Machining Operations

Tool Geometry
Dr. Dalia Nabil
ILOs
1. Differentiate between SPCTs and MPCTs
2. Compare different types of SPCTs
3. Describe the geometry of SPCTs
4. Understand the standard terminology of inserts

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Contents
• Introduction
• Types of single point cutting tools
• Cutting Tool Geometry
• Inserts Geometry and standards

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Cutting tools

Performance Characteristics

Geometry Material

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Cutting tools
Geometry

Single point Multipoint Abrasive

Centre lathe Drilling/ Milling Grinding

Shaper/Planer
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Cutting tools
Single Point Cutting Tools Multipoint Cutting Tools
Cutting edges One More than one
Contact with WP One More than one
Chip load High Distributed
Heat generation High low
In case of breakage Process stopped Can continue
Design and fabrication easier Harder
MRR low Higher
Example Turning Milling cutters
Shaping Hobs
Planning Broach
Boring Grinding wheels
Reamer 6
Contents
• Introduction
• Types of single point cutting tools
• Cutting Tool Geometry
• Inserts Geometry and standards

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Single point cutting tool

SPCTs

Indexable
Solid Type Tipped tool
Insert type

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Solid Tools

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Tipped Tools

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Indexable Inserts

Benefit ???

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Method of Mounting Inserts and tips

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Insert Mechanical Clamping Systems

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Insert Mechanical Clamping Systems

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Contents
• Introduction
• Types of single point cutting tools
• Cutting Tool Geometry
• Inserts Geometry and standards

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Single point cutting tool Terminology

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Single Point Cutting Tools Terminology

Nose Radius

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Single Point Tools Angles

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Single Point Cutting Tools in Turning and Shaping
Main cutting edge

Main cutting edge

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Back rake Angle γ
• This angle helps in removing the chips away from the work piece.

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Side rake angle
• Directs the chip flow away from the point of cut

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End relief angle
• Prevents the front edge of the tool from rubbing on the work

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Side relief angle
• Provides for cutting action by allowing the tool to feed into the work
material.

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Side Cutting Edge Angle
• Affects the chip width , for roughing should be small.

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Nose Radius

Small Nose Radius Large Nose Radius

• Ideal for small Rule of Thumb • High feed rates
cutting depth Depth of cut should be • Large depth of cut
• Reduces vibration higher than Nose • Strong cutting Edge
• Weak cutting edge radius • Withstand cutting
Forces
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Contents
• Introduction
• Types of single point cutting tools
• Cutting Tool Geometry
• Inserts Geometry and standards

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Insert Terminology

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Cutting angles
• Side cutting angle and End cutting angle has the same function as
solid tools

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Insert Relief Angle
• Relief prevents the walls of the insert from rubbing against the
workpiece.

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Insert Geometry

2-Accessbility/ 3-Vibration 4-Power

1- Cutting Edge
complicated Tendency Consumption
Strength
geometry
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Insert Designations
• Carbide inserts use a coding system of numbers and letters to
describe their shape, dimensions and important parameters

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Shape (CNMG-433)
• There are various shapes ,
the most common are shown
in the table.
• The angle in the designations
refers to the included nose
angle

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Clearance Angle (CNMG-433)
• Clearance angle is the draft on the face(s) of the insert that contact
the material during machining.

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Tolerance (CNMG-433)
• This is how much variation is allowed in the dimensional size of the
insert.
• Tolerances described with this parameter include the corner point
(nose radius), thickness, and I.C. Typical tolerances are shown.

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Hole/Chip Breaker (CNMG-433)
• The hole/chip breaker designation describes both features with one
letter.

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I.C. Size (CNMG-433)
• Inserts are measured by the diameter of an inscribed circle. I.C.'s
range from in to 1.25 in

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Thickness (CNMG-433) & Nose Radius (CNMG-433)

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Turning and Facing
• Facing, rough turning : round, square, 80˚ diamond
• Finishing: 55 ˚, 35 ˚ diamond
• They provide more side and end relief cutting angle

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Groove
• Groove inserts are classified by their width and corner radii

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Boring Inserts
• Precision holes are often finished with a boring tool.
• Boring bar tools are mounted parallel to the machine spindle.
• They require a hole in the part large enough to allow the bar to
safely enter and exit the bore.

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Cut off Inserts
• Once the part is finished, it is
usually parted, or cut off from
the stock.
• A cutoff tool is a special kind
of groove tool that is designed
to take deeper cuts.
• Cutoff tools are classified in
part by their width and
maximum cutting depth.

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Thank you