INTRODUCTION TO MYCOLOGY

MYCOSES 4. Systemic Mycoses Originated

• Diseases caused by fungi. due to primary primarily in the
Classification is based on: pathogens lungs and may
✓ Site of infection spread to many
✓ Route of acquisition organ systems
✓ Type of Virulence Exhibited 5. Systematic Infections of
SITE OF INFECTION mycoses due patients with
✓ Superficial Mycoses to immune
✓ Cutaneous Mycoses opportunistic deficiencies who
✓ Subcutaneous Mycoses pathogen would otherwise
✓ Systemic Mycoses not be infected.
ROUTE OF ACQUISITION SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES
✓ EXOGENOUS • Outermost layer (skin, hair)
✓ ENDOGENOUS • Stratum corneum
TYPE OF VIRULENCE EXHIBITED • Noninvasive
✓ PRIMARY a. MYCOSES: Pityriasis versicolor (Tinea
✓ OPPORTUNISTIC Versicolor
FUNGAL AGENT: Malassezia furfur

b. MYCOSES: Tinea nigra palmaris

FUNGAL AGENT: Hortaea werneckii
(Phaeoannellomyces werneckii,
Exophiala werneckii & Cladosporium
werneckii)

5 TYPES OF MYCOSES
TYPE OF MYCOSES SITE OF
INFECTION. SKIN
(TISSUE)
PREDILECTION c. MYCOSES: Black Piedra
1. Superficial Limited to the FUNGAL AGENT: Piedraia hortae
Mycoses outermost layer of
the skin and hair
2. Cutaneous Extend deeper
Mycoses into the epidermis,
as well as invasive
hair and nail
d. MYCOSES: White Piedra
diseases
Involve the dermis, FUNGAL AGENT: Trichosporon
3. Subcutaneous
subcutaneous beigelli
Mycoses
tissues, muscle,
tendon and bone.

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• “dermatomycoses”
• Dermis
• Pain; ulcers; lesions
CUTANAEOUS MYCOSES
(Dermatophytoses)
1. Trichophyton (Hair, Skin, Nails)
1. FUNGAL AGENT: Malassezia furfur
1. Microsporum (Hair, Skin)
2. Epidermophyton (Nails, Skin)
CUTANAEOUS MYCOSES (Tinea or
Ringworm)
ANTHROPOPHILIC FUNGI
E. floccosum
M. audouinii,
T. rubrum,
T. tonsurans,
T. violaceum,
2. FUNGAL AGENT: Hortaea werneckii
T. schoenleinii
ZOOPHILIC FUNGI
M.canis,
T.mentagrophytes
T.verrucosum
GEOPHILIC
M. gypseum,
M. manum,
T. terreste,
T. ajelloi
3. FUNGAL AGENT: Piedraia hortae TINEA OR RINGWORM
TINEA PEDIS
• ATHLETE’S FOOT
• T. mentagrophyte, T. rubrum and E
floccosum

4. FUNGAL AGENT: Trichosporon beigelli

TINEA UNGUIUM:
• Onichomycosis (Ringworm of the nails)
• T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes and E.
CUTANEOUS MYCOSES floccosum
• Outermost layer (skin, appendages)

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• T. mentagrophytes
TINEA MANUUN
• T. verrucosum, M. canis
• (Ringworm of the hands, palms & in-
SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES
between of fingers)
• Deep skin layer
• T. rubrum
o (muscle, connective tissue,
TINEA CRURIS
bone
• Jock itch (Ringworm of the groin)
• Soil or vegetation
• E. floccosum, T. rubrum, T.
MENTAGROPHYTES

TINEA CORPORIS
• (Ringworm of the trunk and body)
Type of Fungal Species
• E. floccosum, T. rubrum and T. tonsurans; Subcutaneous
(geophilic infection caused by M. canis Mycoses
M. gypseum) Chromoblastomycosis Fonsecaea pedrosoi,
Fonsecaea
compactum,Phialophora
verrucis,
Cladosporium
carrionni,Exophalia
jeansolmi,Exophalia
TINEA CAPITIS spinifera & Wangiella
• M. audounill and M. canis (gray – patch dermatitidis
ringworm); T. tonsurans (black-dot
ringworm) Mycetoma Pseudallescheria,
Acremonium, Madurella
Bipolaris, Curvularia, E.
Jeanselmi, Phialaphora
richardsiae and W.
dermatidis
Sporotrichosis Sporothrix schenckii

CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS
TINEA BARBAE
• (Ringworm of the beard/mustache)

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• Verrucous dermatitidis and Acremonium, Curvularia

chromomycosis and Madurella
• Lesions are usually confined to the 2. ACTINOMYCOTIC MYCETOMA
extremities, often the rest of the feet (caused by aerobic
and lower legs. actinomycetes)
• Longstanding lesions have • Nocardia brasiliensis,
“cauliflower-like” surface. Actinomadura,
• Characterized by so called “copper Streptomyces
pennies” (histological examination PHAEOHYPOMYCOSIS
reveals muriform cells with
perpendicular septations).
FONSECAEA PEDROSOI

o (First picture)
• Colonies are very slow growing with
olive, gray or black colonies that have
velvety texture.
o (Second picture)
• Conidiospores arising from dark,
septate hyphae.
PHIALOPHORA VERRUCOSA,
CLADOSPORIUM CARRIONII SPOROTRICHOSIS
• Sporothrix schenckii
• Mycelial form
• Yeast form

• Group of dark, slow growing fungi

that are found on vegetation and in
soil.
MYCETOMA
TYPES OF MYCETOMA
1. EUMYCOTIC MYCETOMA SYSTEMIC MYCOSES
(caused by true fungi) • internal organs or deep tissues
• Pseudoallescheria boydii, • caused by dimorphic B fungi:
Aspergillus, Exophalia, Coccidioides, Histoplasma, and
Blastomyces species.

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COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS
• Coccidiodes immitis
• (Valley Fever or California Fever)
• Southwest USA and Mexico "desert
fever" or "valley fever"
• Endemic in San Joaquin Valley OPPORTUNISTIC MYCOSES
California IMMUNOSUPPRESSED OR
IMMUNOCOMPROMISED
• Inherited immunodeficiency disease
• Immunosuppressive drug
Radiation
therapy,
HISTOPLASMOSIS • Cancer
• Histoplasma capsulatum • Diabetes
• (Cave's Disease/Darling's • Advanced Age
Disease/Spelunker's Lung Disease) • Malnutrition
TRANSMISSION
• Endogenous transmission
• Exogenous transmission
COMMON INFECTION
• Candidiasis,
BLASTOMYCOSIS
• Aspergillosis.
• Blastomyces dermatitidis
• Cryptococcosis,
• (North American Blastomycosis/
• Zygomycosis.
Gilchrist's
• Phaeophomycosis,
• Disease/Chicago Disease)
OPPORTUNISTIC MYCOSES
• 3 CLINICAL FORMS: CANDIDIASIS
✓ Pulmonary disease • FUNGAL AGENT: Candida albicans
✓ cutaneous disease
• oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus
✓ disseminated disease
• Intestines
• urinary bladder and vagina
• nosocomial sepsis
• broad spectrum antibiotics
• Cytotoxic chemotherapy
• corticosteroids and vascular catheters
PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS • diabetes mellitus
• Paracoccidioides brasiliensis CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION OF
• (Brazilian Blastomycosis/South CANDIDIASIS:
American Blastomycosis/ Lutz- • CUTANEOUS AND SUBCUTANEOUS
Splendore-Alemeida disease) CANDIDIASIS:
✓ Thrush (oral and vaginal)
✓ Stomatitis
✓ Intertriginous candidiasis
(groin, axillary, interdigital)
✓ Onychomycosis

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✓ Esophagitis • pulmonary disease

✓ Severe diaper rash • septicemia.
✓ Balanitis • India Ink Preparation
• SYSTEMIC CANDIDIASIS • Latex agglutination test
✓ Esophagitis
✓ Infant diarrhea
✓ Bronchopulmonary candidiasis
✓ Pyelonephritis
✓ Cystitis
✓ Endocarditis
✓ Myocarditis ZYGOMYCOSIS (Mucormycosis)
✓ Endophthalmitis • (Mucormycosis Rhizopus, Rhizomucor,
✓ Meningitis Absidia, Mucor species, or other
✓ Arthritis members of the class of Zygomycetes)
✓ Osteomyelitis CATEGORY FEATURES
✓ Peritonitis RHINOCEREBRAL The frequent
✓ Macronodular skin lesions presentation overall
• CHRONIC MUCOCUTANEOUS and classically
CANDIDIASIS affects diabetics
ASPERGILLOSIS with ketoacidosis
• FUNGAL AGENT: Aspergillus with facial and/or
fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, eye pain. Common
Aspergillus complications
• Niger, Aspergillus terreus include cavernous
• FATAL - CHRONIC sinus (rhinocerebral
GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE OF syndrome) and
CHILDHOOD internal carotid
• Types of Aspergilloses artery thrombosis.
✓ Allergic bronchopulmonary PULMONARY It occurs most
aspergillosis (ABPA) frequently among
neutropenic patients
✓ Aspergillomas
and presents with
✓ Chronic pulmonary
nonspecific
aspergillosis
symptoms such as
✓ Invasive aspergillosis fever, cough, and
dyspnea;
hemoptysis may
occur with vascular
invasion.
GASTROINTESTINAL Usually affects
patients with severe
malnutrition, clinical
CRYPTOCOCCOSIS picture mimic intra-
• FUNGAL AGENT: Cryptococcus abdominal abscess.
neoformans The diagnosis is
• meningitis, often made at
autopsy.

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CUTANEOUS Reported with

minor trauma,
insect bites, no
sterile dressing,
wounds, and
burns. Necrotic
lesions
progressively
evolve from the
epidermis into
dermis and even
muscle.

HYALOHYPHOMYCOSIS &
PHAEOPHOMYCOSIS

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