infinity sternwise.
U0 +V W0 ~ 1~. .8
0
V0- U0N -xW0No -O0 (2.29]
-10-
u0 2 + v 0 2 + w2 - 1 (Z-N)0 [2.32]
0 0
HYDHONAUTICS, Incorporated
-11-
(2.34]
V 2 =o [2.35]
x~y
2 0 2 (2.361
(Y NO)
V - UN - 0 [2.37]
0 0 OX)
V0 - UH, -0 (Y a H) (2.38]
0x
o
-12-
2 ~' O(l)
Fr~aI (E) 0(1),
o)(E) (c)
FrT2 U 1/g T o(1)2/E )l
,',).
-14-
_________ _______________
*4.
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
: -15-
R= b f [3.2]
'2 2 2 Xy(Ar-(2
_2___r1a
13.4]
By expanding Equation.[3.41, q2 is found as
+ qT
2
+ -a sin ?\, + b' sin 5 +)0+.'
[3.6]
8 a3 =sn
=
- -r1) [3.8]
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
-17-
Since ly > 'A/r Equation [3.8] shows that 'A< 2r/3. A particular
case is that of y = 1, which renders the function R analytical.
In this case Equation [3.8] gives X = r/2, i.e. the confluence
between a horizontal free-surface and a vertical wall.
(a) General
I/2
X = x'/T';Y = y'/T';N = n'/T';H = h'/T';U = u/(gT)
V v/gT 1/2 1/2 T 3/2
V = vl/(gT') ;F = + iT = (0'+ i?'PI)/g T' ;P = p'/pgT' 2
t3 -91.
11-ROMNIM"NM®RM4
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
-18-
i -
U1 + V2 -+ N- FrT2 [3.10]
1
2 2
(Y = N(X)
V UN,x 0 [3.11]
V = O,N-- oU = - FrT z ).
3
U = FrT
T U1 + FrT U2 +
+
N = FrT2 N1 + FrT 4 N +
Tt T
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
-19-
(i) U1 , V1 , N,
Vi = 0 (x >, Y 0)
y1 [3-15]
N1 (I 2) (X > 0, Y 0) 13.16]
-U 1
Vi 0; U1 = - 1 (jz 0) [3.18]
(ii)U2 , V2, N2
V= (u1N1),X (X 0) (3.19]
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
-20-
v2 = 0, U 2 = 0 (jzI -- ) 13.22]
000
c. General Solution
z = z(.) [3.21
F, = const X ( [3.25]
,'W, FT""
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
-21-
Z + + ( )]3.27
w- - ivi - d 3.28]
Ni (1 - Q > 1) (3.29]
. .. ... . --
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
-22-
2 0 (< 1,
R 0)
and W2 vanishes at infinity.
1 1
1 2 + j+L- 1 13321
-23-
77+7
I I +
(3.33]
and finally the free surface elevation is given by Equation [3.2C]
N2 = 3
UU . [3 +
.=L-.+ t -(
3-2 ]3.34]
(3 351
A detailed analysis if the firces acting 3n the body show that
the drag is equal to sern, as It should be in an Ideal fluid
flow with no waves. The dyvnamical vertical force as well as
the moment are different from zero even at first order. The
possibility of ,omputi.ng sinkage ane trim via the small PrT Ox-
pansion will te explore. In a future work.
I
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
-24-
- - pg(l + u V1 0
Rewriting Equation
-- '
,Ithr' ( + (3.35] in dimensionless
• )3/2 variables and
with rx' (+ns we arrive at marginal sta-
bility for i r+ V)N,,xl+N,.3/2-
(U" - ( "1 / 2
a+N,) 13.361
-25-
\ . ....
_ . - ...
. ....... ... !
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
. -26-
4. High Proude Number Flow (FrT > 1): The Jet Model
fa) Geeral
-27-
u2 + v22 + = )
2 + 2(Y 3-39]
22
u (y=t ) [3.40]
x
u vh X =0 (y =h) [3.41]
..........
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
-28-
z
iz
r n
i
. .....
.".
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
-29-
(x > 0, y = 0) [3.46]
- - - [
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
-30-
= H (x < O, y = O) [3.47]
W. =0 (x- + C) [3.48]
body (Figure 9). In the inner limit X and Y are fixed with re-
spect to the bow and we assune that the free-gravity flow there
takes the form of a jet directed upwards. Gravity effects are
taken into account along the free-surface upstream by the outer
expansion. The same effect on the jet upwards at some distance
from the bow is ignored.
I-
' ~dFo
= -
Si3.49]
_
+
T.1 .9
dt _7r1
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
-31-
Reft = 0 (AJ;P.> 0)
0
[3.50]
e 37/2 (SB; -.
b' < t < -1)
where
b2is an arbitrary constant.
The mapping of 1 orn C is a solution of a classical mixed
0
problem (Signorini problem) which is redu-ced t-o a Dirichlet
I
problem for the function ft /F 2 The result of the integration
of Cauchy's integrals is
iT
P, iin [3.51]
w = [3.52]
-32-
basic relationship
dF
dZ W [3.54]
w0
Substituting [3.49], [3.52] and [3.53] into Equation [3.54]
and taking in consideration that Z = - i for w = - ib (Figure 8)
we get
Z + i =w 13-i55
h i of .ib)
-ib
2
Zi + )(i2A+
(°)+ b2) ---b in (wb+-ib )+ W i(2-b)( )
+b2
r 22 -ib
+ i b +(2 b2 )
+ (2b-l) in (W2+ b2)+ • [3.56]
-ib iU)
In all the above formulae the square roots and the loga-
rithm have real determination on w = real.
=A
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
-33-
+ - +...] [3.57]
w = - 1 +... [3.59]
No -1 (X< 0) [3.611
N m - Xi.
0
Wo = - - 3/2 32
1 ... [3.62]
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
-34-
4A3 / 2 1
Nc + 6 + -32 / (X > 0) [3.631
N0 =- (X < O) [3.64]
= 1 (x < 0, y - 0) (3.65]
-35-
Z
fl (z) -i" elk)dlk
0 D6 13.671
eif
* U
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
-36-
= i e'X
e k(N)dW x < 0 (3.68]
k(z) - a (3.69]
z z eOix
fL(z)- i e-I a J dW (3.70]
J3/2
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
-37-
and
r(4, - 1)
- -3/2 e 3(arg -/2)/2 .t [ + O( 1)]
[3.75]
and
-38-
T1- 0 (x> 0)
)3.77]
, -a + 0(x < 0)
which gives
a-- i/(02r) (379]
-39-
The outer solution matches with the outer limit of the inner
solution [3.62] only if
3 € " - I / [3.81]
w213 A IE--1/3
-
€[3.82] 1.2
2
*-1/2 wt
The matching of I and No is also ensured at order ewith
A given by [3.82): From Equations [2.16) and [ 3 .74] we find for
the Inner limit of the outer solution
while the outer limit of the Inner solution [3.831 has the form
,+o21 [3.84)
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
-40-*
If we assume that the bow drag for a body of finite length L'
has the same expression we have for the bow drag in its con-
ventional form
(iii) The Jet thickness and the bow drag grow slowly
E with FrT, like Fr T/3
~!
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
-42-
IV. CONCLUSIONS
For small Froude number based on draft, FrT, the flow can
be analyzed by means of an expansion in FrT, according to which
the first approximation corresponds to replacing the free sur-
face by a rigid wall. The flow past a rectangular body is
analyzed to the second order. The solution to this second ap-
proximation shows that the free surface becomes steeper in
front of the bow. Application of Taylors instability criterion
leads to the conclusion that the stability of the free surface
decreases with increasing FrT, presumably, culminating in breaking.
T
> , *I
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
-43-
I the bottom is
horizontal. The problem is solved by matching
appropriate inner and outer solutions. The inner solution cor-
responds to a free surface without gravity while the outer flow
corresponds to the usual linearized free surface flow with
gravity. The main results of the analysis are: oi the proper
type of pressure singularity at the bow in the outer solution
if of order (ii) a spray jet appears at the bow, whose
energy is probably entirely dissipated. This jet causes a bow
drag additional to the usual wave resistance; (iii) the jet
gravty.The fainreslts
te aalyss ae: i)te po1e
thickness and the bow drag grows slowly with Fr
V
like Frith/3
T
ki
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
-44-
V. REFERENCES
Baba, E., Study of Separation of Ship Resistance Components,
Mitsubishi Tech. Bul. (Japan) No. 59, P. 16, August 1959.
Cole, D. J., Perturbation Methods in Applied Mathematics,
Blaisdell Publ. Comp., 260 p., 1968.
J1
-
HYDRONAUTICS, Incorporated
-45
xll
)(b)
I I i i ii L ii
i ---_....
4.
HYDRONAUTICS, INCORPORATED
4.0
O CARGO VESSEL
o
0
CRUISER
DESTROYER
o TANKER
3.4A
0
3.2 &
0 00,
8'/T' 3.0-
2.8 0 0
0oOD
2.2
2.4 0
2.0.
0 1 2 3
-T U'/(gT')i,
FIGURE 2 - BEAM DRAFT VERSUS (FROUDE NUMBER)DRAFT
• I'
HYDRONAUTICS, INCORPORATED
yI
O(A B+() A
A
UA
(a) (b)
Z-X+I
FIGURE 6 -FLOW PAST A RECTANGULAR BODY AT SMALL FROUDE NUMBER
HYDRO NAUTICSg INCORPORATED
C~C4
0
U.
/F
/A
age
0 j+Ic
0 a/ c;
9L
HYDRONAUTICS, INCORPORATED
1.0
0.
0 1 23
HYDRONAUTICS, INCORPORATED
*X
O]LAs
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AVIY
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Technical Report
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Dagan, G•, and Tuliin, M. P.
d.
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bow has been analyzed. The problem is different from that considered
in p? 3ning studies, since the bow is vertical, while the bottom is
horizontal. The problem is solved by matching appropriate inner
and outer solutions. The inner solution corresponds to a free sur-
face without gravity while the outer flow corresponds to the usual
linearized free surface flow with gravity.
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L I ............... i[ II
'Mi.
~ b f HYDRONAUTICS, Tncorporated
iv 8 e* = T'/gU'2 c* = T'g/U' 2
4 5 V
6 9 CB =0(1) C: = o(1)
6 0=o(1) t = o(l)
6 Eq. (2.19) V1- r S. 0 v! + TIo x =0
27 ItT'g " - ( ) T - (
00A/' )
32 Eq. ( 2
-ib -1b
34 E4. (3.63) 1 1
0 jo
Figure 9(b) (Coordinate) 0 0
Reproduced by the
CLEARINGHOUSE
for Federal Scientific & Technical
Information Springfield Va. 22151