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RULES
FOR SUBMARINE
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J PIPELINE SYSTEMS
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'.1 1981
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j DETNORSKE
VERITAS
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RULES
FOR SUBMARINE ,

PIPELINE SYSTEMS
"'
I
1981
This edition replaces

«Rules for the Design, Construction and Inspection of

Submarine Pipelines and Pipeline Risers», 1976

DET NORSKE VERITAS

HEAD OFFICE: VERITASVEIEN I. 1322 H0VIK
P.O.BOX 300.1322 H0VIK. NOR\VAY J
TELEGRAMS: VERITAS. OSLO
TELEX: 16192
TELEPHONE (International Nos.J, -e- 47 2 12 99 00
TELEPHONE (National Nos'>: (02) 12 99 00

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1
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PREFACE
VERITAS has published Rules for offshore structures, off-
shore loading systems. process equipment. submarine pipeli-
nes etc.. and is prepared to issue a Certificate of Approval for
such instaIlations when found to be designed and constructed
in accordance with the appropriate Rules.

The procedure for obtaining and retaining a Certificate of

Approval is defined in these Rules.

The purpose of the Rules is to:

Serve as basic philosophy and rule requirements when

applying for certification by VERITAS.
Recommend an international acceptable level of safety
and reliability by defining minimum requirements re-
garding strength. serviceability and maintenance.
Serve as a technical reference document in contractual
matters between Owner and Contractor.

The Rules open for a freedom in choice of technical solutions

to obtain an acceptable safety level. More detailed description
of possible methods satisfying the Rule's requirements. are gi-
ven in the Appendices to the Rules. Other methods will be ac-
cepted provided the same safety level is obtained.

In addition to the Rules and Appendices. VERITAS also is-

sues Technical Notes. which ive further guidelines on speci-
fic problems related to the ulfIlmen of the Rule's require-
ments. - _

Where VERITAS is recognized as a Certifying Agent by Na-

tional Authorities. the Rules may serv supplement to
any National Regulations which are m:.:a:-n:d:a:to:ry~./ _ o\.\. 't.f..""""--~~.:o
1
Although the Rules. the Appendices and the Technical Notes.
are all prepared with VERITAS' Certificate of Approval in
mind. the publications may be used as guidelines for desig-
ners. owners and others not directly involved in the certifica- \
tion process. Where parts f the Rules are copied or applied. _I
proper reference to the source should be made.

.+o~~
. ,'71-
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'I APPROVED BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS

l' APRIL 30. 1981

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ODet norske Veritas 1981.

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Printed by
De! norske Veritas, Oslo.

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 5-

CONTENTS
Section 1 2.3.4 Waves 15
General regulations 2.3.5 Current 15
1.1 2.3.6 Corrosiviry 15
Symbols 9 2.3.7 Ice '. 15
1.2 Technical terms 10 2.3.8 Air and sea temperatures 15
1.3 2.3.9 Marine growth 15
Definitions : 10
1.1.1 Pipeline system 10 2.4 Internal pipe conditions IS
1.3.2 Submarine pipeline 10 2.4.1 Installation conditions 15
1.3.3 Riser system 10 2.4.2 Operational conditions 15
1.3.4 Pipeline riser 11
1.3.5 2.5 Design temperature 16
External riser 11 2.5.1 General 16
1.3.6 Internal riser II
1.3.7 2.5.2 Differentiated design temperatures 16
Riser support II
1.3.8 Piping components ~. 11
1.3.9 Splash zone II
1.3.10 Section 3
Submerged zone II Loads
1.3.11 Atmospheric zone II
1.3-.12 Platform II
1.3.13 3.1 Loading conditions and design conditions 17
Zone 1....•.•....•....•.....•....•..... II 3.I.I General 17
1.3.14 Zone 2......•..•....................... 11
1.3.15 3.1.2 Loading conditions ,. . . . . . . . 17
Surveillance II 3. I.3 Design conditions . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.3.16 Inspection II
-"1
1.3.17 To survey 11 3.2 Functional loads 17
r 1.3.18 A survey II 3.2.1 General 17
1 1.3.19 Surveyor - II 3.2.2 Functional loads during operation 17
1.3.20 Liquid hydrocarbons II 3.2.3 Functional loads during installation 17
1.3.21 Gaseous hydrocarbons II
1.3.22 3.3 Environmental loads 17
Fluid II 3.3.1 General 17
1.4 The Rules II 3.3.2 Wind loads ~ 18
1.4.1 Application II 3.3.3 Hydrodynamic loads. general. .._ 18
1.4.2 Amendments II 3.3.4 Wave loads 18
1.4.3 Alternative methods and procedures II 3.3.5 Current loads 1.8
1.4.4 Assumptions II 3.3.6 «Indirect» environmental loads : 19
3.3.7 Ice loads - 19
1.5 Certificate of Approval 12 3.3.8 Accidental loads _ 19
1.5.1 Issuance of the Certificate I2
1.5.2 Recommendations 12
1.5.3 Memoranda to Owner 12
1.5.4 Section 4
Withdrawal of Certificate 12 Strength and inplace stability
1.6 Concept evaluation 12
1.6.1 General '" 12 4.1 General __ 20
1.7 4.1.1 Design analyses 20
Instrumentation for monitoring of the 4.1.2 Design criteria 20
pipeline system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.1.3 Design conditions _ 20
1.1.1 General 12
1.8 4.2 Pipeline/ riser during operation 20
Documentation I3 4.2.1 General _ 20
1.8.1 Submission of documentation 13
1.8.2 4.2.2 Yielding 20
Design phase 13 4.2.3 Buckling 21
1.8.3 Fabrication phase 13
1.8.4 4.2.4 Fatigue _ 21
Installation phase 13 4.2.5 On-bottom stability 22
1.8.5 Filing of documentation 13
1 4.2.6 Propagating ductil~ fractures 23
J 4.2.7
4.2.8
Riser supports
Spans
_ 2J
23

Section 2 4.3 Pipeline/ risers during installation 23

Environment 4.3.1 General - 23
4.3.2 yielding 23
2.1 General 14 4.3.3 Buckling 24
2.1.1 Environmental phenomena 14 4.3.4 Fatigue 24
2.1.2 Acceptaoel environmental data 14 4.4 Piping components and accessories 24'
2.2 Pipeline route _.. _ _ _. _.. 14 4.4.1 General 24
2.2.1 Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I4
2.2.2 Route survey _. I 4
2.1.3 Bottom topography _ I4 Section 5
1.104 Seabed proporties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I4 Material requirements for pipes and piping components
2.3 Environmental conditions .. _.. __ .. _. __ . __ . I 4 5-I General _ _ _. __ . __ __ _ 25
r 2.3.1 General -. . . . . ___ __ . _.. _. . I 4 :>-1-1 Validitv _ _ _._ _ _.. 25
1 2.3.2 Tide .. - -. _ _ __ 14 5.1.2 Selectl~n of materials _ 25
:U.3 Wind _ __ .. , _ _ __ 14 5-1.3 Material specification _ 25
 5.14 Documentation and identification. .. . 25 6.6.5 Reinforcement. JJ
6.66 Application and curing of concrete coaung ..34
5.2 Steel for line-pipes. . . . . . . . . . . . . ~5
6.6.7 Testing and inspection .14
5.2.1 Steel making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. 25
5.2.2 Supply condition.. . 25
5.2.3 Heat treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 25
Section 7
5.2.4 Chemical composition 25
Fabrication of pipes and piping components
5.2.5 Mechanical testing 25
5.2.6 Tensile properties 26
5.2.7 Brittle fracture resistance 26
7.1 General 35
5.2.8 Resistance against propagating ductile fractures 2/:1
7. J. I Validity 35
5.2.9 Supplementary fracture toughness testing ..... 27 7.2 Pipe fabrication 35
5.2.1 0 Resistance against hydrogen induced cracking 7.2.1 General " 35
in welded joints 27 7.2.2 Fabrication procedure specification 35
5.2.1 I Resistance against environmental induced 7.2.3 Qualitification of welding operators. welders
blistering 27 and arc-air gougers " " .. 35
5.2.12 Resistance against SUlphide stress corrosion 7.2.4 Qualification of pipe fabrication procedure 35
cracking (SSC> 27 7.2.5 Hydrostatic testing 36
5.2.13 Resistance against chloride stress corrosion 7.2.6 . Dimensions and workmanship 37
cracking 27 7.2.7 Visual examination and non-destructive testing 38
5.3 Soundness 27
7.2.8 Production testing , 38
5.3.1 General 27 7.2.9 Repairs 38
5.4 Steel for piping components 27
7.3 Fabrication of piping components 39
7.3.1 General 39
5.4.1 General 27 7.3.2 Fabrication procedure specification 39
5.5 Welding consumables 27 7.3.3 Qualification of fabrication procedures 39
5.5.1 General '.' 2. 7 7.3.4 Production testing 39
5.5.2 Chemical composition 28 7.3.5 Repair welding of piping components 39
5,5.3 Mechanical properties 28
7.4 Post weld heat treatment 39
5.5.4 Handling and storage of welding consurnables . 28 7.4.1 General 39
5.6 Bolt assemblies , 28
5.6.1 General 28
Section 8
5.7 Materials for support structures 28 Installation
5.7.1 General , 28
8.1 General 41
Section 6 8.1.1 Specifications 4I
Corrosion protection and weight coating 8.2 Pipeline route 41
8.2.1 Route survey 4I
6.1 Corrosion protection. general 29 8.2.2 Seabed preparation 41
6.1.1 Validity 29
6.1.2 Definitions 29 8.3 Construction 4I
6.1.3 General requirements to corrosion protection 8.3.1 Qualification 41 I
29 8.3.2 Handling and storing 41
systems , '"
8.3.3 Installation operations 4I j
6.2 External coating 29 8.3.4 Pipeline and cable crossings 42
6.2.1 General 29 8.3.5 Buckle detection 42
6.2.2 Coating materials 29
6.2.3 Coating application 30 8.4 Anchoring and protection of pipeline systems. 42
6.2.4 Field joint coating 30 8.4.1 General 42
6.3 Cathodic protection 30 8.5 Installation welding 42
6.3.1 General .30 8.5.1 General 42
6.3.2 Design of system 30 8.5.2 Welding procedure specification 42
6.3.3 Anode materials and fabrication 3I 8.5.3 . Qualification of the welding equipment and
6.3.4 Installation of anodes ' 31 welding procedure 42
6.3.5 Testing of system 3I 8.5.4 Essential parameters for welding procedures .. 43
6.4 8.5.5 Qualification of welders and welding operators 43
Internal corrosion control 31 8.5.6 Welding and workmanship 43
6.4.1 General , . 3I
6.4.2 8.5.7 Production test 44
Internal corrosion control by inhibitors 32 8.5.8 Repair of field joints 44
6.4.3 Internal corrosion control by coating 32
6.4.4 Jnternal corrosion control by corrosion 8.6 Visual examination and non-destructive testing
resistant alloys 32 of installation welds 45
6.4.5 Internal corrosion monitoring 32 8.6.1 General 45
6.5 8.6.2 Visual examination 45
Protection of risers and pipelines in critical 8.6.3 Non-destructive testing 45
areas 32
6.5.1 Splash ZOne protection J2 8.7 Tie-ins 45
6.5.2 Protection of risers in J-tubes. tunnels etc 33 8.7.1 General : .. 45
6.5.3 Protection of risers in internal transition zones. 33 8.7.2 Mechanical connectors 45
6.5.4 Pipeline shore-approach )J 8.7.3 Welded tie-in on the lay vessel 45
6.6 W eight coating )J
8.7.4 Tie-in by underwater welding 45
6.6.1 G ~~era1
w 33 8.8 Final surveys and tests 46
6.6.2
6.6.3
C eight coating specification 33
P oncret:e constituents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33
8.8.1
8.8.2
General
Survey of installed pipeline system
46
46
J
6.6.4 roperues of concrete. . . . . . . . . . . . 33 8.8.3 Survey of corrosion protection system 46
 1

8.8.4 Pressure test : 46 10.6.1 Liquid penetrant procedure specification 55

8.8.5 Buckle detection 41 10.6.2 Liquid penetrant procedure qualification 56
8.8.6 Testing of alarm and shutdown systems 41 10.6.3 Qualifications of operators 56
10.6.4 Production liquid penetrant testing 56
10.6.5 Evaluation of welds and standards of
Section 9 acceptability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 56
Operation and maintenance
-1
9.1 General 48 AppendiX A
9.1.1 Owner's duty , 48 Environmental loads
9.1.2 Retension of Certificate of Approval. 48
i i 9.2 Operation and maintenance of the pipeline A.I
A.1.1
Wind loads
General
' , . 63
63
system 48
9.2.1 Operation. inspection and maintenance manual 48 A.I.2 Static wind loads , , .. 63
9.2.2 Operation 48 A.I.3 Vortex shedding due to wind 63

9.3 In-service inspection , 48 A.2 Vortex shedding due to current. 63

9.3.1 General 48 A.2.1 General , 63
9.3.2 Start up inspection , .. 48 A.2.2 In-line oscillations 64
93.3 Periodical inspection 48 A.2.3 Cross-flow oscillations 64
'j 9.3.4 Frequency of periodical inspection 48 A.3 Recommended values of hydrodynamic
9.3.5 Extent of periodical inspection - pipeline 48 coefficients 64
9.3.6 Extent of periodical inspection - riser 49 A.3.1 General " 64
9.3.7 Special inspection 49 A.3.2 Added mass coefficient 64
9.4 Repairs , ,.49 A.3.3 Drag coefficient 64
9.4.1 General 49 A.3.4 Lift coefficient, '.. 64
9.4.2 Grooves. gouges and notches 49 A.4 Wave slamming 64
9.4.3 Dents 49 A.4.1 Wave slamming loads 64
9.4.4 Leaks 49 A.4.2 Fatigue due to wave slamming 65
9.4.5 Repair by welding 49
9.4.6 Temporary repairs 50
Appendix B
Buckling calculations
Section 10
Non-destructive testing B.I Local buckling 68
iJ 10.1 General , 51
B.2 Propagation buckling 68
10.1.1 Selection of method 51 B.3 Buckling of the pipe as a «bar» 69
I' 10.2 Radiographic examination of welds 51
j 10.2.1
10.2.2
Radiographic procedure specification
Radiographic procedure qualification
51
51
Appendix C
10.2.3 Quality control of materials.
Qualification of radiographers , 52
10.2.4 Qualification of welding procedures and welding per-
Production radiography, 52
10.2.5 sonnel
Evaluation of welds and standards of
acceptability'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 52
CI General . . 10
10.3 Ultrasonic examination of welds with CLI Scope ,10
stationary equipment 52 CI.2 Definitions " 10
10.3.1 Equipment 52 C.1.3 Testing equipment 70
10.3.2 Ultrasonic procedure specification 52
10.3.3 C.2 Steel making 70
Ultrasonic procedure qualification 52 General 70
10.3.4 C2.1
Calibration of equipment 52
10.3.5 QUalifications of operators , 52 C3 Steel casting 10
10.3.6 Production ultrasonic examination , .. 52 C.3.1 General, 70
10.3.7 Evaluation of welds and standards of
C4 Chemical analyses 10
I acceptability 52 General .. · 10
I
C.4.1
J 10.4 Ultrasonic examination of welds with
portable equipment 52· C5 Heat treatment
General
70
70
10.4.1 Equipment '" 52 C5.1

II 10.4.2
10.4.3
10.4.4
Ultrasonic procedure specification
Ultrasonic procedure qualification
Calibration of equipment
53
53
53
C6
e.6.1
Surface defects in base material
General ,
10
70

10.4.5 e.1 Mechanical testing 71

Qualifications of operators 53 General 71
10.4.6 e.1.1
Production ultrasonic examination 53
10.4.7 e.1.2 Tensile testing 7J
Evaluation of welds and standards of
acceptability " 55 cn Bend testing 7I
C1,4 Nick break testing 71
10.5 Magnetic particle examination of welds 55 e.1.5 Charpy V-norch impact testing 11
10.5.1 Magnetic particle procedure specification 55 e.7.6 Macrosection of welded joints 71
10.5.2 Magnetic particle procedure qualification 55 C1.1 Hardness testing of welded joints 71
1005.3 Qualifications of operators : 55 C1.8 Strain ageing testing 7I
10.5.4 Production magnetic particle testing 55
e.8 Sampling of test, specimens. . . . . .. . 72
10.5.5 Evaluation of welds and standards of
e.8.1 Seamless pipes, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 72
acceptability 55 Welded PIpe 72
e.8.2
10.6 Liquid penetrant examination of welds 55 e.8.3 Cold formed or forged bends 12
C8A Forged seamless piping components other D.I ..~ Current demands 82
than bends n 0.1.4 Anode materials Il:
C8.5 Cast piping components 72 0.1.5 Current output capacity of anodes 8.1
0.1.0 Calculation of anode life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 8-1
C9 Welding procedure qualification 72
0.1.1 Current distribution ll':
C9.J General 72
0.1.8 Fabncauon of anodes l!~
CIO Qualification of welding personnel 72
CIO.I General '" .. I_ -., 0.2 Standards for coaung
General
·8.1
84
Test welding . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 0.2.1 0 •••••• 0 0 •••••••

CIO.2
0.2.2 Acceptable standards for coaung properties
CIO.) Inspection and testing of qualification test welds 73
and test methods referring to generic type .... 84
CIOA Welder qualification ..... 73
Application and inspecuon of coaungs,
0 •••••••••••• 0 •••

0.2.3
C.IO.S Welding operator qualification for
general standards 85
73
00

mechanized welding. 0 •• 0 •••••••••••• 0 0 0 ••

CIO.6 Qualification of welding personnel for

underwater welding .•.................... 73
Appendix E
C.IO.7 Extraordinary requalification of welding Pressure testing of pipelines and pipeline sections
personnel ..•......... 0 74
••••••••••• 0 •• : •••

E.I General .. o. 0" 0 0 • 0 •••• o' 0 •• 00 •••••••••• 8-:-

E.2 Pressure test method no. I 0 •••••••••••• 0 8'
Appendix D
E.3 Pressure test method no. 2 0 ••••••••••••• 87
Guidelines on corrosion control
E.4 Acceptance criteria. 0 • 0 0 ••••••• 0 •• 0 0 •••••• 8~
Dol Design of cathodic protection systems. o... 0 •• 82 Witnessing 88
0.1.1 General 0 ••••••••••••• 0 0 • 0 • 0 •• 0 0 • 82 E.S 0 ••• 0 ••••••• 0 • 0 ••••••••

0.1.2 Design basis ..0 ••• 0 0 •••• 0 •• 0 ••••• 0 •• 0 •• 0 82 E.6 Hydrostatic test report .. 0 0 0 0 •• 0 ••• 0 ••••••• 88

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 9

SECTION 1
GENERAL REGULATIONS
1.1 Symbols (n)p = permissible value of n,
A = cross sectional area of pipe. also: p = pressure. difference between two absolute pres-
A = exposed area of anode sures. external over-pressure
a = parameter used in wave analyses. (Defined in Fig. Per = criticai external over-pressure
A2). also: p. = external pressure
a = acceleration Pi = internal pressure
a, = relative acceleration ppr = propagation pressure
B = buoyant force per unit length of pipe. also: = initiation pressure
B = width of reference block ~T) = frequency distribution of average apparent wave
I>t = parameter used in wave analyses. (Given in Table periods
AI) Q = shear force nominal to pipe axis. also:
c = shape (drag) coefficient used in wind force formula Q = probability level
Co = drag coefficient q = lateral force per unit length of pipe
Ct = lift coefficient qw = wind force per unit length ofpipe
Cm = mass Iinertial coefficient R = reduction factor on number of waves
Cs = slamming coefficient R. = Reynold's number
d = water depth. also: r = reference value of n
d = diameter S = safety factor in on-bottom stability analysis. also:
D = nominaloutsidediameterof pipe S = Strouhal's number
o, = total outside diameter of pipe (including coating) S~ = Miner's sum
E = modulus of elasticity. also: =
(SM)p permissible value ofMiner's sum
E = consumption rate of anode s = number of stress blocks
"F h = total horizontal Ilateratl force per unit length of a pi- T = thickness of reference block. also:
pe due to drag and inertia T = average zero-upcrossing period
Fo = drag force T1 = pipe material temperature at time of installation
Fl = lift force T2 = pipe material temperature under considered condi-
F'm = mass Iinertial force tion
Fs = wave slamming force = «visual» wave period
Fy = total vertical force per unit length of a pipe due to = nominal wall thickness of pipe
drag and inertia = flow velocity for anodes
,f = coefficient of friction. also: u = utilization factor. also:
f = vortex shedding frequency u = liquid particle velocity nomal to pipe axis
fe = natural frequency for cross-flow excitation lui= absolute (positive) value of u
f; = natural frequency for inIine excitation = current velocity
H = clearance between pipe and fixed boundary. also: = resulting «design» velocity due to wave and current
H = wave height . = maximum orbital particle velocity
.1 HIll = significant wave height = particle velocity due to «design» wave
Hy = '(visual wave height» = flow velocity for anodes
Hn = the most probable largest wave height out of IOn = relative water particle velocity
waves encountered = component of wind velocity normal to pipe axis
Hr
I '
= =
reference value ofH n • i.e. for n r = weight per unit length of pipe in air. including pipe
= meancurrentrequirement per anode contents and water absorbed by the coating. also:
K = diameter factor. also: w = section modulus ofpipe cross section. also:
K = slope ofthe SoNcurve w = net weight of anodes
Kc = Keulegan-carpenter number x = longitudinal position of a point on a pipe .
Ks = stability parameterJ y = circumferential position of a point on a pipe. also:
k = roughness y = modeshape
k, = parameter in wave analyses (Table A I) a = linear coefficient ofthermal expansion. also:
k. = temperature derating factor a = symbol used in buckling formula
L = length ofreference block. also: 11 = logarithmic decrement ofstructural damping
L
I ..
= effective life ofanode = usage factor
= suspended length. span width = usage factor for equivalent stress
M = bending moment in pipe = usage factor for hoop stress
Mer = critical bending moment = permissible usage factor
MT = torsional moment in pipe = permissible usage factor when (1xis acting alone
m = parameter used in wave analyses. (Defined in Fig. = permissible usage factor when l1yis acting alone
A.2) = angular position of a point on a pipe relative to a
= effective mass per unit length of pipe defined radius 8 = 0
= -axial force in a pipe. also: r = mode shape parameter
= number of years in a probability consideration y = Poisson's ratio. also:
= critical axial force in a pipe = kinematic viscocity of a liquid
= «equivalem» axial force in a pipe subjected to inter- = mass density. also:
nal andlor external pressure = resistivity
I Nj = number of constant amplitude stress cycles «,.)) to = element stress due to net buoyancy force
J failure = critical one' dimensional compressive stress for com-
= critical number of stress cycles pletely elastic buckling (O',E or ~'EJ
= exponent when number of waves is expressed as a = equivalent stress according to von Mises
I power of 10 = permissible equivalent stress
J = actual number of stress cycles of a given stress ran-
ge(~),
= specified Inorrunall yield strength
= stress range
= number of waves within bJockj = Stress range for stress blOCK» no i
(C
 10
1
0", = element stress due to vertical wave force Maximum operating pressure = maximum pressure to
°sJam = element stress due to net buoyancy force which a piping system will be subjected In operation. which
0, = longitudinal stress '7 should include static pressure and pressure required toE·
aa.el = criucal longitudinal (compressive) stress r~~ friction. (
oM Cv~ ~ _ ~~\~~~
= longitudinal stress due to pipe bending. defined as __ ...:.-...... r~\O o~~·a..
• M/v,,' ~pressure = total pressure caused by a change in ve-
1 . ---,--

ON
t = longitudinal stress due to axial force =
N/ A locity of flow within a pipeline system. _ -..
a ~~r = .. I h '1' . I
cnuca a; w en ,. IS acting a one Test pressure = Co-..-..~~\cv.......(.....,o
pressure specifie to be applied to a vessel.
'"
a KCf =
=
critical o. when N is acting alone pipe. component. etc.. on 0 letio of manufactureand/ or
o .p perrnissible c, on ~ of construction. It may also be the pressure
oe, = longitudinal stress due to shell bending specified to be applied to a vessel. etc.. after appropriate per'
Oy = hoop stress iods in operation.
a yer = critical compressive hoop stress
Oyp = permissible hoop stress lin tension> Strength test pressure =
pressure of a higher magnitude than
OyE = critical compressive hoop stress for completely elast- test pressure and with ~hon,duration.
ic buckling when Ov is acting alone ~-l-"f'"- ...:.~~{-,e, " c," - " ~ •

Tx~' = tangential shear stress Leak est pressure =pressu~e normally of a lower magrn-
·Xl = radial shear stress tu e than test pressure and WIth at least the same duration.

Minimum design temperature =lowest possible steady state

temperature which the pipeline system experiences during
1.2 Technical terms installation and operation. Environmental as well as opera-
tional temperatures are to be considered.
Longitudinal stress = normal stress acting parallel to pipe
axis.

Hoop stress = normal stress acting in the circumferential di-

rection.

[" Tangential shear stress

tion of the pipe acts in
tion.
L_

()
/
~Radial shear stress =
shear stress which in a cross section of Understrained lines = pipelines without substential axial res-
the pipe acts in the radial direction. traint l~1aximum one fixed support and no substential fric-
tion>.
-Pipe bending moment = bending moment (Ml in the pipe
.....cross section as a,,~hore) ~~ r c..=' ..... f~e i:. Suspended length =
length of a pipeline without contact
with the sea bottom or other supports (= unsupported
\ Shell bending moment = bending moment Im.or my) in the length).
I.£ipe wall per unit length.
Laying parameters = essential parameters affecting the stres-
Pipe bending stresses = longitudinal stresses due to pipe ses in a pipeline during laying. such as applied tension. stin-
bending moment. ger curvature. etc.
Shell bending stresses
rnent,
= stresses due to shell bending 010- Nominal .....all thickness =
the pipe wall thickness that is spe-
cified for supply of pipes.

Longitudinal shell bending stresses = longitudinal stresses Nominal pipe diameter =

the outside pipe diameter to be us-
(0. b) due to longitudinal shell bending moment (01.). ed in the design calculation.

Hoop bending stresses =

hoop stresses (a}) due to circum-
ferential shell bending moment (hoop bending moment -
m,).
Direct stresses =
stresses of which the resultant acts in the 1.3 Definitions
middle surface of the pipe wall (= membrane stresses).
1.3.1 Pipeline system
Internal pressure =
pressure inside the pipe. May be given as By a pipeline system is meant an interconnected system of
absolute pressure or gauge pressure. submarine pipelines. pipeline risers. their supports. all in-
tegrated piping components. the corrosion protection system
External pressure =pressure (immediately) outside the pipe. and weight coating.
May be given as absolute pressure or gauge pressure.
1.3.2 Submarine pipeline
Overpressure =difference between two absolute pressures.
A submarine pipeline. later referred to as pipeline. is defined
Initiation pressure =external overpressure required to initi- as that part of a pipeline which is located below the water
ate a propagating buckle from an existing local buckle or surface at maximum . e. except pipeline risers (see 1.3.4).
The pipeline may. holl r in part be suspended ~the
~'- "-,,,-~v.-.a-.(<:.4,.\ ' v~ sea floor. rest 0 the sea floor or be buried belowTthe sea
- Propagation pressure =
external overpressure required to floor. '----- c '" '--t e.oe\ ......... ~ ...~ \. ~'",?"1.-";;"
propagate a buckle that has been initiated ( at a higher pres-
,--_ sure.I . 1.3 .3 Riser system
By riser system is meant the riser, its supports. all integrated
Design pressure = maximum internal operating pressure. piping components and corrosion protection system.
 II

1.3.4 Pipeline riser ~ \:,~ . 1.3.17 To survey

A pipeline riser. later referre~as riser. is defined as the o survey is normally meant to carry out surveillance on
connecting piping or flexible ~between a submarine pi- behalof Veritas. ~. .
peline on the sea floor and the processing equipment on a . f'-</\" 0· .. -I.:> -d.... _ ~ ~~ "'-
platform. Exact points of riser termination are to be agreed 1.3.18 A survey
'1 upon in each case. By a survey is meant the general inspection carried out by the
Owner. by his contractor or by Veritas.
J 1.3.5 External riser
By external risers is meant risers which are mounted in such 1.3.19 Surveyor
a way that no effective~against the action of wind. wa- By a Surveyor is meant a person carrying out surveillance on
ves. and currents is provided. ""-.. ,.: f~4 behalf of Veritas.
1.3.6 Internal riser 1.3.20 Liquid hydrocarbons

-l By internal risers is meant risers which are effectively shelter'

ed against the action of wind. waves and currents.
By liquid hydrocarbons is meant crude oil. condensate. natu-
ral gasoline. natural gas liquids. liquefied petroleum gas. pet-
roleum products and their fractions in their liquid phase.
1.3.7 Riser support
By riser supports is meant structures intended for fixing the 1.3.21 Gaseous hydrocarbons
I riser to the platform or for local or continuous guidance of By gaseous hydrocarbons is meant hydrocarbons in a vapor
the riser. phase from wells drilled for the purpose of producing liquid
hydrocarbons or natural gas.
1.3.8 Piping components [-a-c>"-~~\ '- \~ ;.. .)..;:;.
By piping components is ttitems integrated in the pipeli- 1.3.22 fluid '-t L"
nel riser such as flanges. tees. '=:... n~ ,reducers and valves. . _ By fluid is m~n~ a gas. liquid or~ that is transported
"to • co... e <:.-<>-..,1..0 ..., +"'"l- "l... , through the pipeline system.
T- 1.3.9 Splash zone
By the splash zone range is meant the astronomical tidal ran-
" ] ge plus the wave height having a probability of exceedance of
om. The upper limit of the splash zone is determined by as·
surning 6596 of this wave height above HAT and the lower
1.4 The Rules

1.4.1 Application
limit by assuming 35% below LAT.
1.4.1.1 These Rules apply to submarine pipeline systems as
1.3.10 Submerged zone defined in L3.1 intended for the transportation or transport-
ing liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons as defined in 1.3.20 and
By the submerged zone is meant the region below the splash 1.3.21. The Rules may also be applied. wholly or in part. to
zone including sea water. sea bottom. and buried or, mud zo- pipeline systems carrying other products, This is to be decid-
ne. ed by Veritas in each separate case.
. .J 1.3.11 Atmospheric zone 1.4.2 Amendments
By the atmospheric zone is meant the region above the splash 1.4.2.1 Amendments to the Rules may be' undertaken at
zone. any time and may also be applicable for pipelines or risers
which have already been approved by Veritas,
1.3.12 Platform
By a platform is meant a fixed or permanently anchored off- Unless otherwise decided. the a~dments are to come intO
, shore installation onto which the riser is mounted. force 6 months after the date o~uran~ ~ ...... :.o,-~.

1.3.13 Zone 1 1.4.2.2 Application of amendments to pipelines or risers al-

By Zone I is meant the part of the seabed located more than
a certain distance away from any platform or building. nor·
mally to be taken as 500 m,
1.3.14 Zone 2
By Zone 2 is meant the part of the seabed located close to any
platform or building. and normally to be taken as a distance
of500 m.
1.3.15 Surveillance .... "'.:\-=~Q.¢
By surveillance is meant the work carried out by Veritas in
order to assure that the pipeline or riser is built and operated
in accordance with the Rules. This work comprises approval
of drawings. procedures and specifications and inspection
and control during prefabrication and installation. It also in-
cludes the work carried out by Veritas in order to assure that
the in-service inspection and maintenance are carried out ac-
cording to these RUles. This surveillance is not meant to re-
place the quality control program of the contractor/ operator.
1.3.16 Inspection
By inspection is meant the quality control earned out by the
Owner or his contractors.
ready approved. or in the process of approval. will be limited
to cases where it is judged essential to the structural integrity.
If mend equirements to construction. materials. dimensi-
ns, etc, are to be made applicable to pipelines or risers al-
ready approved. necessitating re-analysis and re-evalua~on of
strength requirements. this will be clearly stated in the
amendments.
~ ~<>lo...U!.. - u;,·Vt,'e.-!l-'Jt-C..
1.4.3' Alternative methods and procedures
1.4.3.1 Veritas is prepared to consider alternative methods
and procedures found to represent overall safety and strength
standards equivalent to those of the Rules.
1.4.4 Assumptions - s-.)fF s:...e~~
1.4.4.1 These Rules are based on the assumption that pipe-
line or riser in question is designed. constructed and operated
by adequately skilled personel according to sound engineer-
ing practice.
1.4.4.2 The Owner and or his contractors are to establish
and implement a detailed. independent quality control sysu:m
covering aJl phases involved by the Certification. The quality
control functions are to be directed and performed by compe-
tent persons..

104 ~ ..; II is assumed in these \{ ules that external rrsers on
platforms and similar structures <Ire adequately protected
trorn impac S om vessels and similar accidental mechanical
mflucncc Hence II IS assumed that the prorccung structu«..
and not the nscr. IS designed for such loads
15 Certificate of Approval
1.5.1 Issuance of the Certificate
1.5.1.1 Upon request Veritas is prepared to issue a Certifi-
care of Approval for pipeline systems when found to be de-
signed and constructed in accordance with these Rules.
1.5.1.2 The client requesting certification is to:
submit required documentation with complete and cor-
rect information of significance .for certification. sec
1.8.1. r>.
pav all expenses which ~in connection with the
submiued request. f~e.-.-.~~,\o.~
1.5.1.3 The Certificate of Approval will be issued after Ve-
ritas' consideration of all relevant documents and declarations
of survey concerning the pipeline system in question. The
Certificate will contain.
a description of the pipeline system and its function.
a specification of the operational limitations for the pipeli-
ne system.
a specification of the geographical location of the pipeline
system.
a statement that the pipeline system is designed and con-
structed in accordance with these Rules and under the
surveillance of Veritas.
1.5.1.4 Individual Statement of Compliance may upon re-
quest be issued for design. fabrication. installation or testing.
1.5.2 Recommendations
1.5.2.1 On matters considered to represent a possible safety
hazard Veritas will issue separate recommendations.
1.5.2.2 Recommendations may be issued to the effect that
specified actions Ie.g. repairsl or specified surveys are to be
carried OUt within specified time limits. Recommendations
may also be given regarding reduction of permissible loading.
1.5.2.3 Once a recommendation is forrnallv issued the va-
lidity of the Certificate of Approval is conditional upon
completion of the required work before the expiry. date. The
Owner is expected to take the necessary steps to fulfil the
condition without further action from Veritas. Should cir-
curnstances occur that make the fulfilment of the recom-
mendation impractical before the expiry date. or that requires
. the recommendation to be altered. the Owner's request for a
change of extention of the recommendation should be made
in good time before the expiry date.
1.5.2.4 The Owner should notify Veritas when a recom-
mendation has been completed so that a completion survey
may be carried out before expiry of the time limit.
1.5.2.5 . Updated lists of recommendations will be forward-
ed regularly to the Owner and to the Surveyor carrying out
the surveillance. . 1.7.1
1.5.3 Memoranda for Owners
1.5.3.1 Memoranda for Owners are information to the Ow-
nersregarding observed damage. deterioration or other sig-
nificant change in a structure which does not justify the issu-
ance of a recommendation at the present time.
1.5.3.2 Updated lists of these memoranda will be forward-
ed regularly to the Owner and to the Surveyor carrying out
the surveillance.
I~
I.S.~ Withdrawal of Certificate
I .s 4.1 Veritas reserves the ril;hl 10 withdra w the Ccrtifi-
call' of Approval if the Owner fails 10 cornplv with the direr-
lives of operaunp the system withm the specified limits.
1.5~.~ \\·ithdrawal may also take place when the Owner
fails to carry out regular in-service mspcction and maintcn-
ance according to the specifications for such inspecuon and
maintenance. Such work is to be surveyed by Veruas, see
Section 9.
I.SA-J I\ny of the events mentioned below may lead to
withdrawal.
The pipeline system is damaged. or is suspected of having
been damaged. in a manner likely to Impair its safety.
strength or stability. .
The pipeline system demonstrates signs of deterioration
likely to impair its safety, strength or stability.
The pipeline system is subjected to any alteration. repair
or replacement which will impair the operational safety.
1.5.4.4 The withdrawal may be made conditional. in that it
will be executed onlv if the Owner has failed to earn' out his
obligations within a ·stipulated time period. .
1.5.4.5 If the situation leading to withdrawal of the Certifi-
cate of Approval no longer exists. the Certificate may be
remstated . As a condition hereto. Veritas can require that the
pipeline system will be subjected to certain specified surveys
tests or improvements.
1.6 Conceptevaluation
1.6.1 General
1.6.1.1 Prior to the detailed design. the overall concept of
the pipeline system is to be checked in order to identify pos-
sible weak poims or unacceptable designs. This applies to
such as:
selection of pipeline route and protection methods
location and protection of riser I
location and protection of landfall .1
possibilities for pigging. inspection and monitoring of the
pipeline
choice of Codes.
1.6.1.2 Accidental situations should be taken into account
in the detailed design.
I,
I .6.1 .3 Special attention should be paid to protection. of and
to the possibilities for inspection and maintenance of gas ri-
J
sers inside waterfilled or closed compartments, and to gas li-
nes near platforms and populated areas.
1.6.1.4 For systems that involve new technology it may be
recommended to carry out an overall safety analysis.
1.7 Instrumentation for monitoring of the pipeline system
condition
General
I. 7.1.1 By instrumentation is meant special devices for ob-
servation and monitoring of the loading. response and condi-
tions of the pipeline system during fabrication. installation or
operation.
1.7.1.2 Instrumentation rnav be required when visual in-
spection or simple measurements are not considered practica- r
ble or reliable. and available design methods and previous ex-
perience are not sufficient for a reliable prediction of the per- J
formance of the pipeline system.
I

I
l 1.8 Documentation 1.8.2.6 Materials and fabrication of pipes and components
The following is to be submrtted for approval:
1.8.1 Submission of documentation Maleria s ecifications for pipes. i m components~
1.8.1.1 This section outlines the documentation required in ports. olts. nuts nd welding consumable. "O~,S'"
order to obtain a Certificate of Approval. Detailed require- Fabricatidfi pl..'Clficalion of pipes. piping components am
ments to the documentation is described in the respective supports. ~\.o
main sections.
1.8.2.7 Corrosion protection. The following information i:
1.8.1.2 Documentation essential for the understanding of to be submitted for approval:
the pipeline system and necessary to prove its safety is to be Specification for coating and coating application. includ
submitted Veritas, ing field joint coating
1.8.2 Design phase
"'-
- ' 'S.o-I)<:>"t""'V\.E:..
Specification for anodes
Specification of cathodic protection system including de-
1.8.2.1 The Owner is normally to~ to Veritas the de- sign calculations
sign documentation before fabrication and installation ~ Description of anode location
'l men~_ G» ~- e-~00.A......,

1.8.2.2 Concept evaluation. The following is to be submitt-

Drawing of anode. including rebar and earthing connec-
tion
Specification for protection of risers and pipelines in criti-
ed for information: cal areas such as in splash zone. J-tubes. tunnels.
Water depth along the pipeline route Specification for internal corrosion control.
Pipe dimensions
Fluid to be transported 1.8.2.8 Cons/ruction. The following information is to be
Design life submitted prior to start of construction.
Maximum and minimum design temperature Construction procedure specifications including installa-
Design pressure tion. tie-ins and protection
Project schedules Description of construction vessels and equipment
Plans for known future developments along the pipeline Specification for installation welding
roUte Description of quality control system including specifica-
Type and grade of material tion for non-destructive testing
Corrosion protection system Specification for final surveys and tests

The following is to be submitted for approval: 1.8.3 Fabrication phase

Overall drawing(S> showing location of the pipelines rela- 1.8.3.1 During and/or after fabrication the following doc-
tive to platforms; buildings. populated areas. ship lanes umentation is to be submitted:

:J and harbours and other items or activities essential for

the safety of the pipeline.
Platform layoutwith risers. riser protection system. cra-
nes. living quarters. boat. landing area as well as rescue
Material certificates for pipes.. piping components. riser
supports and anodes
Fabrication procedure qualification report including
welding procedure qualification record
area clearly marked. Qualification record for welders and welding operators
1.8.2.3 Environment. The following is to be presented for Hydrostatic testing reports
1.. 1 information and evaluation: Production test records (visual. NDT. dirnensionall
Soil properties' relevant for foundation evaluation Reports on coating
....:.. Bottom topography
Wind and wave conditions 1.8.3.2 Materia pressurized parts are
Current and tide conditions _ normally to be
Maximum and minimum seawater and air temperatures
Corroslvitv 1.8.4. Installation phase
Ice conditions 1.8.4.1 During and/or after construction the following doc-
Seismic activity
Marine growth umentation i e submitted: . ~~t:\.."C A .. «-~
- As-laid Iignment Sheets
As-built drawings of special pipeline geometries such as
1.8.2.4 Loads. The following is to be presented for in- expansion loops and crossings
.1 formation: As-built drawings of riser systems
- Any loads during fabrication. installation and operation As-built isometric drawings of risers showing the location
which may govern the design. of each item and weld and with reference to their item/
The following is to be presented for approval: heat/ number/ certificate and heat treatment report num-
- Calculation of functional loads ber if relevant
- Calculation of environmental loads Non-destructive testing records
As-built drawings of non-standardized piping compo-
1.8.2.5 Strength and if/place stability, The following is to be
nents such as tees and reducers
submitted for approval:
Post weld heat treatment report
Structural drawings of risers and riser supports.
Dimensional control report if relevant
Structural drawings of special pipeline geometries such as
Final inspection report
expansion loops. crossings and laterals.
I Hydrostatic test report
Structural drawings of non-standardized piping compo-
~J
I
Report on pigging and ~if relevant)
nents such as tees. reducers. connectors etc.
Report on performance of the cathodic protection system
On bouom stability analysis.
Report on trenching/ protection
I Structural analysis. including control a ainst excessive
F cl·\e yic:lding. fatigue failure. propagaung ouctile 'ra,cture and
_.1j""' <... ~racture as applicable. o .. ~ '- ~
1.8.5 Filing of documentation
-. ~ral stability analysis. including control against 1.8.5.1 It is the Owners responsibilitv (0 keep complete fi-
buckling and excessive displacements. les on all relevant documentation during the life of the pipeli-
Dynamic analysis. including vibration analysis. if rel- ne system. Documentation to be tiled is at least as defined In
evant. 1.8.2 - 1.!lA. The file should include the necessary reports
Foundation analysis. including sea bottom stability. from operation. in-service inspection and maintenance.
 l
14
I
\ ' . r- . ......
SECTION 2
I H~"~Q. 0.... c.....
'" . - ... 1

/ ENVIRONMENT
.....:..'--'\.~\,h~'-e.~""\ 4l.

I
I 2.1.1 Environmental phenomena
2.1 General ~c~"w""ff~~

~
'ec
The intended pipeline route is to be surveyed for
and obstructions down to a depth exceedrng that
reac ed by the pipeline during installation. burial or opera-
c- ::'lu>€fo

\ 2.1.1.1 All environmental phenomena which m a y Q tion.

'--·----the.J)ro~ unction of the system or cause a reduction of the
system eliabilit re to be considered. Such phenomena in- 2.2.2.6 The results of the survey are to be presented in an
clude win . waves. currents. ice. seismic. geological. and geo- accurate route map indicating the location of the pipeline and
technical conditions. temperature. ~I~ biological activit- related facilities and the seabed properties, See 2.2.4. j;
wh
ies. chemical components of water and transported fluid etc.
.A ........ ~'-4. O"lO"""rt...
2.2.3 Bottom topography g~o.,pv
2.1.2 Acceptable environmental data c:r 2.2.3.1 All topographical features infl;tcin g the stability
2..1.2.1 The environmental conditions are to be described and installation of the pipeline are to be vered by the route
using adequate data for the areas in which the system is to be survey. The survev is at least to define: ..........<14<..:
obstructions in the form of rock outcrops. larg boulde
installed. ~c .......... ~~
etc. that could require levelling or removal opera Ions
2.1.:!.2 Data supplied by generally <;:ogni~ consultants prior to pipeline installation
will normally be accepted as a basis for desIgn. Background to raphical features that contains potentially unstable
information on data collection and derivation is to be sub- 10 es s nd waves. deep valleys and erosion in form of
mitted on Veritas' request. .p~
scou attern or material deposits.
f'~~~~ ......~ .r--~

2.1.2.3 The various environmental factors are to be describ-
ed by characteristic parameters based on statistical data or
long term observations. If sufficient data directly applicable
for location in question are not available. reasonablyconserv-
ative estimates based on relevant data for other relevant loca-
tions may be used.
2.1.2.4 Statistical data are to be utilized in describing en-
vironmental parameters of a random nature (e.g. waves.
windl. .Proper care is to be exercised in deriving such par-
ameters in a statistically vali(fuann§:;)nd generally accepted
2.2.4 Seabed properties
2.2.4.1 All the geotechnical properties necessary for
evaluating the effects of relevant loading conditions are to be
determined for the subfloor deposits. This should include
possible unstable deposits in the vicinity of the pipeline.
2.2.4.2 The geotechnical properties may be obtained
through. a com.oination ?f seismic survey.eii'l~in sit~ tests
and borings wlth€mllmg ) . e~Qrv..~t'lQ
~ e---v--r..Q

Supplementary informations may be obtained from geologi-

.. 'UI...
--...,"'

methods are to be used. C . cal surveys. sea bottom topographical surveys. visual sur-
. ~e:..-... ..... ~ veys. biological investigations. chemical examinations and la-
boratory testing on samples from borings.

2.2 Guidelines for site and labory investigations may be found in

Veritas' Technical Note 302.
2.2.1 Location
2.2.4.3 Special investigations of the subfloor deposits may
2.2.1 .1 The route should be selected with due regard to the be required to evaluate specific problems. Examples of such
probability of damages to the pipe and the consequences of a problems are:
possible pipe rupture. Factors to take into consideration are: ease of excavation and/ or burial operations.'
population density possibilities of flow @ or liquefaction as the result of
location of living quarters repeated loadings.
ship traffic
fishing activity
offshore operations 2.3 Environmental conditions
unstable seabed
corrosivity of the environment 2.3.1 General
Known future operations in the vicinity of the route is to be
taken into consideration. 2.3.1.1 Possible effects of the 'various environmental actions
are to be taken into account to the ~relevant to the si-
2.2.2 Route survey tuation considered. ~.i. ~ . • '
~ #-j ~" .<;;> '---'C.-

2.2.2.1 A detailed route survey is to be performed to pro- 2.3.2 Tide i\;'-\JJ..'(~j)-"

vide sufficient data for design and construction.
2.2.2.2 The route survey is to cover sufficient width and ac-
curacy to permit the safe and proper installtion and operation
of the pipeline.
2.3.2.1 Tides are to be taken into consideration when the
water depth is a significant parameter. such as when deter-
mining wave loads on a riser. planning laying operations. de-
termining maximum or minimum water pressures etc.

2.2.2.3 The accuracy needed may vary along the proposed 2.3.2.2 The assumed maximum tide is to include both as-
route. A higher degree of accuracy is required in areas where tronomical tide and storm surge. Minimum tide estimates
other activities. obstructions or highly varied seabed topogra- should be base on the astronomical tide and possible nega-
phy or subsurface conditions may dictate more detailed in-
vestigations.
tive storm surge.
_0.
0 .......~J4;L

2.2.2.4 A proper investigation to reveal possible conflicts 2.3.3 Wind

/
s.o\.\ l..'t.-v I
with existing or planned installtions is to be performed. Ex-
amples of such installations are other submarine pipelines
2.3.3.1 ~action of wind is to be taken into considera-
tion for len risers. The possibility of vibrations of such ri-
J
and communication cables. sers excited bv wind is to be considered. Special anenuon IS
 15

to be paid to wind loads in the construction and transporta- salinity

tion phases. oxygen content
pl l-value
2.3.3.2 For risers the wind data used are in principle to be resistivity
the same as those used for the design of the platform. current
biological activity (sulfate reducing bacteria etc'>
-:l, .,....\).... 2.3.3.3 If the riser is positioned adjacent to other structural
.; . .r
'~hould
• parts. possible effects due to disturbance in the flow field
be con.sidered when determini.ng the wind loads. Such
2.3.7 Ice
2.3.7. I In case the install~ is to be located in an area
errec[S maY~be caused by an increase or reduction of where ice may develope or 'ri proper consideration of ice
,-' the wind spee . or by dynamic excitations caused by vortexes
\ shed from the adjacent structural parts. conditions and their possible effects on riser or pipeline is to
..1
be made. The ice conditions should be studied with particular
2.3.4 Waves attention to possible:
ice forces 0 riser and on pipeline

1 1.3.4.1 The effect of waves is to be taken into consideration

for both pipeline and riser. Examples of such effects are the
action of wave forced on riser or on pipeline during installa-
tion or when resting on bottom (not buried). Examples of
indirect effects are deformation of riser due to wave forces 2.3.7._ The description of ice conditons should preferably
acting on the platform. and deformation of pipeline due to be in accordance with the «World Meterorological Organiza-
lay barge motions in waves.
Possible liquifaction and transportation of sea bed material is
also to be considered.
2.3.4.2 If the riser is positioned adjacent to other structural
parts. possible effects due to disturbance of the flow field
should be considered when determining the wave loads.
Such effects may either be caused by changes in the wave
particle kinematics. or by dynamic excitation caused by vor-
texes shed from the adjacent structural parts.
1.3.4.3 For riser the wave data to be used are in principle to
be the same as those used for the design of the platform.
1.3.4.4 For the assessment of wave conditions along the pi-
peline route a limited number of intervals may be assumed.
each of which being characterized by water depth. bottom to-
pography and other factors affecting the wave conditions.
r_ - " J
2.3.5 Current u:o.:l.'"' ~
2.3.5. I The effect of current is to be taken into considera-
tion for both pipeline and riser.
potential our at pipeline location and contact with pipe-
ine by floaiing ice I.&-'";l"'-Co - fil.-"~""S.~
ice problems during the installation operations
~c.o...'-'J
tion Sea-Ice Nomenclature».
2.3.8 Air and sea temperatures
2.3.8.1 Reasonably accurate air and sea temperature statist-
ics are to be provided. These data are important for proper
determination of design temperatures. possible thermal stres-
ses. deformations. displacements. etc.
2.3.8.2 The period of observations on which the maximum
and minimum air and sea temperature statistics are based.
should preferably be several years.
2.3.9 Marine growth
2.3.9.1 The effect of marine growth on riser and pipeline
loads is to be considered. taking into account all biological
and environmental factors relevant to the site in question.
2.3.9.2 For determination of the hydrodynamic loads spe-
cial attention is to be paid to the effective diameter increase
and the equivalent roughness of accumulated marine growth
when determining the hydrodynamic coefficients.

2.3".5.2 The assumed current velocities are to include pos-

sible contributions from tidal current. wind induced currents.
storm surge current. density current and possible other cur-
rent phenomena. For near shore regions longshore current
due to wave breaking should also be considered .
.1' 2.3.5.3 The tidal current may normally be determined from 2.4 Internal pipe conditions
harmonic analyses of recorded data. while wind induced-.
storm surge and density currents may be determined either 2.4.1 Installation conditions
J from statistical analyses of recorded data. or from numerical
simulations. .o s» ..-.,... ,,~~.~r.2'
, 4 I I A description of the internal conditions during stor-
_.. :. . .
::.0....~~, 0 .14~ cn\O...":\~ age. installation. and pressure testing IS to
b ed Of
e prepar .
r. .. .~ special concern i he duration of exposure to sea water and
Na nnall' a wind induced surface curr,"~ correspond- ~'i'_ and h"h. inhibitors are to b. used,
(U 109 to 1 per cent of the I hour mean wind speed will be ac-
epted, ~. an
. 4 5 6
. ~

2.4.2 Operational conditions

I 1.3.5.4 In regions where bottom material may erode. spe-
I cial studies of the current conditions near the bottom includ-
ing boundary layer effects may be required for onbottorn
lA.2.1 The physical and chemical composition of the pro-
duct and the pressures and temperatures along the pipeline
stability calculations of pipelines. are to be specified.

2.3.5.5 For risers and for pipelines during laying reasonable 2.4.2.2 Limits of temperatures and pressures. and allowed
assumptions should be made as to current velocity distribu- concentrations of corrosive components for the product LO be
uon.over the depth. For risers this is normally to be the same transported are to be specified, Of special concern is the con-
as used for the platform. . tent of:

2.3.6 Corrosivity sulphur compounds

water
1.3.6.1 For the evaluation of the corrosion protection sys- chlorides

J
tern the follow109 properties. with seasonal variauons 0; the oxygen
sea water and soil along the route are 10 be considered: carbon dioxide
- temperature hydrogen sulphide.
 II.

25 Design temperature 2.5,2 Difft'rl'ntiatt'd dt'sil:11 temperatures

2.5.2.1 \\' hell estimated operational and CIl\ rronmcntal
2.5.1 General
temperatures varv sl!=nifi(;anti\ alonp the pipehnc. .J diller-
2.5 I I :\11I1111111111 and l11a\ll11l1l11 dt:SI;:1l tcmocr.uurc-, '0' cnnated design temperature for different intcrv...Is or sections
pipehne sysrcm .IS I,) be cSlahhslll.:J tor sdt:C1IPIl ,)1 ;U.!t:4U:Jll' of the pipeline system may be specified
111:II~nals lor plpt:S and \:oallllj: S<:t: sccuon .I. 5 and to
 17
. J
SECTION 3
LOADS
3.1 Loading condltlons and design conditions
3.1.1 General
3.1.1.1 In order to relate permissible stresses or strains to
the probability of the loading and the risks involved these Ru-
les define two loading conditions and two design conditions.
3.1.2 Loading conditions
.1 3.1.2.1 Any part of the pipeline system is to be designed for
the most unfavorable of the following loading conditions:
al Functional loads
b) Design environmental loads and simultaneously acting
functional loads
Functional loads and design environmental loads are defined
in 3.2 and 3.3
3.1.2.2 For each of the above loading conditions and for
each member or cross section to be considered. the most un-
favourable relevant combination. position and direction of
forces which may act simultaneously are to be used in the an-
alysis.
--1
3.1.2.3 All direction of wind. waves and current are to be
j assumed equally probable. unless statistics show clearly that
wind. waves and current of the prescribed probability are dif·
ferent for different directions.
3.1.3 Design conditions
3.1.3.1 Both loading conditions defined in 3.1.2.1 are to be
1 considered for aU different conditions or phases relevant to
the pipeline or riser in question.
I missible hoop stress in the static condition.
3.1.3.2 . With respect to levels of permissible stresses
(strains) any situation or phase is to be referred to one of the
two following design conditions:
Pipeline system during operation
Pipeline system during installation
Closer definitions of the above design conditions are given in
4.1.3.2.
Note that weight of transported ~~and buoyancy will
not have the same effect on stresses as weight of pipe if the
pipe is vertical or inclined. See also 3.2.3.2.
3.2.2.3 Pressure is to include:
internal fluid pressure.
external hydrostatic pressure.
soil pressure for buried pipes.
3.2.2.4 Thermal expansion and contraction loads are pri-
marily to include the effect of product temperature on mate-
rial temperature. Possible other causes of changes in materiaf
temperature are also to be considered. The ternperaturedif-
ference to be considered is that between material temperature
during operation and material temperature during installa-
tion. (Loads due 10 thermal expansion of an enclosed fluid are
to be included in "internal fluid pressure» mentioned in
3.2.2.3)
3.2.2.5 Thermal expansion or contraction loads do not ha-
ve to be taken into account when they do not influence the
capacity to carry other loads. Fluctuation in temperature may
cause fatigue and be taken into account when checking fati-
gue strength.
3.2.2.6 Prestressing. such as permanent curvature or a per-
manent elongation introduced during installation. is to be ta-
ken into account to the extent the capacity to carry other
loads is affected by the prestressing.
3.2.2.7 The functional loads are mainly static. Exception
may be internal fluid pressure. which may change with time
rapid enough to cause dynamic effects. Under normal condi-
tions this effect may be considered allowed for by the per-
3.2.3 Functional loads during installation
3.2.3.1 The functional loads during installation may be
grouped as
weight
- pressure
- installation forces.

@
~ ' 2 '3 '2 If the buoyancy of the pipe is included in the term
«weight». the longitudinal force due to press!.lG.is to be add-
'.J. 3.2 Functional loads . ed. If weight in air is used together with the actual pressure
normal to the surface. the effect of pressure on the longitudi-
3.2.1 General nal force is automatically included in the result.

J 3.2.1.1 Functional loads are loads which are necessary con-

sequences of the system's existence. use and treatment in the
various situations under ideal conditions. Ideal conditions
3.2.3.3 Installation forces are to include all forces acting on
the pipe due to the installation operations. Typical installation
forces are applied tension during laying and forces from the
means no wind. waves etc.. i.e. no environmental loads act- trenching machine if trenching is carried out after laying.
ing.

3.2.1.2 Functional loads which normally are to be consid-

I
ered for the operation and installation phases are given in
3.2.2 and 3.2.3.
j 3.3 Environmental loads
3.2.2 Functional loads during operation
3.3.1 General
3.2.2.1 Functional loads during operation will normally be J.3.1.1 Environmental loads are loads due to wind. waves.
those due to
weight current and other environmental phenomena. Loads due to
pressure human activities independen • t ipeline system are also
.~ . -'-~•• E'.... ~ ~ ... eu.... ,
thermal expansion and contraction included, e.g. Impact rrorn traw bod
ar -1<:t~ • ..: f~uJo-":'
prestressing. b-x'i:.S~~
3.3.1.2 The environmental loads are random 111 nature and
3.2.2.2 Weight is to include: should in principle be evaluated by ean of probabilistic
weight of pipe. including coating and all attachments (0 methods. Natural, simultaneous occurence of different en-
[he pipe. vironmental phenomena is to be determined y proper super-
weight of transported contents. posntion of their individual effects, taking )nto account the
buoyancy. probabuity of their SImultaneous occurence. "-~be.o
 18

J.J.I .J The environmental loads during norm' o eration a = liquid particle acceleration normal to the pipe axis
are not to be taken less than the most probabl sever~oad (wave induced particle acceleration)
in a time period of 100 years. ~. ~" ..... - . .ar = relative acceleration between water particle and pi-
-t .;>l!.-.).....,.,.... pe normal to the pipe axis
3.3.1.4 For temporary ~ the design period is to be ta- Cn. = added mass coefficient. In general em is a function
ken as three times the expected duration of the phase. but not L of Reynolds number. Keulegan-Carpenter number.
less than 3 months. Sec also 3.3. I .5. ... pipe roughness. and the distance between the pipe
~~'5 and a fixed boundary. This boundary may f.inst. be
J.3.1.5 The environmental parameters for determination of ...e.,"~ the seabouom for a pipeline on or close to the sea-
environmental loads in temporary phases lasting 5 davs or io'!tl ...,..;,... bottom. or the caisson wall for the outside riser on a
less. and which can be interrupted on a 48 hours Earnini) ; r1: .
gravity structure. Proposed values of C m given in
can be based on reliable weather forecasts. ~v· 5.0 'i!> {.r·....y.e.Appendix A may be used.
c..~~\i;:"""S'. Dr =
total outside diameter of the pipe (including coating.
J 3.3.2 Wind Joads
3.3.2.1 Wind loads. based on given wind data. may be de-
marine growth etc.J, .

3.304.3 The drag force per unit length of the pipe IS to be

termined in accordance with a recognized code or in accord-
calculated as:

S ance with Appendix A. Direct application of data from ade-

quate tests may also be used.

3.J.2.2 The wind data assumed for 'the determination of

Fo = drag force per unit length normal to the pipe axis.
~-
)'s~'& ut.<- loads are to be based on statistical information. See also
Co = drag coefficient for the flow normal to the pipe axis.
2.3.3.2 . . ' ombined with maximum wave loads the one
fr- ·....,..... minut stained ind speed is to be used. I ust ind only
In general CD is a function of Reynolds number.
Keulegan-Carpenter number. pipe" roughness and
~ is more' un avourable than sustained wind in conjunction
the distance between the pipe and a fixed boundary.
with wave loads. the 3 seconds gust wind spee is to be used.
Proposed values ofCo are given in Appendix A.
J\.Q.~ \. = water particle velocity relative to the pipe. normal
3.3.2.3 In addition to the determination of maximum static r
to the pipe axis.
(or quasistatiC> wind loads. the possibility of vibrations due to
windinducedcycJic loads is to be considered. Guidelines per: IV,I =
absolute value of V,
sign ofF o
taining in particular to the vortex shedding phenomena are
~and 0, see3.3A.2.
given in Appendix A.

3.3.3 Hydrodynamic loads. general

3.3.3.1 Hydrodynamic loads are flow induced loads caused
by the relative motions between the pipe and the surrounding
liquid. When determining the hydrodynamic loads. the rela-
tive liquid particle velocities and accelerations used in the cal-
culations are to be established taking into account contribu-
tions from waves. current and pipe motions if significant. 3.3.4.5 For pipes on or close to a fixed boundary lift forces
perpendicular to the axis of the pipe. and perpendicular to the
3.3.3.2 The hydrodynamic loads on a pipe may be divided velocity vector are to be taken into account. These iorces are
into the following five categories: to be calculated as:
Drag and lift forces which are in phase with the absolute
or relative water panicle velocity.
Inertia forces which are in phase with the absolute or
relative water panicle acceleration. where
Flow induced cyclic loads due to vortex shedding and
other instability.phenomena. = lift force per unit length acting normal to the axis of
Impact loads due to wave slamming. the pipe. and normal to the velocity vector.
Buoyancy variations due.to wave action. = the lift force coefficient. In general Ctis a function
of Reynolds number. Keulegan-Carpenter number.
Flow induced cyclic loads and wave slamming loads are delt pipe roughness and the distance between the pipe
with in Appendix A. and a fixed boundary. Proposed values of Clare gi-
ven in Appendix A.
3.3.4 Wave loads
g. V,. 0 see 3.3.4.2 and 3.3.4.3.
3.3.4.1 Wave-induced loads acting on a submerged pipe are
to becaJculated according, to recognized methods, In the de- 3.3.4.6 To obtain the combined effect of simultaneous drag.
termination of the hydrodynamic coefficients involved. rel- lift and inertia forces. these are to be added vectorially, taking
evant model test data and published data may be used. the phase angles between them into account.
<'l~~:~
Forces obtained directly by eliabl and adequate model tests 3.3.4.7 Possible influence of adjacent structual parts should
may alternatively be used in t e prediction of wave loads. be taken into account when determining the wave loads as
described in 2.3.4.2.
3.3.4.2 The inertia force per unit length of the pipe is to be
calculated as: 3.3.4.8 For exposed risers and suspended spans of pipeli-
,x. -0 2 -02 nes. the possibility of vibrations due to vortex shedding and
Fm ="< ~a
4 +"< C m ..::=:.La,
4 other instability phenomena due (a wave action should be
considered.
where

= the inertia force per unit length acting normal to the 3.3.5 Current loads
pipe axis. ).J.5.1 The current induced drag and lift forces on a pipeli-
= the mass density of the surrounding water. ne or riser are to be determined m combination with the wa-
1!111!11I1111.1I111111111.11 • • • • •, ---------------------~--~~ ••:"

1
 19
SoC::: ~o f e":'e.-LS ~
ve forces. This may be done by a vector additon of the wave Weight of the ice. /
and current induced water particle velocities. If available. Impact forces due to~f the ice.
computations of the total particle velocities and accelerations, Forces due to expansion of the ice.
based on more exact theories of wave - current interaction. Increased wind- and wave-forces due to increased expos-
will be preferred. ed area or volume.

3.3.5.2 Special attention is to be paid to possible current in-
duced vibrations. of exposed risers and free spans of pipelines
due to vortex shedding or other instability phenomena.
For guidance see Appendix A.
3.3.6 ..Indlrect» environmental loads
3.3.6.1 For a riser during operation possible significant soil
deformation. displacement of the platform due to soil de-
formation. and significant platform deformation are to be ta-
ken into account. Some portion of the connected pipeline
may also be considered for such effect.
3.3.7.3 Forces from floating ice are to be calculated accord-
ing to the best available theory. Due attention is to be paid to
the mechanical properties of the ice. contact area. shape of
structure. direction of ice movements etc. The oscillating na-
ture of the ice forces (build-up of lateral force and fracture of
moving ice> is to be taken into account in the structural ana-
lysis. When forces due to lateral ice motion will govern struc-
tural dimensions. model testing of the ice-structure interac-
tion may be required.

J.3.6.2 For a pipeline during laying. the effect of lay-vessel

movements due to waves are to be considered. For a riser be-
,.1 ing installed from a vessel a similar effect may be considered.
:r"~k - .... -I·~
3.3.7 Ice loads .. 'C."-lc.e..t'O_ '-~.c."",\4

3.3.7.1 In areas where ice may

bility of loads on the pipeline syste is to be considered. Such
forces may partly be due to ice rozen n the pipeline system
itself. and partly due to floating Ice. For shore approaches
and areas of shallow water the possibility of ice scouring and
impacts from drifting ice is to be considered.
~s-r-,
' ,3.3.7.2 In case of ice frozen to~ater pans of the sys-
tem (e.g, due to sea~the following forces are to be con-
i/ ' sidered: '- 'So -r"a-~ e. '2.~
~l '---> ,Ja'1-<-.... ~_~ ...... : i~,~ ...e~ :S.~f"'""""':~
j e.':"c.<i!.eo .,.I-c.~ ~.........c.. "... ,,=oJ\.v; "'... t ~ :~~

"1
I

'1
 , \O
-;..'o,,,O"v-'-Q-.....
cc-R-.o-., J:;. c"'O-'\.:'("\
cJ.-.."'.. . . ~ "''" "'"
:!o /_1> cc\.,'-~\..~ ~v:l~ l.~\~,-"-A..) 1
SECTldl\\
4
STRENGTH AND. INPLACE STABILITY
4.1 General ·U 32'., I n these: Rules two main design conditions arc de-
fined '.
4.1.1 Design analyses
4.1.1.1 The design analyses are to be based on accepted
-,
Pipeline-systems during operation
principles of statics. dynamics. strength of materials. and soil PIpeline sY$tems during mstallation
mechanics. and are to be in accordance with these Rules. See
also 4-.1.2.3.

4.1.1.2 Simplified methods of analysis may be used if these

are reasonably conservative. Model tests may be used in
combination with or instead of theoretical calculations. In ca-
ses where theoretical methods are inadequate. model or full
scale tests may be required. f~.J...:.,.-A..L..
-<..!7L_....'Le...~
4. I. I.J 'Vhen determining responses to dynamid loads. the
dynamic effect is to be taken into account if~d signi-
ficant. Dynamic analyses or reasonably conservative qua-
sistatic considerations may be used. .
4.2 Pipeline/riser during operation
4.1.1.4 All forces and support displacements which may
influence the safety. are to be taken into account. For each 4.2.1 General
cross section or part of the system to be considered. and for 4.2.1.1 The pipeline/ riser is to have a minimum safety
each possible form of failure {Q be analysed. the relevant against the modes of failure mentioned in 4.1.2.1.
combination of forces which may act simultaneously are to
be considered.· 4.2.1.~ In order to avoiddamage to the pipelineirisers they
should not be located tOO close to foreign structures. pipeli-
4.1.1.5 These Rules do not include the problem of optimum ne.' oulders etc. If. however. this is unavoidable the
design. which would involve repeated design analyses. Pipe ipelinei rise hould be kept in position by clamps. supports
diameter. operating pressure and other vital parameters are etc. \\' hen one pipeline is crossing another the recommended
assumed to be known. ~~.t.. , minimu clearance between the two pipelines is 0.3 rn.
. .....,O"oJi-\.O.t.... ~~:;..o

4.1.2 Design criteria 4.2.1.3 External risers are to be adequately protected

4.1.2.1 Pipelines and risers are to be designed against the against impact loads from vessels and other machanical influ-
following possible modes of failure: ence. tq,,'\.Q..o,j:;:'\~
Excessive yielding ~he protection may be obtained by: ~---~
Buckling ~~ I: eoL: Q.; - e.~tii~ocat1on wit~ re ard r6 boat landings. etc..
Fatigue failure ~'I <, - iristallation 0 endenn structures.
. le - location of the risers within the platform structure itself.
.The protection system is subject to approval. See 3.3.8.

~
..l r;.,.. J _
4.2.1.4 In zone 2 and where ound ecessary pipelines are
to be protected against unaccepta e mechanical influence.
Protection may be achieved by one or a combination of the
For design against corrosion. see Section 6. following means:
Concrete coating
4.1.2.2 These Rules do not specify any limitations regard- Burial
ing elastic deformations or vibrations. provided the effect of Backfilling - ......... ~~~--e._\. ~€.~ $;.,..'./<)
large deformations and the effect of dynamic behavior. in- Other mechanical protection.
cluding fatigue effect of vibrations. are taken into account in
the strength analyses.

4.1.2.3 Strength criteria are here primarily based on the

meth2~TJ?S!l!lj~J~j~,)1'f~is:'lne-ririij('state-mernod'~m"ay,
a'm5"l3e used. provided t'fleioad- and material factors used for
the ultimate limit state wiII represent the safety required in 4.2.2 Yielding
these Rules. See also 1.4.3. 4.2.2.1 For pipelines the tensile hoop stress ("v) due to a
pressure differential between internal and external pressures.
4.1.2.4 The safety against brittle fracture is normally con- is not to exceed the permissible value "yp given below.
side:ed satisfactory i[.J!!; materials are in accordance with
Section 5 and the tWO'i'Kmanstil~ding. and testing are in
accordance with SecrronT.8"aiiafO. L C
. . . 'Ul.JDlO

4.1.3 Design conditions

71h = usage factor Gee Table 4.1)
4.1.3.1 The safety against the modes of failure mentioned
in 4.1.2.1 is to be checked for the design conditions in which
Gyp = permissible hoop stress
!IF = specified minimum yield strength
the mode of failure in question is possible - with due regard k, = temperature derating factor.
to permissible stress (or strain) levels in the considered condi- For material temperatures below J 20°C. k, 1.0 =
tion. A general definition of «design condition» is given in
3.1.3. A more precise definition of the design condiuons, to
may normally be used. For higher temperatures a
reduction of k., depending on type of material. is to j
which different stress levels are connected. is given in 4.·1..3.2. be considered.
11111111111_' _
 21

Table 4.1 US3Ke factor is not to exceed the permissible value a or given below.

Zone T:"",,-c.~,0 "'-<..

Loading <;Qndition
t.............~e-
~ . '1 op = 'Jcr '1F • k(
a 'lop = usage factor as defined in Table 4.1
b '1, = longitudinal stress
I 't... " 0.72 ,,":s 0.96 '1). = hoop stress
2 0.50 0.67 t: ,y = tangential shear stress

4.2.2.2 If not a more accurate mel hod is used. the tensile !1F and k(are defined in 4.2.2.1.
hoop stress. to be compared with a yp of 4.2.2.1. is to be deter-
mined by the following formula: 4.2.2.9 For suspended spans in axially restrained lines the
axial force developed due to the sag may be taken into ac-
'1 y = (Pi-PC>' lto count. If this effect will stop the bending strain (or flattening}
within the limit given in 4.2.2.5 and 4.2.2.6. the value of a.
Pi = Internal pressure to be inserted in the formula of 4.2.2.8 mav be determined as
p, = external pressure if the span acts as a cable. In such a case stresses due to ther-
D = nominal outside diameter of pipe mal expansion will only be those corresponding to the chan-
......~(a-
t = nominal wall thickness of pipe ge in sag caused by the thermal expansion.

? J (Pi - PC> is to be the maximum ofthe difference (p,

along the porticn of the pipeline intended to
- P
have'~()nsta~r5
I
. 4.2.2.10 Corrosion and erosion allowances are not to be
included in the nominal thickness used for the determination
/.
_ _ _ _.....:t:..:and material pro~ies. and which is to be pressure tested of stresses.
mlt
ne and the sa!!2$X>peration,. Pi is not to be taken less
than The highest of the following pr~ssures at the considered
-tO nt :
maximum steady state operating pressure
- static head pressure with the line in a static condition

4.2.3 Buckling
The possibility of buckling is to be considered. De-
4.2.3.1
pending upon the load and support conditions of the pipe.
one or more of the following three buckling modes may be
possible:
'.1 4.2.2.4 . For pipeliners and risers the permissible longitudi-
Local buckling of the pipe wall. due to external pressure.
axial force and bending moment. See 4.2.3.2 through
nal stress (a,) and shear stress C,x) depend on the consequen- 4.2.3.4.
ces of 'ieldin. n Cases where possible strain (displacement) Propagation buckling due to external pressure - when
does not exceed the permissible strain (see 4.2.2.5>' stresses~ first a local buckle or similar damage has occured. See
need not to be used as a criterion for safety against excessive e
4.2.3.5.
Buckling of the pipe as a~ compression, See 4.~.6 .
• yielding.l In cases where possible strain exceeds the perrnissi- f :P ""~t-A--~. d...&t~_ .....
ble strain (d~spl.acemenu. the equivalent stress ("c> is to be us- ~ e..A~-I!'"D ......:. ;:."'.......~'-
ed as the cntenon. see 4.2.2.8. . l 4.2.3.2 The pipeline is to have adequate safety against local
" lq~~~'Z.. buckling under the most unfavourable combination of ex-
4.2.2.5 The permissible strain depends on thefducility of the ternal overpressure. axial force and bending moment. The
material and on previously experienced plastic/strain. The pi- applied combination of stresses is to be compared with the
peline or riser is to have acceptabel fracture toughn after critical combinations. The critical combinations mav be de-
the deformation. For Olt ratios above a certain va ue. arten- termined from available relevant test results. The empirical
ing may govern. see 4.2.2.6:~ formulas. methods and corresponding criteria given in A~
pendix B may be used.
,."1 4.2.2.6..--T!:l~Ulattening due to bending together with the~t
J of roundness toleranc from fabrication of the pipe see 4.2.3.3 Bending moment due to a curvature which cannot
" ..2.. IS not to exceed 2 /i) : \o~og,~':l>..J"\ . ~ change. e.g, a riser in a J-tute needs not be taken into ac-
G .....~.~.~ .. ,'" /2/: . .~ count in the buckling analysis.
•. ~.. " - ' 0'0 ., ovQ..l(.".... ""'-_,
C "11._;.. ....... 2 m.. - min < --- -e """~"""'t.
..' <:.) 0ma.... 0min 100 4.2.3.4 The effect ofweight coating on pipe wall buckling
may be taken into account if satisfactory analytical or ex-
·n.2? The requirements of 4.2.2.5 and 4.2.2.6 apply to perimental documentation is provided.
conditions of permanent strain. such as the permanent curva- ~4.\. e-~
!ure of a buried pipeline. They also apply to exposed pipelines 4.2.3.5 ~ropagation buckling cannot be initiated be-
I~ (al.mostJ continuous contact with the bottom. For .exposed fore a local buckle has occured. no additional safetv azainst
pipelines not in continuous contact with the bottom the re- propagation buckling is required. For guidance see Appendix
quirernents of 4.2.2.5 and 4.2.2.6 will apply provided yield- B. r~e./~"""'t. ... '~·. c;;l • .J_~. o; ~h.'':~O c\..: ...."'_T"'.......
mg would lead to such contact that the strain would be
stopped before exceeding the permissible value. 4.2.3.6 ~has
to be documented either that the safety
against!'5irouckling is not less than what IS normally accept-
4.2.2.8 Normally for risers and in cases where possible ed or. 'irbarbuckling is unavoidable. that the pipeline! riser
strain exceeds the permissible strain. e.g. suspended spans will not suffer any dama~he postbuckled mode. For a _
where new contact with the bottom is not obtained before nonburried pipeline such ~will normally not be requir- (
the permissible strain is exceeded. the equivalent stress. defin- ed. .... "
ed as (lO-J .... - Q r"U:l.J..... J..,... ='
4.2.4 Fatigue
42.4.1 All stress fluctuations of magnitude and number
 large enough to have a significant fatigue effect on the pipeli· consisung of a convenient number of constant amplitude J
ne system are to be investigated. stress range blocks (0r'j and a number of repetitions nj' The
fatigue criteria then reads:
4.2.4.2 Typical causes of stress fluctuations in a pipeline
system are. s n
Direct action of waves. r -7 <I}
Vibrations of the pipeline system. e.g, due to vortex ,=1 1',
shedding caused by current. waves. or wind.
Platform movements (displacements or deformations). where
Fluctuations in operating pressure and temperature.
= number of stress blocks
The above phenomena. together with possible other causes of = number of stress cycles in stress block i
stress fluctuations. are to be considered to the extent relevant = number of cycles to failure at constant stress range
in each case. (a~
1] = usage factor
4.2.4.3 Fatigue analyses are in particular to be made for
constructional details likely to cause stress consentrations. The number of stress blocks. s. is to be large enough to ensu-
se.-po TheJiIDi):>ffatigue design is to ensure adequate safety against re reasonalbe numerical accuracy. f'" ~"~6~t.:r",-'. ~ f.""
"",""\.",,~,,.:t e....."" "\,,0 """"-. .....
---fatigue failures within. the planned life of the structure. The
specific criteria will depend on method of analysis. of which The limit damage ration 1] will depend on th~ntaina~
two different categories exist: i.e, possibility for inspection and repair.
Recommended values of 1] are given in Table 4.3.
a> Methods based on fracture mechanics. See 4.2.4.4.
Methods. other than Miner's rule. for accessing cumulative
b) Methods based on fatigue tests. See 4.2.4.5.
damage will be considered in each separate case.
4.2.4.4 Where appropriate. a calculation procedure based
on fracture mechanics may be used. The specific criteria will T a ble 4 3 U sage f actor
be considered in each separate case. ""\
Access for inspection No access Access
4.2.4.5 The methods based on fatigue tests consists general-
ly of the following three main steps: Usage factor I"\. = 0.1 0.3
Determination of long term distribution of stress range.
I see 4.2.4.6.
4.2.5 On-bottom stability !
• - - Selection of appropriate SoN curve Icharacteristic resist- I
ance). see 4.2.4.7. 4.2.5.1 The pipeline is to be supported. anchored or buried
Determination of the accumulated damage. see 4.2.4.8. in such a way that under the assumed conditions it will not
move from its as-installed position. apart from movements
4.2.4.6 All stress fluctuations imposed during the entire life. corresponding to permissible deformation, thermal expan-
included the installation phase of the pipeline system which sion. and a limited amount of settlement after installation.
have magnitude and number large enough to cause fatigue
effects are to be taken into account when determining the Criteria which wi11limit permissible deformations are:
long term distribution of stress range. yielding.' buc~;nd fatigue Of. pipe
deterioration wear oLcoating .. ...JS4=
As most of the loads which contribute to fatigue are of ran- geometrical limitations of supports
dom nature statistical considerations will normally be requir- distance to other pipelines. structures or obstacles
ed for determination of the long term distribution of fatigue
loading effects. Deterministic or spectral analysis may be us- The requirement to permissible deformation may ~ary
ed. The method of analysis used is subject to acceptance. along the pipeline.
,D. ............."" ~
. <= !> ='
The effect of dynamic response are to be p~~ accounted 4.2.5.2 If the pipeline at any location along its route is on or
for when determining the stress ranges n1 it can be near~ the risk of slope failure is to be analysed. Regard-
shown that the dynamic effects are negligible. Special care is in&"precautions against slides. reference is made to 8.2.3.
I
to be taken to determine the stress ranges adequately in pipe-. L ~---o>le.~:t-_ ..... If-~~
I; lines or risers excited in the resonance range. The amount of"'
~'-assumed in the analysis is to be conservatively esti-
4.2.5.3 Buried lines are to be checked for possible ~
or floatation. For both liquid and gas lines sinking is to be
I'
I
rna .. ... .........~o...o considered assuming the pipe is waterfilled, and floatation is
to be considered assuming the pipe is gas- or air-filled.
: 4.2.4.7 Characteristic resistances are normally given as SoN
I curves. i.e, stress versus number of cycles to failure. 4.2.5.4 Llf
the specific W~!~!1t_9fthe waterftlledpipe is less
I than that orthe__s.Q1lJIii"~uc1iJ!g water coriten"tST.·no Tiiffiier
The SoN curve used is to be applicable for the material. con- ana:ryse$areniieded to document the safety against sinking.
struction detail and state of stress considered as well as to the For lines to be placed in soils having low shear strength. a
surrounding environment. "" consideration of soil stresses may be required. If the soil is. or
/~ likely to be liquefied. it is to be shown that the depth ~f
The SoN curve is normally to be based on a 9596 confidence' 'sinking will be satisfactorily limited. either by the depth ~f li-
limit. . ); g"uefaction or by build-up of resistance during sinking.
~.-..,. -
In Appendix B failure modes for some typical construction 4.2.5.5 If the specific weight of the gas- or air-filled pipe is
details are classified in relation to a family of SoN curves. less than that of the soil. it is to be proven that the shear
strength of the soil is sufficient to prevent floatation. Con-
4.2.4.8 In the general case where stress fluctuations occur sequently. in soils which are or may be liquefied. the specific
with varying amplitude in random order. the linear damage weight of the gas- or air-filled pipe is not to be less that that
hypothesis (Miner's rule) may be used. ' of the soil (if burial is required>.
Application of Miner's rule implies that the long term dis-
tribution of stress range is replaced by a stress histogram.
4.2.5.6 Exposed lines resting directly on the bottom with-
out any special supporting elements or anchoring devices. ex- J
111111111111111_. . . .11111'
 cept possible weight coating. are to be checked for sinking in Fatigue (due to possible vortex shedding) see 4.2.4.
the same manner as ecplained above for buried lines. Furt- Interference with human activiteis e.g. fishing
her. such lines are to have the<Ee1OWJ required safety against
being lifted off the bottom ~horizontallY. Free spans are not acceptable if they may lead to failure of
' - - . ~~oO f.Ho ~ the pipeline or put restrictions to human activities.
4.2.5.7 Liquid lines as well as as lines a;:;-in~h~ air- or
gas-tilled condition. to have a-ific gravtt higher than that
[ of sea water. (<<Negative buoyancy)) . Ired minimum va- 4.3 Pipeline! riser durIng Installation
lues will depend on pipe size.
4.3.1 General
4.2.5.8 Horizontal (transverse> stability is to be checked for 4.J. I.I Strength considerations for the pipeline! risers dur-
wave and current conditions accordingto 3.3.1.3 and 3.3.1.4.
ing installation are to be made in order to determine how the
pipeline! riser may be installed without suffering any damage
The most unfavourable combination of simultaneously acting which may impair the function or the safety of the completed
vertical and horizontal forces on the pipeline is to be consid- line. or which may involve hazardous installation or repair
ered. When determining this unfavourable combination. it
work. See also Section 8.
may be taken into account e.g. that the forces will vary along
the line. and directional distribution of waves and currents.
. ,'j C·<:A-.c.· . . .'" (,,~.
-.p
. 4.2 .5.9 . If the rnotio
o..lt"\.a...\l V'\.s,Q
4.3.1.2 If the installation analyses for a proposed pipeline!
riser show that an acceptable set of installation parameters
f the pipeline is to be restrained eith- cannot be obtained with the installation equipment to be us-
er by friction force tween the pipe and the sea bottom or
by forces ;rnobirr:Zea hrough lastic deformation of the sup- ed. the pipeline/ riser is to be modified.
porting sou.aractor 0 ety of minimum 1.1 is to be includ-
4.3.1.3 The requirements of 4.3 apply also. as far as applic-
ed when establishing the restraining force.
able. to repair operations.
4.2.5.10 The coefficient of friction may vary (within a wide
range> with bottom material and surface roughness of the pi- 4.3.1.4 Only those sections under 4.3.2. 4.3.3 and 4.3.4
peline. The applied values are to be based on relevant in- found pertinent to the various installation techniques/ phases
formation from the actual location. should be considered.

4.2.5.11 Axial Ilongitudinal) stability should be checked. ·U.1.5 Any installation phase/ technique is to be checked.
Especially near platforms and/ or places where the pipeline Such phases and techniques are: .
changes direction. sufficient flexibility and space for expan- Start of laying operation
sion should be allowed fo . The expansion calculation should Normal continous laying
be based 0 conservative valu or the axial friction between Pipe abandon and retrieval
pipeline and so . .b,Q.,. ~~ Termination of laying operation

1 4.2.5.12 In shallow water repeated loading effects due to

wave action may lead toa reduction of the shear strength of
Tow out
Bonom~ ~'-'-'-.. 't.. c:..L..~Q..t.'li­
Bottom pu
the soil. This should be considered in the analysis. especially Spool on
where the backfill consists of loose sands which is more sus- Tie-in
J .ceptible to liquefaction than looser graded deposits and clays. Straightening
Trenching
4.2.6 Propagating ductile fractures Back fill
4.2.6.1 Pipelines transporting gas or mixed gas and liquids
4.3.1.6 For any of the phases mentioned in 4.3.1.5 the pi-
under high pressure are to have reasonable resistance against
propagating (fast running) ductile fractures. peline/ riser is to have the below required safety against the
'o::j"~t.eo. • oU""Z.4.~c"""
following forms of failure or damage
This may ~b~ne ~using steel with a high upper shelf Excessive yielding. see 4.3.2.3-6.
Charpy V ~ ou hness. lowering the stress level. me- Local buckling. see 4.3.2.7.
chanical crack arrestors. c anging the fracture direction or by - Fatigue effect. see 4.3.2.8.
- Excessive damage to weight coating. see 4.3.2.9.
combination of these solutions.
'j The design solution is to be supported by calculations based
4.3.2 Yielding
4.3.2.1 The primary requirement as to yielding during in-
on relevant experience and/or suitable tests. See also 5.2.8.
stallation is that the residual longitudinal strain after installa-
4.2.7 Risers supports bQ,,>~ .. ~~ tion is not to exceed 0.002 (0.2 per centl,
The above strain limitation does not apply to the bending and
4.2.7.1 Riser supports are to be so designed that a smooth straightening involved in th~arge method or the pulling
transmission of forces between riser and support is obtained. through a Jetube or similar. see 4.3.2.3-4.3.2.5. When a pipe
As far as possible. introduction of bending in the pipe wall is has variable stiffness e.g. due-to concrete coating. this will !o-
to be avoided. cally give high strain. Such local strain are no to exceed 0.02
(2.0 per cent!..
·U.7.2 ,The riser supports are normally to be designed
against the possible forms of failure with at least the same 4.3.2.2 When the pipe is to be given a ~1"-'lJ'Fnr curvature
degree of safety as that of the riser they support. However. if Ie.g. by the •• bending shoe» or the «f-tube- methodl, strain
an overall safetv consideration indicates that the overall sa- and flattening. are to be used as criteria. accordance with
fety is increased' by a reduction of the failure load of certain
4.3.2.3 and 4.3.2.4.
supports. such considerations may govern the support design.
(Weak link principle.J 4J.2 J The permissible permanent strain depends on the
.J .L2.8 Spans
ducility of the pipe material. A total. permanent. bending
strain of 0.02 (2 per cent! is acceptable. If the bending pro-
4.2.8.1 Where there is no contact between the bottom and cedure involves successive bending and straightening of a
the pipeline (free spansl the following problem areas are to be poruon of the pipe. the maximum plastic strain is not to exce-
._.J
1 invesugated. ed 1'''0. (The corresponding radii of curvature are 250 and
- Excessive yielding. see 42.2. 500.! See also Section 5.
 4.3.2.4 The flattening due to a permanent curvature togeth- be inserted In the formula of 4..1.2.6. applying a usage
er with the out of roundness tolerances from Iabncation of factor of maximum 0.96.
the pipe shall not exceed 2 '·'n . Cl The particular effect of transverse forces acting on the
2 g m>h

m~.\ +
- ~ mID

mIM
<; 120~
/'
'V' ,,'-4.0..)( oD I :0>",
pipe during laying. namely the change 111 direction 01
the Pipe axis in the horizontal plane near the lilt-off
points. is to be specially considered,
4.3.2.5 The requirement of 4.3.2.1 ctPPly to the assumed
most unfavourable condition during installation. i.e. assumed 4.3.3 Buckling
maximum wind. waves and current acting. (Loading condi- 4.J.3.1 Local buckling og the pipe wall is to be considered
tion b). see 3.1.2.1 and 3.3.1.4). This requirement applies also in accordance with the applicable clauses form 4.2.3.
to portions of the pipeline where the strains are completely Guidelines is found in Appendix B.
controlled and cannot change. e.g. where the curvature is
controlled by the curvature of a rigid ramp. whether or not Fati~ue
environmental loads are acting.
;;"-(~.j
4.3.4.1 When checking the fatigue life according to 4.2.4.

Z . 4.3.2.6
Instead of a direct consideration of residual strain as
~.x.Plain~d in 4.3.2.1 and 4.3.2.5. the following criterion may
~apPlled: .
possible fatigue effects in the installation phases are to be add-
ed.

(N + M);
~ b.g5~ )~ + 4.3.4.2 When the bottom tow. bottom pull or the floatation
2 0.85..
;--V A -: \\' . (1 Y - A ~ '7} -1](1F methode is used for installation of a pipeline. fatigue is con-
I . . sidered to be a major effect and this effect should be paid
where the usage factor I] is 0.72 for loading condition a) and special attention both through theoretical calculation and
0.96 for the condition mentioned in 4.3.2.5. tests.
Other symbols: 4.3.4.3 Wind induced cyclic loads on risers during con-
/
stru~nd transportation is to be considered and taken in-

( N
A
= axial force (including effect of water pressure>.
= cross sectional area of pipe.
to~ when found relevant.

M = bending moment I
! W
t1y
= section modulus of pipe.
= hoop stress. 4.4 Piping components and accessories .1
t1F = specified minimum yield strength.
,I It is to be noted that if ~1 is determined on the basis of a gi- 4.4.1 General
ven curvature. the nonlinear relationship between moment 4.4.1.1 All pressure-containing piping ctponents and acces-
and curvature is to be taken into account. sories are generally to represent the same safety as that re-
quired above for plain. straight pipe.
4.3.2.7 For installation methodes involving a J or S shaped
curve of the pipeline Nand M are to be determined by an ap- 4.4.1.1 For all components. for which detailed design pro-
propriate method. suitable for the. water depth. pipestiffness cedures and criteria are not given in these Rules. sufficient
and weight in quesiio].... -Since"the"effect ofthe"e'nvrroclmental strength is to be documented in at least one of the following
loacis""is diffici£lt-to "determine. the minimum required ana- ways:
lyses are as follows: Equal or similar components have been proven satisfac-
A) Loading condition a> is to be analyzed in detail. and the tory by previous successful performance under compar-
'. '[?r':.~U..~~.9Y:j.2.O'is to be applied with a usage factor I] able conditions.
o malClmur!1lf.T1:" By proof tests.
B) Loading condft1Onb) is to be considered by evaluating By experimental stress analyses.
the increase of M due to environmental loads on the By engineering calculations.
basis of the assumed environmental conditions. the rel-
evant characteristics of the installation equipment (par- 4.4.1.3 If components designed according to a recognized
ticularly the laying vessel). and all available relevant Code or Standard has proven satisfactory performance.de-
experience. If there is reason to expect that the increase sign according to that Code or Standard may be generally ac-
of M will exceed 3l%. the assumed maximum M is to cepted.

r
j

SECTION 5
MATERIAL REQUIREl\1ENTS
FOR PIPES AND PIPING COl\tlPONENTS
5.1 General
5.1.1 Validity
5.1.1.1 This section specifies requirements to characteristic
material properties for design and quality control of steel line-
pipes and piping components. The requirements are applica-
ble to C-Mn steels, C-~'ln-fine grain treated steels and low al-
loyed steels having a specified minimum yield strength up to
500 Mpa.and consumables for welding.
Steels of higher strength. other alloys and other materials
may be used subject to special approval.
5.1.1.2 \1aterials for corrosion protection and weight coat-
ing are covered bySection 6.
f>" .Q.,.~"l..~ ....,fi::-
5.1.1.3 The 'iiiiiiUlacrtml is to be capable of producing ma-
terials of required quality. Relevant documentation is to be
J made available on request.
Prequalification testing or an extended quality control sche-
me is required for manufacturers having limited experience.
and in cases where new production methods are introduced.
5.1.2 Selection of materials
~I
5.1.2.1 Materials are to be selected with due consideration
to the commodity to be transported. loads. temperature. cor-
rosion and consequences of a possible failure during instaila-
lion. operation and maintenance of the pipeline system.
.1 5.1.3 Material specification
5.1.3.1 A material specification is to be prepared giving the
material requirements for line-pipes. piping components.
weldingconsumables, bolts and nuts and any Other impor-
,,I tant items. The specification is to cover manufacturing meth-
ods. chemical composition. heat treatment. mechanical pro-
perties. soundness. quality control testing. documentation
and marking.
The specification is to be submitted for approval.
5.1.4 Documentation and identification
...,,1 5.1.4.1 All materials are to be delivered with test certificates
stating the heat number. manufacturing methods. test results.
identification etc. Material test certificates for pressurized
parts are normally to b~ndor~ by Veritas,
Q.. f' F"'l<:>,)~~
5.1.4.2 All materials are to be traceable and suitably mark-
ed for easy identification of manufacturer. grade. heat num-
ber.size and application.
5.104.3 Materials of uncertain ongin or uncertain quality
are .to be rejected. or a special identification and test pro-
gramme is to be agreed upon.
5.2 Steel for line-pipes
5.2.1 Steel making ,fc ....ole.-\...t...
5.2.1.1 The steel is to processed and€Dn a manner ensur-
109 uniform composition. properties and soundness. Irnpunt-
ies and residual elements are to be kept at a level consistent
with specified property and service requirements. '-
s.e....-....e.c... ~-" \J ~ r;,. 5.2.5.1 The following mechanical properties are essenual
5.2.1.2 The steel is normally to be ully kille -Steels for li- and are to be determined and reported as part of the quality
1 quid pipelines may. however. be semi- I e when the specif- control:
....J ied minimum yield strength is less than 300 ~IPa . - Yield strength
25
5.2.2 Supply condition 'fe'-"'~1-~
5.2.2.1 The uppl condition is to be specified taking into
account possible verse effects as a result o~ weld-
ing and heat treatment operations. which will occur during
fabrication and installation.
5.:!.2.2 Steel to be used' for general service may be supplied
as rolled. controlled rolled. thermomechanical treated. nor-
malized. quenched and tempered or subcritical age-hardened.
5.2.3 Heat treatment
5.:U.I Steel castings and forgings are to be normalized.
normalized and tempered or quenched and tempered.
5.2.3.2 Rolled steel for low temperature service Ii.e. mini-
mum design temperature below O°CJ is either to be normal-
ized. quenched and tempered or therrnomechancically treat-
ed,
5.2.4 Chemical composition
5.2.4.1 The steel is to have a chemical composition which
with the specified manufacturing. fabrication and welding
procedures will ensure sufficient strength. ducitiliry. tough-
ness and corrosion resistance.
5.2.4.2 The chemical composition of C-Mn and C-~ln fine
grain treated steels to be welded is to be specifiedwithin the
analysis limits given in Table 5.1. Modiflcations may be agre-
ed upon subject to the application of suitable fabrication and
welding procedures.
5.2.4.3 If the hardenability of a steel may be better predict-
ed with another carbon equivalent formula. this.rnay be con-
sidered together with a revised CE-limit.
...,......'-S~Q...p .
5.2.4.4 ~'chemical composition is to be determined both
in the~nd the product. Ladle analyses are to be taken
for every heat. A check analysis is to be taken for each batch
of SO finished products. but at least once every heat.
5.2.4.5 The elements listed in Table 5.1 are to be determin-
ed and reported. Other remaining elements added on purpose
to control the material properties are also to be checked. and
to be reported.
Procedures for chemical analyses are described in Appendix
C.
5.2.4.6 The chemical composition of low-alloy and alloyed
steels will be considered in each case.
5.2.4.7 The impurity level and inclusion contents are to be
kept specially low in steel to be used in pipeline systems de-
signed to transport com . ies which under unfavourable
conditions Olav cause listenng. also called stepwise crack-
ing. (See also 5.2.11 and6.4. -I"- ~E'e...
5.2.4,8 The chemical composition is to be specially consid-
ered for steel to be used in pipelines where underwater weld-
ing is planned for tie-in operations or should be anticipated in
case of repair situations.
5.2.5 :\-fechaniclil testing
 26

Ultimate tensile strength 5.2.7 Brittle fracture resistance

Elongation
5.2.7. J Base materials and weldrncnts are to be reasonable
Reduction of area
resistant against initiation of brittle fractures. This is to be en'
Fracture toughness
sured by keeping the transition temperature from brittle to
Hardness of welded joints
ductile behaviour sufficiently below the minimum design
The reduction of area is normally to be measured only for temperature.
cast and forged steels.
Charpy V-notch transition curve is to be established for in-
formation for the base material of line-pipes. lSee Table 7.IJ
5.2.5.2 The mechanical properties of the base material is.
when practically possible. to be tested with specimens orien- 5.2.7.2 Base materials and welded joints are normally to
tated transverse to the principal rolling/ working direction. meet the average Charpy V-notch .energy values given by Fi-
gure 5.1. Single values are to be at least 75% of the specified
5.2.5.3 Procedures for mechanical testing are described in minimum average. Where standard specimens can n'ot be
Appendix C. Alternative standarized methods may be used made. subsize specimens may be used with energy conver-
subject to agreement. tion factors as given in Figure 5.1.

Table 5.1 Chemical composition of Cvsteel, C-Mn steel and

C-Mn fine-grain treated steel for general service.

C Mn Si P S Cu Ni Mo Cr Al Others Carbon
Analysis 96 % % % % % 96 90 % (totaO % equivalent-'
max. max. max. max. max. max. max. max. max. % max.
Ladle 0.18 1.60 0.55 0.025 0.020 0.J5 0.40 0.25 0.20 0.08 J) 0.40
Check 0.20 1.70 0.60 0.030 0.025 0.35 0.40 0.25 0.20 0.08 J} 0.43

:1 CE C Mn· Cr+Mo"V Cu"Ni

11 v max. 0.10 tv .. Nbl max 0.1;: .!. = - -6- - 5· -----rr--
Nb max. 0.05
Ti max. 0.05
N max. 0.009 (0.015 when AI fine grain treated! 5.2.7.3 The impact testing temperature is to be selected in
Residuals (Cr" Mo" CuI max 0.50 accordance with Table 5.3. Maximum testing temperature is.
however. not to be taken !iigher than + 20°e.
5.2.6 Tensile properties
5.2.6.1 The yield strength and ultimate tensile strength are Joule Kprn
to meet. the specified values for the actual grade. Downgrad-
ing of high strength steels is normally not acceptable.
47 I I / 4.8
5.2.6.2 The ratio of yield to ultimate tensile strength is nor-
I I V
mally to be maximum 0.85. A ratio up to 0.90 may be ac- 43
I / 4.4
cepted for cold expanded pipes having actual yield strength I I /
proportionally higher than the specified minimum.
39 I V 4.0
5.2.6.3 Stress-strain curve typical for the specified line-pipe I
I V
material is to be recorded. (See 4.2.4.3. and Table 7.Il.
35
I I 1/ 3.6
5.2.6.4 The elongation of the base materials is to comply I V
with Table 5.2.
31
/ 3.2
/
27 1/ 2.8

Table 5.2: Minimum elongation for base materials

(Based on flat specimens 38 mm wlde.) ~;
235 275 315 355 390 430 470
Specified Minimum percent elongation in 50 mm Specified minimum yield strength (MPa)
minimum yield gage length for wall thickness. t mm:
strength MPa t<:12.5 12.5 < t <;25.5 t> 25.5 Specimen Energy
section factor
200-295 27 29 30 (mm 2)
295-340 23 25 26
340-390 22 24 25 10 x 10 I
390-440 21 23 24 10 x 7.5 5/6
440-500 20 22 23 10 x 5 2/3

Fig. 5.1 Average Charpy \"-notch energy values

5.2.6.5 The reduction of area of cast and forged steels Co.
C-Mn and C-Mn grain treated is to be at least 35 per cent.
For heavy wall components or higher strength steel a higher
ductility level may be required.
5.2.6.6 The ductilitv in the thickness direction is to be ade-
quate for the part in ·question. In special cases through thick-
ness tensile testing may be required.
5.2.8 Resistance against propagating ductile fractures
I
5.2.8.1 Pipelines transporting gas or mixed gas and liquids
are to be designed in a manner preventing propagating duc-
tile fractures tsee 4.2.8). When the design is based on the m-
stallation of line-pipe materials with arrest properties (i.e. a
 ,.~

II
27

Table 5.3 Charpy V-notch Impact testing temperature (GC).

Norninall! RISERS PIPELINES

wall Gas and Liquid Gas 2) Liquid 2)
thickness (mm)
t <;20 mm T=To-IO T=To-IO T=T n
20 < t <;30 T - T o - 20 T= To-IO T=T o
t> 30 mm T - to be decided in each case
I) Corrcsion anowances maybe disregarded.
,--:' 2) Mixed g;asand liquidsl are 10 be tre3.led as gas.
<See J.J.18.1J

high upper shelf Charpy V-energyl, the notch toughness re- limit for SSC resistance. when the accumulated plastic strain

'l quirements are to be agreed in each case.

5.2.8.2 When the design is based on a higher upper shelf

exceeds 5%.

Cold formed and/ or welded low alloy steels are normally to

notch toughness. only the base material of line-pipes need to be heat treated and meet the applicable hardness limit when
have fracture arrest properties. SSC resistance is required.

5.2.9 Supplementary fracture toughness testing
5.2.9.1 Fracture toughness tests other than the Charpy
V-test. may in special cases be allowed or required to assess
.i.l the resistance to unstable fractures and/ or determine defect
tolerances in materials and welds.
Such tests could be Drop Weight Tear Test (DWTT). Crack
J Opening Displacements Test (COOl. Compact Tension Tests
(CTl. Drop Weight test (0\1,/) or full scale type tests. Pro-
cedures. extent of testing. conditions and interpretation of re-
I sults are to be agreed in each case.
I 5.2.10 Resistance against hydrogen induced cracking in
welded joints.
5.2.13 Resistance against chloride stress corrosion crack-
ing
5.2.13.1 Materials which are to be used' In seawater en-
vironment are to be resistant against chloride stress corrosion
crackning.
5.2.13.2 Application of alloyed steels and/or extra high
strength steels (specified min yield strength above 500 MPaJ
is to be specially considered when the pipeline will be operat-
ing at higher temperature (above 70°C). or the oil and gas
contain significant amounts of chloride components. Verifi-
cation by relevant experience or suitable laboratory tests may
be required.

] 5.2.10.1 The maximum hardness is to be kept at a level sa-

fely assuring resustance to hydrogen induced cracking during
welding, and in service. After welding the hardness is not to
5.3 Soundness

exceed 325 H\'5 at any pan of the weld unless otherwise re-
quired (see 5.2.12).
5.2.11 Resistance against environmental induced blister-
ing.
5.2.11.1 Steel for pipelines designed' to transport commodit-
ies which may cause blistering (also often called hydrogen in-
duced pressure cracking or stepwise cracking) is to be made
in a manner making the steel reasonably resistant. Verifica-
tion by relevant experience or suitable laboratory tests may
be required for the base material. (See 5.2 and 6.4)
5.2.12 Resistance against sulphide stress corrosion crack-
ing (SSC) - .
5.2.12.1 Materials and welding consumables for use in pi-
peline systems required designed against sulphide stress cor-
rosion cracking (see 6.4). are to have a chemical composition
5.3.1 General
5.3. I .1 The material is to be free from any defects which
may make the material unsuitable for intended service.
Cracks. notches. gouges and tears are not acceptable. Over-
laps. slivers. impressed mill scale etc. are to be removed by
grinding unless proved to be of a superficial nature (see
7.2.6.13'.
5.3. I .2 The material is to be free from gross laminations.
gross inclusions. segregations. shrinkages and porosity. The
soundness of rolled. forged and cast material is to be verified
by non-destructive testing according to agreed procedures
and standards (see 7.2.7.3).
5.4 Steel for piping components

J and strength level suitable for such service. Selection is to be

based on documented experience. e.g, NACE Standard
~IR-OI-78 (Rev 1980).
5.4.1 General
5.4.1.1 Piping components such as bends. valves. flanges.
tees. mechanical couplings etc. are in general to fullfill the sa-
I me material requirements as specified for line-pipes of the sa-
5.2.12.2 The final hardness of the base material and any
J pan of welded joints is to be keept in the range of 260 HV5
or lower for pipeline systems required designed against sulp-
me grade and thickness.

5.4.1.1 Modificauon in cherrucal composition may be agreed

hide stress corrosion cracking. The acutal limit is to be agreed provided special precautions like preheating and post weld
upon with due considerations to operational conditions. cor-
heat treatment are included in the welding procedure.
rosivity of the comrnoditwsl. material properties. fabrication
and welding procedures. corrosion control and monitoring
systems etc. 5.5 Welding consumables

5.2.12.3 Suitable heat treatment may be required for high
strength steels and welds to ensure adequate resistance
against SSe.
5.2.12.4 Cold formed C-~ln and e-~ln fine grain treated
steels are to be heat treated and meet the applicable hardness
5.5.1 General
S.5.1 .1 Welding consumables are to be suitable for the in-
tended applicauon giving :.I weld with required properties.
soundness and corrosion resistance in the finally installed
condition.
 2S

5.5.1.2 \\1" elding consumables are tn have classification ac-
cording to recognized classiflcauon schemes. Low hydrogen
ccnsumablcs are normally to be used for welding of hil;:h
strength steels.
Cellulosic electrodes may. however. be used provided it is es-
tablished special welding procedures preventing hydrogen in-
duced cracking.
5.5.1.:; Hydrogen controlled consumables are to give a dif-
fusible hydrogen content of max 5 mil I00 s; weld metal
(when determined with the glycerin method). and are to be
type approved.
5.5.2 Chemical compositon
5.5.2.1 The chemical composition of the weld deposit is to
be compatible with the base metal to prevent general and lo-
calized corrosion. Content of alloying elements is to be kept
ara safe level consistent with documented experience. Pre-
cipitation effects due to intended heat treatments are to be
considered.
5.5.3 Mechanical properties
5.5.3. I The meehaniamca I pro,..~
........
••les 0 f the we Id meta I are to - 5"
meet the base material requirements. Exessively overmatch-
ing yield and tensile strengths are. however. to be avoided.
5.5.3.2 Impairment of tensile and toughness properties due
to intended heat treatments is to be considered.
5.5.4 Handling and storage of welding consumables
5.5.4.1 Welding consumables are to be treated with care to
avoid contamination. moisture pick-Up and rusting. and are
to be stored under dry conditions.
5.5.4.2 The relative humidity is to be kept at max 4090 in
stores for low hydrogen consumables unless supporting evid-
ence confirm a somewhat higher humidity to be tolerable.
5.5.4.3 Table 5.4 shows generally' recommended storage
and handling routines. Recycling and rebaking is to be strict-
ly in accordance with the manufacturers' instructions. .
5.6 Holt 3<;semblies
5.6.1 General
5.6.1.1 Bolts and nuts arc to be made of steel having chemi-
cal composition and mechanical properties in accordance
with. and arc to be manufactured and tested to relevant. re-
cognized standards.
5.6.1.2 Bolts to be exposed to or immersed in sea water arc
to be of property class 8.8 (ISO R898) or of a equivalent
strength level. The strength level is not to exceed property
class 10.9 for bolts to be installed above the splash zone.
5.6.1.3 When bolt assemblies are to be used in low tempe-
rature service. or having large diameters. fracture toughness
testing may be required.
5.6.1.4 Bolts. nuts and other fastening elements are to be'
protected against corrosion - by suitable. durable coatings.
When bolts assemblies are pan of or will join components
which are required designed against stress corrosion crack-
ing. the applicable conditions to materials. manufacturing
and 12testing
) would also apply. to these connections, (See
._..
5.7 Materials for support structures
5.7.1 General
5.7.1.1 When support structures are welded directly to. or
act as a pressurized pan of the pipeline system. the material
requirement for the pipeline pan in question are to be met.
5.7.1.2 Support structures which are not directly welded to
pressurized parts are considered as structural members. The
material requirements specified for primary structural merne-
bers according to Dnv «Rules for the design. contruction and
inspection of offshore structures» - latest issue will normal-
ly apply.

Table 5.4 Storage and handling of welding consumabJes

Type of Storage of Storage of Storage of

consumable hermetically opened consumables
sealed containers withdrawn
.containers for use

Covered electrodes
- low hydrogen
type 20-JO°CII 150°C 700Cll
- cellulosic type 20-30°Cu 20-30°C 11
Flux lor submerg-
ed arc welding 20-30°CIl 70°C 31

Notes:
II The temperalUre should exceed ambient by + SoC.
2) When withdrawn for use. low hydrogen eonsumabtes are to be kept in
heated containet$ and normally to be used Iwithin 4 hours.
3) To be 'handled ~rdinB to good workshop practice.
 ~~-
, I
, 29
I
!~:
I

SECTION 6
/1 .~ CORROSION PROTECTION AND \VEIGHT COATING
/,r~ \".I..e~'a.....a.... .
I 6.1 Corrosion protection, general Stray currents may be avoided by means of a metallic con'
-----'" I,..".t~ ductor connected to the return (negative) side of the stray cur·
f 6.1.1 Validity rent source. Counteraction ofthe effect of stray current rna}
f be obtained by means of cathodic protection or removal relo-
;i'! ! 6.1.1.1 Pipeline systems are to be adequately protected cation of the stray current source.
':' 1 from corrosion. 6.1 through 6.5 cover minimum require-
, ' ' ' '1 ments to corrosion protection systems. 6.6 covers the require-
~I ments to weight coating.
~ J 6.2 External coating

iLl
~ ...•...
6.1.1.2 Requirements to pipe materials and welds with res-
pect to environmentally induced cracking such as hydrogen 6.2.1 General
-1', i induced pressure cracking (hydrogen blistering) and SUlphide 6.2.1.1 The external coating is to provide adequate corro-
\ ~Si'lV stress corrosion cracking are given in Section 5. sion protection in the actual environment.

I r
;, ~,~~(; .....A.-
6.1.2 Definitions 6.2.1.2 Different parts of the pipeline system such as
<=r" lA'\'\
6.1 .2.1 Splash zone: The splash zone is defined as the as-
I.1 t
tronomical tidal ra~ge Ius the wave height having a proba-
pipe coating
field joint coating
"'.1.. " -bilit.y o~eedance o. 0.0. The upper limit of the splash zo-

J
coating of supports
'/ he is determJ'iie'Cr ass ng 65 % of this wave height above
• LJ:lo.T HAT and the lower limit by assuming 35% below LAT.
are to be adequately covered by the coatings specifications.
j,~t~/'\,,,.l.e- 6.1.2.2. Submerged zone: The sU.bmer~ed zone is defined as 6.2.2 Coating materials
.if f.€ the region below the splash zone including sea water and sea

! ~.,' bottom zone.

6.1.2.3 A tmospheric zone: The atmospheric lone is defined

6.2.2.1 The following generic types of external coating rna}
be used for corrosion protection:
~-~Qo.-:;~
as the region above the splash zone. - ~nd asphalt enamels and asphalt mastic. normal·
Iy in combination with concrete weight coating for sub-
'6.1.2.4 Extemal coaling: External coating is organic. in- merged pipelines/ risers.
organic or metallic materials applied to the external metal Epoxy. on conditions of compatibility with any weight
surface to prevent corrosion. coating.
Epoxy and coal tar epoxy for the submerged part of ri-
6.1.2.5 Cathodic protection: Cathodic protection is a tech- sers.
nique to prevent corrosion of a metal surface by making the Epoxy. vinyl and coal tar epoxy for atmospheric pan or
surface the cathode of an electrochemical cell. risers.
Asphalt mastic or epoxy for field joint coating.
6.1.2.6
Internal protection: Internal protection is different Rubber lining for risers:
systems to reduce corrosion attacks of internal surfaces of pi- .
pelines and risers. Other generic types of coatings may be used if satisfactory
long term performance under similar exposure conditions is
6.1.3 General requirements to corrosion protection sys- documented. Relevant laboratory data and field testing rna}
tems be satisfactory documentation. This will be considered in
6.1.3.1 The pipeline system is normally to be protected by each case. (See 6.2.2.3)
external coating in the submerged zone as well as the at-
mospheric lone. 6.2.2.2 Asphalt or coal tar based coatings should have a
softening point not less than 30°C above the maximum de-
6.1 .3.2 In the submerged zone the pipeline system is nor- sign operating temperature of the pipeline system.
mally to be cathodically protected by sacrifical anodes.
6.2.2.3 When selecting an external coating for a pipeline
6.1.3.3 In the splash zone the riser is to be protected by system the following properties are to be taken into account:
'special means of corrosion protection normally in combina-
'tion with corrosion allowance. Adhesion or resistance to disbonding
Durability or resistance to chemical. physical and biologi-
....1 e.-'-<."\'" ~ ~
,J.)r- 6.1.3.4 For pipeline v terns ranspornng corrosive ~ cal deterioration
i''\.oI--'':'-~ ~nterna protection is required. . Service temperature range
Tensile elongation or flexibility
.i For pipeline systems which are exposed to internal or ex- Strength and impact resistance
ternal erosion wall thickness allowance may be required. Compatibility with concrete weight coating
Repair of damaged coating
I 6.1.3.5 For risers which are installed in f-tubes, tunnels etc.
I special means of corrosion protection are normally required. The relation between adhesion and strength propenies with
~'~,""D Q" '->.... ~~... time should be fairly constant so that underrusting or shield-
',_ 6.1.3.6 The possibilities of ~ currents in connection ing of cathodic protection m case of disbonded coating is
---wmr@YJstructures are to be valuated and in areas where avoided.
stray currents are suspected. appropriate tests are to be con-
ducted, Detrimental effects of stray currents are to be avoided The above properues arc 10 be documented by relevant tests
by applying general preventive methods. or by reference to earlier successful application.

Of special importance is proper roundin f the welding sys- 6.2.2.4 In add ilion to the properties given in 6.2.:U the
tem for barge welding during pipelaying, coaling specificauon IS 10 include information on
A - ... >s.~
,-. I.· -.. ,.....
 30

generic type and composition and approval. If an impressed current system is to be used.
coating thickness due consideration IS to be paid to avoid overprotection and to
primer design a system with sufficient mechanical strength.
binder
reinforcement 6.3.1.2 Cathodic protection by sacrificial anodes is to be
fillers designed to provide adequate protection during the design life
of the pipeline system.
6.2.3 Coating application
The design may be based on a shorter period if reinstallation
6.2.3.1 The external coating is to be applied according to an
approved procedure. The procedure is normally to include: of anodes is arranged for.

6J.I.3 Potentials for cathodic protection are given in table

handling and treatment of coating materials
6.1. These potentials apply to sea water and saline mud at
surface preparation
ambient temperatures (5- 25°Cl and normal sea water com-
temperatures. air humidity and time lags between steps in
position tsalinity 32-38%0).
the coating process
testing methods. with reference to generally recognized
Table 6.1 Potential (in volts) for cathodic protection of
standards or a correspondingly detailed description
acceptance criteria steel
repair procedure following attachment of cathodic pro-
Metal Reference electrode
tection cables. padeyes, etc.
handling. transport of coated pipes CU/CUS04 Ag/AgCl Zn
quality control and inspection Steel in aerobic
reporting procedure environment
a> positive limit -0.85 -0.80 +0.25
6.2.3.2 The minimum requirement to pipe surface treat- b) negative limit - 1.10 -1.05 +0.00
ment before application of coating is generally blast cleaning
to min. SIS 055900 C Sa 2.5 or equivalent standard. Steel in anaerobic
environment
6.2.3.3 The quality control reports are generally to include: a> positive limit -0.95 -0.90 +0.15
bl negative limit - 1.10· -1.05 +0.00
acceptance criteria according to the coating specification Very high strength steel
surface preparation data (yield strength
temperature and humidity measurements ;>700 MPal
number of coats and total dry film thickness a> positive limit -0.85 - 0.80 +0.25
adhesion data b) negative limit -1.00 -0.95 +0.10
holiday detection
information on the location of reinforcement in the coat-
ing. In brackish water the potential of the Ag/ AgCl electrode
must be corrected by the actual chloride composition.
6.2.3.4 A preproduction test is to be carried out at the coat-
ing yard in order to demonstrate that the coating can be ade- The zinc reference electrodes is only reliable in open sea-
quately applied under the prevailing conditions. water.

6.2:4 Field joint coating
6.2.4.1 Field joint coating should be applied according to an
approved procedure of similar nature as described in 6.2.3.
The field joint- coating should be compatible with the pipe
coating.
Criteria for acceptance. repair and rejection of coating before
final submersion of pipe are to be stated. Repair methods for
damaged coating under field conditions are to be described in
the procedure for field joint coating.
6.2.4.2 Surface preparation by power tool brushing to a
uniform near-white metal finish may be accepted for asphalt
or coal tar based field joint coating.
6.2.4.3 When mastic is used for field joint coating. it is of
special importance to keep the temperature of the mastic
within acceptable limits.
The mastic should be adequately cooled by continuous wa-
tercooling before the pipes passes over the stinger during lay-
ing operations.
6.3 Cathodic protection
6.3.1 General
6.3.1.1 The cathodic protection system is normally to be
based on sacrificial anodes.
Impressed current may be used upon special consideration
At temperatures other than ambient the potential given in
table 6.1 may not apply. Protective potentials which are
I mV 1°C more negative may be used for steel surfaces ope-
rating at temperatures between 25 and 100°C.
l
6.3.2 Design of system
6.3.2.1 The cathodic protection system is to be designed so
that it is able to deliver sufficient current and distribute this
current so that the criteria for cathodic protection is obtained
(Table 6.)).
The current density requirement is to be selected on the basis
of the environmental conditions either by experience from si-
milar conditions or from direct measurements along the rou-
te.
Guidance on the design of cathodic protection systems is gi-
ven in Appendix D.
6.3.2.2 Cathodic protection design specification should in-
clude:
calculation of area to be protected
influence onl from electrically connected systems
current density requirement
coating breakdown criterion
anode material and manufacturer
anode weight. design. distribution and total number
calculation of the effectiveness of the system.
6.3.2.3 The anode core is to be designed to support the an-
ode during all constructional and operational phases. e.g.
transportation. installation etc.

6.~.3 Anode materials and fabrication The test welds are to be sectioned and examined for bonding
6.3.3.1 Sacrifical anodes may be alloys of aluminium or' and possible excessive Cu-penetrauon using a microscope
zinc. with magnification of at least 100x. The Cu-penetration is
normally to be less than 0.3 mm for procedures to be used on
The driving potential and electrochemical efficiency of the risers. while maximum 0.8 mm for procedures to be used on
anode alloy are to be documented by appropriate tests. The pipelines.
testing should be based on long term freerunning tests under
relevant -conditions,
6.3.3.2 The anode core should be hot-dip galvanized for
zinc or blastcleaned to Sa 2.5 according to SIS 055955 prior
to casting of the anodes.
6.3,).3 Manufacturers may be required to prove their capa-
l bility of delivering anodes which satisfy the actual specifica-
tions.
~,! "'I
The anodes are to be furnished with a test certificate at least
stating the manufacturer. the specified alloy composition. an-
:.1 ode specification. the charge number. the chemical analysis.
performance test. the method of analysis. and other relevant
information.
"'I,.1 The anodes are to be properly marked for identification. The
marking system is at least to include the manufacturers mark
......" and the charge number.
The surface of sacrifical anodes are to be examined 100 % vi-
sually. The anode surface is to be free from coating and
cracks affecting the anode efficiency.
6.3.4 Installation of anodes
OJ'
6.3.4.1 The anode arrangements is to be in compliance
j with the approved design specification. The anodes are to be
mounted in a manner such as to avoid mechanical damage
during handling and installation of pipes. It is advisable that
anodes have a smaller diameter than the weight coating.
6.3.4.2 Anode bracelets are to be fastened securelv on the
pipe. The two segments may be welded together ~ith steel
strips in order to ensure satisfactory mechanical connection
and proper positioning. Each anode is to be electrically con-
nected to the pipe by at least two attachments.
6.3A.J Electrical connection between anode and pipe is
normally to be made by manual welding or thermite weld-
ing. Attachment welding are to be placed at least 150 mm off
other welds.
J Manual welds for electrical connections are to be made on an
attachment plate. Attachment plates welded directly onto the
pipeline/ riser are to be orientated circumferentially. and per-
formed .with qualified welding procedure. See 8.7. Regarding
material requirements see 5.7.
6.3.4.4 If thermite welding is used for attachment of anode
cables. welding procedure is to include:
Brand and designation of powder
Size of mold. charge and cable
Preparation of surface
Prior to thermite welding the surface is to be dry. clean and
bright.
6.3.·.. 5 Attachments of electrical connections by therrnite
'-"1
I welding are to be made with a qualified procedure proved to
give sufficient bonding and negligible Cu-penetration along
grain boundaries. The size and shape of the mold is to sua the
diameter of the pipe and the anode cable size.
6.34,6 Qualification of the thermae welding procedure is
to be based on VIsual examination and mechanical testing of
three test welds.
31
The hardness in the heat affected zone is to be determined on
the macrosections and is to be within the normal limit specif-
ied for the pipeline system.
6.3.4.7 The welds and electrical connection between anode
and pipe is to be checked before pipe installation. Pipes with
metallic connection between 'anode and reinforcement in
weight coating are to be rejected.
6.3.5. Testing of system
6.3.5.1 Potential measurements are to be carried out to en-
sure that the pipeline system is adequately polarized. This
testing is to be carried out within one year after installation.
6.3.5.2 A program' for the testing include test equipment.
procedure for and extent of potential measurements are to be
submitted for approval.
The reference electrode is to be located as close as possible to
the selected surface point to be measured.
6.4 Internal corrosion control
6.4.1 General
6.4.1.1 Internal corrosion control is to be provided for pi-
peline systems transporting corrosive hydrocarbons.
Internal corrosion control may be achieved by one or more
of the following methods:
Application of corrosion inhibitors
Corrosion allowance
Internal coating
Application oi corrosion resistant alloys or linings
Drying
6.4.1.2 The following properties of the commodity to be
transported should be taken intO account in the establishment
of a program for internal corrosion control:
Oil/ gas/ water ratios
Salinity. bacteria content. pH of water phase
Content ofcorrosive gases such as CO~. H ~S and O 2
Solids content and flow characteristics
Temperature and pressure
Expected time dependance and variations due to. operational
conditions should be indicated. The possibility of changing
conditions by seawater injection (secondary recovery) should
be considered at the design Stage.
6.4.1.3 Internal corrosion control is normally required
when the commodity is containing water or has a relative
humidity of more than 50't. and when the partial pressure of
corrosive gases is above the following limits:
oxygen : 0.001 ~IPa (0.014 psi
hydrogen sulphide :001 \1Pa 1I A psi)
carbon dioxide . : 0.01 \1Pa (I A psi)
Combination of these corrosive gases may be more agressive.
especially the combination of H~S and O~. The corrosivity
will also generally increase by increasing temperature.
6.4, 1.4 The H,5 values listed In 6.4.1 .3 are to be considered
for general corrosion. Regarcrng limits of hydrogen sulphide
 32

for sulphide stress corrosion cracking reference IS made 10 Exposure to corrosion

NACE-Slandard MR-01-75 (latest revrsron)
6.4.2 Internal corrosion control by inhibitors
6.4.2.1 When inhibitors are used for internal corrosion
control the following conditions are 10 be taken into account:
General philosophy for the inhibitor selection
Trade name
Chemical type and mechanism for inhibition
Solubility and despersibility
Ecological effects
Recommended inhibitor concentrations
Pressure. flow rate and temperature limitations
Compatibility if more than one inhibitor is used
A reference list of previous applications
6.4.2.2 The protective properties of the selected inhibitor
are to be properly documented by appropriate laboratorv
and.!or. field tests. La~rat0l! tests should include exposure
testing 10 a relevant flUid With respect to composition. flow.
temperature. etc.
The testing should normally be carried out by an .independant
body.
6.4.2.3 The inhibitors are to be injected into the svstern ac-
cording to an. approved procedure. The procedure- is to in-
clude information on
principles of inhibitor application
general arrangement system
dosage
control system
6.4.3 Internal corrosion control by coating
~.4.~.1 Intern~1 corrosion control may be achieved by app-
hca~on of a SUitable coating system. Regarding properties of
coaung materials and application procedures reference is ma-
de to 6.2.2.3-4 and 6.2.3.1.
If the coating is applied after the pipeline has been installed.
~ue consideration should be given to proper surface prepara-
uon and quality control after application.
Consequences of a corrosion failure
Accessibility
6.4.5.3 Thickness measurements at selected reference points
on risers are to be carried OUI prior to installation and in con'
nection with periodical inspection (See 90404.). The measure-
ments are to be carried out according to an approved pro-
cedure which should include information on:
type of equipment
type of probe
recording and evaluation procedure
location of reference points
6.4.5.4 Fluid analysis may provide valuable information on
the corrosion behaviour of a pipeline system. A specification
on sampling procedure. types. methods. frequency and
evaluation of fluid analysis should be submitted for approval.
The following analysis may be carried out:
pH
Iron content
Bacteria
Salinity
Inhibitor
Flow. temperature. pressure. dew point and other operational
characteristics should be recorded as well.
6.4.5.5 Properly installed electrochemical probes and
weight loss coupons may provide valuable information in
systems containing sufficient water. A specification on design
installation and operation of the probes should be submitted
for approval.
6.5 Protection of risers and pipelines in critical areas
6.5.1 Splash zone protection
65.1.1 In the design of corrosion protection system for ri-
sers in the splash zone. due consideration is to be given to:

If the coating is applied before the pipeline is installed. due
~~nsideration should be given to internal coating of field
JOints.
6.4.3.2 Internal coating which only is applied to increase
the capacity of the pipeline system is not subject to approval.
Due consideration is to be given to the possibilities of increas-
ed localized corrosion at imperfections in the internal coating.
6;4.4 Internal corrosion control by corrosion resistant al-
loys
6.4.4.1 Corrosion resistant alloys may be used for corrosion
control. The aJloy may be used as solid pipe or as a lining in-
side the pipeline.
temperatures of hydrocarbons
intermittent wetting and drying
wave forces
resistance to ageing by seawater and sunlight
ease of repair and maintenance
compability of different materials when such are combin-
ed.
6.5.1.2 The riser is to have a Corrosion allowance in addi-
tion to other means of corrosion protection as described in
6.5.1.3. .
The corrosion allowance is to provide protection for 2 years.
Table 6.2 gives guidelines on determination of the corrosion
allowance as function of operating temperatures of the riser.

6.4.4.2 The corrosion resistance of the alloy should be doc- Table 6.2 Corrosion allowance of risers as function of
u~ented ~y reference to previous successful application in si- operating temperature
~ar envtr?ments or laboratory testing. The laboratory test-
Ternperature.Pfl Corrosion allowance. mm
109 should include tests for resistance against stress corrosion
cracking. pitting. crevice corrosion and erosion corrosion. < 20 2
20 - 40 4
6.4.5 lllterna} corrosion IIlltnitorln'g
40 - 60 6
60 - 80 8
6.4.5.1 Internal corrosion monitoring is normally to in- 80 - 100 10
elude di1Ten:nt procedures such as thickness measurements
fluid analysU. e1ectrochemicaJ probes. electrical resistance 6.5.1 .3 Acceptable means of corrosion protection in the
probes and different types of weight loss coupons. The pro- splash zone are application of a corrosion resistant metallic
gramme should be based on the following: shearing or vulcanised rubber.

6.5.1.4 If metallic sheaung is used. the aHoy should have
adequate corrosion resistance and sufficient thickness and.
strength to withstand the loads during installation and opera-
tion. The welding is to be carried out to a qualilied pro-
cedure. All welds are to be examined 100 per cent by suitable
NDT-methods. A sacrilicial anode is to be located below the
l metallic shearing to compensate for galvanic effects.
Metallic shielding should be of a type that can be completely
seal welded to itself and to the steel doubler plate. No me-
chanical type sealing should be permitted.
6.5.1.5 If vulcanised rubber is used. an application pro-
cedure is to be submitted for approval. Special precautions
l are to be taken to avoid disbonding at the ends.
6.5.1.6 Other means of corrosion protection may be accept-
able provided adequateproperties are documented for the ac-
tual conditions.
6.5.2 Protection of risers in J-tubes. tunnels etc.
~. 6.5.2.1 Risers in J-tubes. tunnels and other inaccessible
areas are to be protected by a suitable coating (see 6.2) and in-
J hibited seawater or other non-corrosive fluids.
The properties of inhibitors are to be adequately documented
."'l "
(see 6.4.2J.
,J A sealing plug should be fitted to the drawn in section of the
riser so that it seals the J-tube at the bellmouth. when the line
is pulled in.
1 A specification for installation of sealing plug and application
of inhibitors should include a description of provisions for
'""I
sampling and chemical analysis of the inhibited fluid.
,J 6.5.2.2 Protection by sacrificial anodes may be used as an
extra precaution if technically feasible. Monitoring of the
cathodic protection system should be specially considered.
.J 6.5.3 Protection of risers in in ternal transition zones
6.5.3.1 Protection of risers in internal transition zones (airi
seawater) for instance in shafts of concrete structures may be
suitable coating and corrosion allowance. Acceptablecorro-
sion allowance may be as given in Table 6.2.
Due consideration should be given to the possibilities of in-
spection and' repair for transition zones.
6.5.4 Pipeline shore-approach.
6.5.4.1 The pipeline shore approach are to be specially
considered in the design of the corrosion protection system.
In the tidal area the pipeline may be treated as risers corrosi-
on-wise.
'j Due consideration is to be given to possible interaction with
cathodic protection systems for land based structures and pi-
pelines. Electrical insulating devices may be used above the
,
water 'Ievel.
J 6.6 Weight coating
6.6.1 General
6.6.1.1 This section deals with concrete weight coating.
I Other pipeline anchoring systems will be SUbject to special
consideration.
The main aims of concrete weight coating are to provide neg-
alive buoyancy 10 submarine pipeline throughout its service
life. and to protect corrosion protecuon coaling against me-
chanical damage durmg pipeline installation and service.
1 1).0.5.1 Material properties: Reinforcing steel is to satisfy
.J 0.6.1.2 In cases where the bottom tow methods is used for
installation. the concrete coating must withstand the abrasion
JJ
caused by the contact between the bottom and the pipeline
during the towing operation. This is normally to be proved
through tests. Such tests should be carried OUI with relevant
diameters. submerged weight. concrete quality. jointing
methods and along a similar route as the actual towing.
6.6.2 Weight coating specification.
6.6.2.1 The following items are normally to be covered by
weight coating specification:
Thickness and strength
Materials to be used
Method of application
Curing method
Inspection and tests
Requirements on storage and handling of coated pipe.
6.6.3 Concrete constituents
6.6.3.1 General. It is to be documented that the properties
of the materials under consideration are adequate for the in-
tended purpose.
6.6.3.2 Cement. Cement is to be equivalent to AS"DA Port-
land Cement type I. II. III IS or IP.
The tricalcium aluminate content of the cement is to be such
as to enhance the corrosion protection of steel without impar-
ing the durability of concrete.
6.6.3.3 Water. "later is to be free from contamination in
amounts likely to harm the concrete or the reinforcement.
6.6.3.4 Aggregates. Aggregates are to have sufficient
strength and durability. Aggregate containing potentially
reactive or deterious constituents is. not to be used. Aggrega-
tes are to be properly graded.
6.6.3.5 Admixtures. Admixtures are to meet requirements
of a recongnized standard and are normally to be verified by
trial mixes.
6.6.4 Properties of concrete
6.6.4.1 General. Concrete for weight coating is to have suf·
ficient strength and durability.
6.6.4.2 Strength. The concrete is to have a minimum char-
acteristic strength of 30 Nt mm- found from 150 x 300 mm
cylindrical specirnents tested in accordance with A5n1 C39.
When test specimens of different shape or dimensions are us-
ed. an appropriate correction factor is to be applied to convert
the compressive strength determined to the standard cylinder
strength.
6.6.4.3 Durabilitv, Permeability is the most important pro-
perty determining the long-term durability of concrete expos-
ed to sea water. Low permeability may normally be obtained
by use of:
high cement content
low water-cement ratio preferably below 0040. however
not greater than 0.45.
sound and dense aggregates.
proper grading of fine and coarse aggregates.
good concreting practice and good workmanship ensur-
ing adequate workability.thorough compaction. proper
cunng and handling.
6.6.5 Reinforcement
the chemical and physical requirements of a recognized
standard.
 34

6.6.5.2 Types: Reinforcement may be in the form of steel plan for testing. inspection. reporting of results etc. at coal in!!
wire fabric or welded cages fabricated of plain or deformed .yard is subject 10 acceptance.
bars. The type and amount of reinforcement is to be selected
in due account of the anticipated pipeline loading and service 6.6.7.2 Concrete constituems. Tesunz of the individual mil'
conditions and so as to control the crack pattern of the con- terials is to be carried out at regular i~tcrvals during concrete
crete coating. production. The frequency of testing is to be determined tak-
ing the quality and uniformity oD material supply into ac-
6.6.5.3 Splices: Reinforcement type and application method count. 't
are to insure continuity of the hoop reinforcement.
6.6.7.:1 . Concrete. Prior to start of concreting the mix pro-
6.6.5.4 Placing: Reinforcing steel is to be accurately placed portions. concrete strength and weight are to be documented
and adequately supported. by tests.

Reinforcing steel is not to make electrical contact with the pi-
pe or anodes.
6.6.6 Application and curing of concrete coating
6.6'.6.1 Application. Concrete is to be applied to pipe joint
using suitable equipment and procedures that will result in
adequately consolidate concrete coating of uniform thickness.
density and strength. The concrete is to be placed as soon as
possible after mixing and in any case well before the initial
set.
6.6.6.2 Curing. The selected method of curing and its dura-
tion is to be such as to ensure satisfactory strength and dura-
.bilfry of concrete. and to prevent undue cracking of concrete
coating.
Documentation of the adequacy' of the proposed cunng
method may be required. particularly ~or adverse climatic
conditions.
6.6.7.Testing and inspection. /: ..:::..
6.6.7.1 General. Methods for testing of materi s are to be
in accordance with a recognized standard. The organization
During production concrete is to be tested regularly for thick-
ness. strength and density. The frequency is to be minimum
one sample per 15 pipes coated and minimum one per shift,
In addition to molded test specimens the strength IesIS are 10
be supplemented by control of the in-place strength measured
on drilled-out cores. The minimum diameter of the core is to
be at least 3 times the nominal maximum aggregate size. and
the length to diameter ratio is to be not less than 1.0. Sampl-
ing. storing and testing are to be in accordance with
ASTM-C42 or equivalent. The core strength is to be convert-
ed to the strength of standard cylinders 150 x 300 rnrn in ac-
cordance with AST~f-C42. The strength requirement is con-
sidered satisfied provided the mean converted strength of
three cores is at least 85'\, of the specified minimum char-
acteristic strength and no single core.is below 75 %.
'1l'
6.6.7.4 Electrical insulation measurements by approved
procedure to prove no contact between weight coating rein-
forcement and pipeline steel are to be carried out.

I
'Ii j
_-----_-e.~_
---_/

SECTION 7
FABRICATION OF PIPES AND PIPING
7.1 General
7.1.1 Validity
7.1.1.1 This section specifies requirements for fabrication
and quality control of pipes and piping components. Material
properties are to comply with Section 5.
7.1.1.2 The fabricator is to be capable of fabricating line pi-
pes and piping components of the required quality. Relevant
documentation is -to be made available on request.
l Prequalification testing or an extended quality control pro-
gram is required for fabricators having limited experience.
for fabricating pipes and components to the actual or similar
speciflcations.
7.1.1.3 The fabricator is to establish and implement a de-
tailed. independent quality control system covering all succes-
sive fabrication steps. The quality control functions are to be
directed and performed by competent persons.
J 7.1.104 The schemes for qualification and quality control
described in this section have been based on current recogn-
I ized fabrication practice. Other methods may also be used.
J but are then subject to special approval.
J 7.2 Pipe fabrication
7.2.1 General
7.2.1.1 Pipes are to be produced seamless or by fusion
welding of shaped plates or strips. The submerged arc weld-
ing process is normally to be used. Gas metal arc welding
and external gas shielded flux cored arc welding may be used
subject to special approval.
j plates.
7.2.1.2 Where cold expansion is used to adjust size and
strength. the nominal permanent strain is not to exceed 2 per
cent. Cold expansion is to be performed with tools avoiding
high local deformations.
7.2.2 Fabrication procedure specification
7.2.2.1 A fabrication procedure specification is to be esta-
blished for each work describing the sequences of fabrication
and the successive quality control steps and requirements.
The specification is to be submitted for approval.
j 7.2.2.2 When pipes are to be produced by welding. a detail-
ed welding procedure specification is to be prepared giving:
pipe material standard. grade and project specification.
diameter and wall thickness.
groove preparation and design.
welding process.
welding consumables. trade name. recognized classifica-
tion.
electrode! wire diameter.
J
welding parameters: current. voltage. type of current. po-
larity. travel speed for each arc.
number of welding' arcs as well as cold and hot wire ad-
ditions.
welding position.
Welding direction.
number of passes.
preheat and interpass temperatures.
post weld heat treatment.
7.2.2.3 The fabrication procedure is to be qualified pnor to
or during initial production. Type and number of tests are gi-
ven in 7.2.4 and Table 7.t.
35
CO~IPONENTS
7.2.2.4 Previously qualified fabrication procedure may be
transferred to a new production when the fabricator has used
it recently for production of pipes to the same or more strin-
gent requirements under the surveillance of Veritas or an in-
spection agency accepted by Vernas, .
7.2.2.5 Jointers may be produced in limited numbers using
sound sections of pipes. The girth welding procedure is to be
qualified prior to or during initial production as given in
7.2.4 and Table 7.1.
7.2.2.6 All welding is to be carried out strictly in accord-
ance with the qualified procedure. If any parameter is chang-
ed outside the acceptable limits. the welding procedure is to
be respecified and requalified. Essential parameters and va-
riation limits are specified in 8.5.4.
7.2.3 Qualification of welding operators, welders and arc-
air gougers
7.2.3.1 Welding personnel is to have reasonable under-
standing of fundamental welding techniques. welding pro-
cedure specifications. relevant methods of non-destructive
testing and acceptance criteria. obtained through training and
practise prior to qualification testing. see Appendix C.
7.2.3.2 Qualification testing is required for welding opera-
tors when their tasks are to preset. adjust. Start. guide and
stop the welding operation. and thereby may influence the
quality of the weld. Qualification testing may be exempted
for welding operators whose tasks have no influence on the
weld quality provided they have been given adequate training
on the actual welding equipment.
7.2.3.3 Welders are normally to be qualified for single side
buttwelding of pipes in the required principal positions. Un-
der special circumstances qualification may be carried out on
Repair welders may be qualified for partial thickness repair
on a representative devised test set up if only such weld re-
pairs will be made.
7.2.3.4 The qualification test is to be carried out with the
same or equivalent equipment such as to be used during pro-
duction welding. and normally at the actual premises. e.g.
work shop. yard. vessel. The test is to be witnessed by Veri-
tas or an inspection agency recognized by Veritas.
7.2.3.5 Qualification testing is normally to be based on vi-
sual inspection and radiographic examination. When the gas
metal arc process is used. mechanical testing is also to be per-
formed. normally using side bend and nick break test speci-
mens.
Qualification schemes are described in Appendix C.
7.2 ~3.6 The qualification expires when the welder and
welding operator have not been welding regularly within the
qualified range during a period of more than 6 months.
7.2.3.7 A welder or a welding machine operator who has
produced a complete and acceptable welding procedure qua-
lification test is thereby qualified.
7.2.3.8 Personnel to perform arc-air gouging is to be train-
ed and experienced with the actualequipment. Qualification
testing may be required.
7.2.4 Qualification of the pipe fabrication procedure
"7.2.41 From the first production batch of maximum sa
pi-
pes. IWO PIpt:S selectee by v'eruas an: to be used tor qualifi-
cation tesung.
 36

1 ypc and numbcr of tests to be madc for each pipe arc given 7.2.4.3 Failure of a lest specimen due to defective prepara-
in Table 7.1. tion may be disregarded and is to be replaced bv a new res:
specimen.
Dimensions of test specimens and testing procedure arc given
in Appendix C. 7.2.5 Hydrostatic testing

7.2.4.2 The qualification of the fabrication procedure is to 7.2.5.1 Every pipe is to be hydrostatically tested and with-
stand without any sign of leakage or sweats a test pressure (p!
be based on the following requirements:
determined by the following formula for at least I0 seconds.
Hydrostatic testing to the specified test pressure (see
7.2.5).
Dimensional tolerances and workmanship to the specified p::: 0.9 '~r.K ~)t (~lPal
limits (see 7.2.6>-
Soundness of base material and welds within the specif- !1F ::: specified minimum yield strength (MPa).
ied acceptance limits (see 7.2.6 and 7.2.7). t = nominal wall thickness Imrnl,
Check analyses within the specified composition limits D = nominal outside diameter trnm).
(see 5.2.4). K = factor determined by pipe diameter.
Tensile properties of base material at least equal to the
specified minimum values (sec 5.2.6).
Notch toughness of base material at least equal to the Outside diameter K
minimum specified values for resistance against brittle (norninall
fracture. and propagating ductile fractures when so re-
quired (see 5.2.7 and 5.2.8). 00 <200 0.75
Transverse weld tensile strength at least equalto the spe- 200 < 00<:500 0.85.
cified minimum tensile strength. 00> 500 0.90
Bending ductility to specified deformation without ap-
pearance of any defect greater than 3 rnrn. however. For hydrostatic tester's equipped with end sealing devices. the
max. 6 mm at the specimen edges. applied sealing force for endsealing resulting in an additional
Brittle fracture resistance of weld metal and heat affected longitudinal stress has to be considered. Supporting calculai-
zone at least equal to the required average and minimum tons to achieve the required stress intensity for computing of
single values (see 5.2.7>- tests pressure is to be submitted by the pipe manufacture.
Macrosections with a sound weld merging smoothly into
the pipe. Acceptance criteria as per Table 10.1. 7.2.5.2 Pressure test records showing test pressure and du-
Maximum hardness equal to or below the specified limit ration are to be available for each pipe.
(see 5.2.10 and 5.2.12).
7.2.5.3 Pipes which have failed on pressure testing. are to
be rejected.

Table 7.1
Qualification of pipe fabrication procedure
Type and number of tests for each pipe

Pipe size. FULL LENGTH BASE MATERIAL TESTS WELD TESTS

outside PIPE TESTS
diameter
(mm) Hydro- Dimen- Non- Check Tensile test" Charpy Tensile Guided Charpy :\Iacro- I
static sional destrue- analysis V-notch test bend V-nolCh sectionl I
leSlS inspec- tive tests Longi- Trans- transi- trans' test tough- hard-
tion tudinal verse verse 10 Sf ness
lion ness
weld 41
curve
21J1 ~)

Seamless Ace, Ace, Ace.

00<:300 to to to I I - I
00>300 7.2.5 7.2.6 7.2.7 I I I

Welded Acc. Ace, Ace, I

00<:300 to to to I 171 - I 2 4 4 samples I
00>300 7.2.5 7.2.6 7.2.7 I I I 2 4 4 samples
Notes:
I. Yield strength. ultimate tensile strength and elongation to be determined with recording of the stress-strain curve (only for line-pipes).
2..Charpy V-notch transition curve is to be established using transverse test samples where so is possible. Acceptance testing temperature is to be as specified
in 5.2.7.
3. Where resistance to propagating ductile fracture is to be evaluated by other tests than Charpy testing. me specified tesis are 10 be performed addiuonally
(see also 5.2.9). .
4. The ultimate tensile strength of the weld is to be determined.
5. Guided bend tests to be either 2 face bend plus 2 root bend specimens. or 4 side bend specimens for thickness less and j:reater than I ~.5 mm respectively.
6. Charpy V-impact testing is to be performed al the specified temperature in the weld metal and me heal affected zone at sufficient positions to determine the
overall resistance to briaJe fracture (see 5.2.7). Charpy teung is normally to be performed with the notch posuioned In Center of weld. on fusion line. 2
mm from fusion line and 5 mm from fusion line (Each sample to provide 3 test specimens'.
7. Longitudinal tensile test is to be taken 180° opposite 10 me weld.
 37
Table 7.2
Frequency and extent of pipe production tests

Chemical composition II Mechanical testing?' Hydrostatic test Dimensional Non-destructive

inspection tests

Each heat Each 50 pipe. Each 50 pipe. mini- Each pipe Each pipe Each pipe
minimum mum once each heat (Ace. to 7.2.5) (Ace. to 7.2.6) (Ace. to 7.2.7)
1 once a heat lAce. to Table 7 J)

Noles:
I. Check analysis is not required if this has already been performed during an intermediate stage.
J 2. If [here are more than SO pipes manufactured from each 50 tons. mechanical tesung IS only required for each SO tons.

l Table 7.3
Number and type of mechanical tests on pipe production tests
,
Pipe material tests Weld tests

Pipe size Tensile tesr!' CharpyZIJ) Tensile" test Guided!' Charpy'" Macro-
outer dia- V-notch transverse to bend test V-notch section/
meter (mw Longi- Trans- toughness weld toughness hardness
tudinal verse

Seamless
00<300 I I sample
00> 300 I I sample
,J Welded
00<300 I I sample I 2 2 samples I
00> 300 I I sample I 2 2 samples I

:-';oles:
I. Yield strength. ultimate tensile strength and e!ongauon to be determined.
2. Brittle fracture resistance to be determined by Charpy \'-nOtch testing at the specified testing temperature (see 5.~71.
J. When pipe material is required.to be resistant against propagating dUCIIle fractures, production tests are also to include the specified type and number of
tests.
4. Ultimate t("nsile strength of the weld to be determined.
5. Bend test 10 be either I face T I root bend. or 2 side bend specimens for thickness less and greater than 11.5 mm respectively.
6. Charpy \. -notch of weld metal and heat a/Tected lone. :-':otching of HAZ to be periormed at the position giving lowest average energy absorption during
qualification testing.
j
Table 7.4
Mechanical testing of weld repair procedures

Non-destructive tests Tensile test transverse Guided bend test-' Charpy v'-ncrch Macro-section/ hard-
to weld!' toughness" ness

J
Ace. to 7.2.7.8 2 4 ~ I

lIiotes:
.1 \. Tensile test to record ultimate tensile strength of the joint
2. Either two root bends pius two face bends. or four side bends for thickness less and greater than I ~5 mm respectively.
J.lmpa.:t testing to be carried out with the notch positioned in centre of weld. fusion line. 2 mm from f.l. and 5 mm from f.l. This testing may. be exempted
from surface repair procedure provided same welding consumable. size and heat input is applied.

7.2.6 Dimensions and workmanship 7.2.6.3 The inside diameter at the ends is to be measured
I over a length of 100 mm from the end and isto comply with
7.2.6.1 Tolerances on dimensions and workmanship for li-
J ne-pipes are given in 7.2.6.2 through 7.2.6.12. When pipes the following limits:
are cut back. the pipe ends are to be rechecked. Tighter toler-
ance limits may be required if installation welding is to be Inside diameter tnorninall Tolerances
performed with welding equipment demanding narrow line- ID <;;300 mm + 1.6 mm
up tolerances. -0.4 mm
ID> .100 mm .,. 2.4 mm
7.2.6.2 The outside diameter of the pipe body is to comply - 0.8 mm
with the following limits:

Outside diameter (nominal) Tolerances 7.2.6.4 The out-of-roundness is to be limned and measured
00<500 mm ±(}.75 percent
J 00> 500 mm ±l per cent
 JII

inside pipe over a length 100 mm from each end. IS to comp- NDT'record~ of each pipe are to be identified and traceable
ly with the following limits: (sec 8.6.1.3).

Inside diameter (nominal) Tolerances 7.2.7.2 Visual examination is to be performed at outside.

and also inside if access allows. The surface finish of the base
10<500 mm ± I per cent. material and the welded seams is to comply with 7.2.6.12
max. J mm
and Table 10.1.
10> 500 mm ± 0.5 per cent.
max. 5 mm
7.2.7.3 Welded and seamless pipes are to be ultrasonic test-
7.2.6.5 The wall thickness at any point of the pipe material ed full length. or by. other suitable. agreed methods. for lami·
is not to deviate from the nominal thickness by more than nations and cluster inclusions. Procedures and acceptance cri-
pius 15 per cent and minus 12.5 per cent. For welded pipes teria are to be in accordance with agreed. recognized stand-
ards.
having 00 > 500 mrn. the minus tolerance is not to exceed 8
per cent.
Plates and strips may optionally be tested prior to pipe fabri-
7.2.6.6 The variation in pipe weight is to be within minus cation. but after quenching and tempering if this has been
applied.
3.5 per cent and plus 10 per cent of nominal weight of a sin-
gle. length. pipe.
7.2.7.4 Longitudinal welds and spiral welds are to be ultra-
7.2.6.7 Offset: The radial offset is to be within the following sonic tested full length. The testing procedure is to be capable
limits: of detecting two-dimensional and three-dimensional defects
located in any direction and position.. Additionally such
Wall thickness welds are to be radiographed over a length of 200 mm from
Offset
Inominal) each pipe end.

t<12.5 rom Max. 1.5 mm Circumferential welds are to be radiographed full length. Ul-
t> 12.5 mm 12.5 per cent. trasonic testing may also be required in special cases.
max. 3 mm
Weld repairs are to be radiographed full length.
7.2.6.8 The straightness of the pice measured as the gap be-
tween the straight line between the ends and the lowest point Non-destructive testing is to be in accordance with Section
of the pipe surface is to be maximum 2.0 mm per meter 10. Weld seams are to meet the acceptance limits of Table
length. 10.1.

7.2.6.9 The pipe is to contain no dents deeper than 6 rnm, 7.2.8 Production testing
being measured as the gap between the prolongation of the
original contour of the pipe and the lowest point of the dent. 7.2.8.1 Production testing is to be carried out to verify that
The length of a dent in any direction is not to exceed half the the pipes are fabricated to the composition. mechanical pro-
pipe diameter. perties. soundness and dimensions specified. Production tests
are to be performed as directed in Tables 7.2 and 7.3.
.Any cold formed gouges and notches in dented areas are to
Testing is to be witnessed by Veritas or an inspection agency
be removed by grinding (see also 7.2.9.3).
recognized by Veritas.
7.2.6. 10 The reinforcement of the weld seam is to be kept 7.2.8.2 If any of the selected test specimens do not fulfil the
within the following limits:
requirements. the corresponding pipe is to be rejected. In or-
der that the remaining pipes from the same batch of maxi-
Wall thickness Reinforcement of weld mum 50 pipes (or 50 tons. see note in Table 7.2) may be ac-
Inominall Inside pipe Outside pipe cepted. two similar tests are to be repeated on two different
Max. Min. Max. Min. pipes. and both tests are to be satisfactory. Should one of the-
t<12.5 mm 2 rom 0 3 mm 0 se tests fail. individual testing of the remaining pipes of the
t> 12.5 mm 3 rom 0 4 mm 0 batch is to be carried out.

The weld seam inside the pipe is to be ground flush over a
length of 100 rom from each end.
7.2.6. I I The weld is to have an even surface finish and
merge smoothly into the base materia\. Minor undercutting
maybe tolerable without repairs provided the depth and
length comply with Table 10. I.
7.2.6.1 2 The pipe surface is to be free from any defects
which may make the pipe unsuitable for intended service.
Cracks. arc burns. notches and gouges are not acceptable.
Overlaps. slivers. impressed mill scale etc. which do not
comply with a workmanlike finish are to be removed. Lami-
nations and inclusions extending to the surface or the bevel
face and having a transverse dimension above 6 mm are to
be removed by grinding (see also 5.3 and 7.2.9.3).
1.2.1 Visual examination and Don-destructive testing
7.2.7.1 Each pipe is to be visually examined and non-des-
tructive tested after pressure testing. If a pipe is cut back. the
new pipe end is also to be inspected.
7.2.8.3 Failure of a test specimen due to defective prepara-
tion may be disregarded and replaced by a new test speci-
men.
7.2.8.4 If the failure rate exceeds 5 per cent. the quality
control program is to be increased to an appropriate level and
maintained until the failure cause is identified and eliminated.
Retesting of supplied material and requalification of the fabri-
cation procedure may also be required.
7.2.8.5 When pipes have failed by mechanical testing. and
acceptable properties are intended restored by a controlled
heat treatment. individual retesting is to be performed.
1.2.9 Repairs
7.2.9.1 Pipes containing defects may be repaired. or the de-
fective sections CUl off. Weld deposits having unacceptable
mechanical properties are to be completely removed before
rewelding.
7.2.9,2 Surface defects in pipe material inside the pipe. on
the outside of the pipe and less than 100 mm from the pipe
end are to be repaired by grmding only.

,~
 39

In other areas. surface defects may be weld repaired once.
provided the depth of the defect is maximum 1/3 of the wall
thickness. The length of that part of a defect which has depth
more than 1/& of wall thickness is to be no longer than 1/4
of the outside pipe diameter.
7.2.9.3 Where defects are eliminated by grinding. the re-
"j maining wall thickness is to be within the minimum specified
limit. Grinding is to be performed in a workmanlike manner.
·7 .2.9.4 Alocal weld repair is to be at least 100 mm long.
Weld repairs in pipe material are to be orientated circum-
ferential if so is possible. Weld seams may be repaired full
length. however. not more than twice in the same area. Weld
repairs are to be ground to merge smoothly into the original
l pipe contour.
7.3.1.4 When cold forming of pipes to bends or other com-
ponents introduces a permanent deformation more than 3 per
cent. the mechanical properties of C·M nand C-Mn fine grain
treated steel are to be retested in the affected region. When
such materials are cold deformed more than 5 %. stress re-
lieving is to be performed. When the deformation exceeds
10%. hot forming is normally to be performed followed by a
controlled heat treatment. restoring a uniform microstructure
and mechanical properties (e.g, normalizing. quenching and
tempering).
low alloy steels are normally to be suitably heat treated after
any cold and hot forming operation.
7.3.2 Fabrication procedure specification

7.2.9.5 When a heat treated pipe is repaired by welding. a

7.3.2.1 A fabrication procedure specification describing the
sequences of manufacturing is to be established. When piping
components are to be produced by welding. a detailed weld-
new suitable heat treatment may be required depending on
ing procedure specification is to be prepared. see 7.2.2.
the effect of the weld repair on the properties and microstruc-
ture of the pipe.
7.3.3 Qualification of fabrication procedures
7.2.9.6 Repair welding specifications are to be prepared co- 7.3.3.1 The fabrication procedure is to be qualified by test-
vering repair of the pipe material and of the weld. The fol- ing the first components being produced. A qualification test
lowing information in addition to that mentioned in 7.2.2 is is to be performed for each group (based on grade of mate-
to be included in the specifications: rial. thickness. bending ratio. fabrication method. as applica-
ble). Number and type of tests are to follow the requirements
Method of removal of defect. preparation of weld area given for pipes. see 7.2.4 through 7.2.7. as applicable.
and subsequent non-destructive testing. see Section 10.
Minimum and maximum repair depths and lengths. Previous qualification tests may be accepted when the com-
ponent tested meets the specified requirements and the tests
Repair I welding is to be performed with a low hydrogen have been witnessed by Veritas or an inspection agency re-
welding process using appropriate preheating/ interpass tem- cognized by Vernas,
peratures.
7.3.4 Production testing
7.2.9.7 Unless the production welding procedure can be
J applied. the repair welding procedure is to be qualified. e.g. 7.3.4.1 Production testing of fabricated piping components
manual repairs of submerged arc welds oi pipe material. The is to be performed according to the methods stated in Table
qualification test welds are to be made on pipe nipples in a 7.2 and 7.3.
manner realistically simulating the repair situations to be
qualified. e.g, Check analysis is to be carried out for each heat. Mechanical
testing is normally to be carried out for each cast component.
- Through thickness repair of weld seam. and once every tenth forged or welded component of each
- Shallow surface repairs of pipe material. lot. If more than one heat is used for fabrication of a lot of
components. each heat is to be tested.
The length of the pipe nipple is to be sufficient to give realis-
tic restraint. Pipe material is to be on the high side of the
Dimensional inspection and non-destructive testing as specif-
chemical composition.
ied in 7.2.6 and 7.2.7 are to be carried out for each fabricated
piping component. Hydrostatic testing is to be performed by
i .2.9.& Qualification testing is to be based on visual inspec- the manufacturer or on site with the piping components as
tion. radiography and mechanical testing. Mechanical testing built-in section. see &.&.4. If the latter is agreed. non-destruc-
is to be performed according to Table 7.4. Repair welding tive testing may be required after the pressure test of the
procedures are to meet the pipe requirements.
built-in section.
J 7.3 Fabrication of piping components 7.3.5 Repair welding of piping components
7.3.5.1 Repair welding of piping components is to be carr-
7.3.1 General ied out by qualified welders using a qualified repair welding
7.3.L I Piping components such as bends. valves. flanges. procedure as allowed by and according to 7.2.9. After repair
welding. castedand forged piping components are to be post
tees. intersections etc. may be forged. cast or welded. The
weld heat treated. visually examined and non-destructive tes-
composition. mechanical properties. heat treatment and
soundness of piping components are generally to comply ted.
with Section 5 in their final installed condition. Dimensional
tolerances are to comply with recognized standards.

7.3.1.2 The material flow direction of a forged component

is generally to follow the main stress llow pattern. Where
piping components like flanges. tees. intersections etc. are
made by other methods than shape or die forging. e.g. being
machined out of bars or plates. materials without significant
directional dependent properties are to be used and verified
by appropriate mechanical tests.
/ .3.1.3 The effect of forming and heat treatment operations
on mechanical properties. microstructure and corrosion re-
sistance is to be taken into account.
!Ii I
7A Post weld heat treatment
7.4.1 General
7.4.1 .1 Post weld heat treatment is generally to be perform-
ed for welded JOints of C'\ln and C·\ln fine grain treated
steels having nominal wall thickness (see Appendix CJ more
than 49 mrn.
When the minimum design temperature is less than - I a°c.
the thickness limit 1S to be specially decided.

The thickness limit for post weld heal treatment of low alloy'
ed steels is to be considered in each case.
7.4.1.2 When post weld heat treatment is used to ensure
adequate resistance of welded joints against sulphide stress
corrosion. this is normally to be performed for all thtcknes-
ses.
7.4.1 .J Post weld heat treatment is to be carried out at
575-600°C for C-Mn and C-Mn fine grain treated steels.
while low alloyed steels are to be post weld heat treated at
600-625°C unless otherwise recommended by the steel ma-
ker.
"
40
If the steel has been quenched and tempered, the post weld
heat treatment temperature is. however. nOI to be higher than
JO°C below the tempering temperature.
7.4.) .4 Heating. soaking and cooling is to be performed in a
controlled manner. The soaking time is to be 2 min/ mrn.
however. minimum I hour. Where local heat treatment is
performed. the specified temperature' is to be maintained in' a
band extending at least J times the wall thickness on each
side of the weld. The temperature at the edge of the insula-
tion bend is to be maximum half the soaking temperature.
When the temperature at all pans has fallen to 300°C. the
joint may be cooled freely.
I
I
J
 41

SECTION 8
INSTALLATION

8.1 General 8.2.2 Seabed preparation

8.2.2.1 Seabed preparation is to carried out in accordance
8.1.1 Specifications
with an approved specification.
8.1.1.1 Installation of a pipeline system is to be carried OUt The specification is to include information such as
in accordance with written specifications. plans and drawings extent of preparation
which are satisfying these Rules. The specifications are sub- preparation methods and equipment
ject to approval by Veritas, inspection methods and equipment

8.1.1.2 Welding procedures are to be specified as described

in 8.5.2. 8.3 Construction

.
8.1.1 .3 Field coating procedure is to be specified as describ-
ed in 6.2.4.

8.1.1 .4 NOT
Section I .
• ~
e~o"" ""':'-i\-w...S,,-,-t... 'c..Sr\ .. *
rocedures are to be specified as described in
8.3.1 Qualification
8.3.1.1 Construction has to be carried out by means of
qualified personnel. procedures and equipment. The quali-
fications are to be proved prior to start of construction.

8.1.1.5 A detailed quality control system has to be specified 8.3.1.2 Welders and welding operators are to be qualified
for all installation activities. see 1.4.4.2. in accordance with 8.5.5.

8.1.1 .6 The installation specification is to give detailed in- 8.3.1 .3 Welding procedures are to be qualified in accord-
formation on parameters which have to be controlled in or- ance with 8.5.3 and 8.5.8.
der to obtain the correct configuration of and stress levels in
1 the affected portion of the pipeline. The range within which
the parameters are allowed to vary is to be clearly stated. see
4.3.
8.3.1.4 NOT procedures and operators are to be qualified in
accordance with Section 10.

8.3.1.5 It may be required that installation vessels are sur-

J 8.1.1.7 Instrumentation systems used for measuring or con-

trolling essential parameters during the installation operation
veyed prior to start of installation. This may include testing
and calibration of equipment and instrumentation such as
tension machines
are to be specified.
1 winches
8.1.1.8 For a layvessel the following should be included in load cells
the spesificatioa: depth gauges
general lay-oul drawings showing location of working welding equipment
., stations. tension devices. stinger. supports. guides etc.
profile of ramp and stinger showing proposed pipeline 8.3.2 Handling and storing
.J conflguration 8.3.2.1 Pipes. fabricated sections and accesories are to be

.
+:~
brief description of the tension devices with information handled in a safe manner to prevent damage. and are to be
'.'1I~---'l.0l1..W:!.llin8 for~_e. holding force and~ueese>ressure
r
adequately supported and protected during storage and trans-
brief description of support and gui es on layvessel and portation.
"j stinger. including information on possible horizontal and
vertical adjustment 8.3.2'-2 Pipes. prefabricated sections and accessories are to
'°'1
brief decription of stinger including weight and buoyancy be inspected before installation. Damaged items are to be re-
distribution and procedures for obtaining correct con- paired to the satisfaction of the Surveyor or clearly marked
J./1.'1. ' figuration and deplaced. see 6.3.4 and 8.5.8.
brief description of other systems or equipment essential
for the installation operation. 8.3.2.3 Storing of pipes has to be carried out in such a way
j that the pipe is not being permanently deformed by its own
8.1.1.9 For a riser installation the specification should in- weight or the weight of above layers of pipes. Special care
elude information such as: should be taken for storing heavy coated anode joints.
description and general layout drawings of the riser
showing location of supports. bends. flanges. etc. 8.3.3 Installation operations
detail drawings of riser supports, bends. flanges. spoolpie-
ces. etc. 8.3.].1 The installation of the pipeline system is to be car-
description and drawings of corrosion protection system. ried out in accordance with approved procedures and in such
description and specification of equipment essential for a way that the pipe and coating will not be exposed to un-
the installation acceptable strainsl stresses or be damaged.
instrumentation systems used for measuring or controll-
ing essential parameters during the installation operation 8.3.].2 Mounting and application or riser supports are to be
procedure specification covering ail installation opera- carried out so as to obtain the support conditions upon which
tions. the design calculations have been based.

8.3.3.3 Instrurnentation systems used for measuring or con-

trolling essential parameters are to be accessible for the Sur-
I
I
veyor at any time.
J 8.2 Pipeline route
8.3.3.4 Joining of pipes and subsequent non-destructive
8.2.1 Route survey testing are to be carried out in accordance with 8.5 and 8.6
respectively.
1l.2.1.1 Adequate surveys are to be carried out prior to in- Tie-ins of pipeline sections are to be carried out in accordance
stallation of the pipeline. see 2.2. with 8.7.
 8.3.3.5 Corrosion coating of field joints is to be carried out
in accordance with 6.2.4.
8.3.3.6 Pipes which have suffered damage durmg abandon
or retrieval operations are to be replaced or repaired to the
satisfaction of the Surveyor.
Acceptance criteria for coating damages are to be worked out
prior to start of laying.
8.3.3.7 Survey of the installed pipeline is required when
there is reason to beli~hat damage has occurred. and that
further laying may~er) later, surveys and repairs difficult
or impossible. ~ {,> . ; i ( . .':...
8.3.4 Pipeline and cable crossings
8.3.4.1 Crossing of pipeline and cables is to be carried out
in accordance with an approved specification. Safety measu-
res adopted to avoid damage on foreign installations or by
other installations are to be specified.
8.3.4.2 The specification is to include information such as
layout and proflle of crossing
auxiliary constructions or components including layers of
separation
methods and equipment adopted for installation
inspection methods.
8.3.3.3 Normally a minimum clearance distance ofQ.1..m.is
to be maintained between ilie pipeline and other pipelines or
cables.
8.3.5 BUCkJe~.;. ....et.:.>J ~~
8.3.6.1 In connection with pipelaying from vessel where pi- - Clamping device and line-up tolerances.
pe sections are joined onboard the vessel it may be required
that continuous buckle detection is carried out during laying.
In such cases the method of buckle detection ~t to ap-
proval. Normally a rigid disc is to be located 'ithin the pipe - Electrodel wire diameter.
at a suitable dista~~ touch down point; ,d..
. t/o...... , '"100. ~t_12 ; -1 \..... - Welding parameters. current. voltage. type of current and
8.3.6.2 The diameter of the detector is to be chosen with
due regard to pipeline inside diameter and tolerances on
ovality, wall thickness. misalignment and height of internal
wel~ ieJL~e... 11 . Temporary backing and type (if any). ...--e- •
The fOm5Wing formula may be used.
d= D-2t-5
where
S = 0.01 D + 0.4 t + 5 I
d = diameter of detector
D = nominal outer diameter of pipe
t = nominal wall thickness of pipe
I = 20% oft. max. 5 mm
8.4 Auchorlug and protection of pipeline systems
8.4.1 General
8.4.1.1 The pipeline system is to be protected andlor an-
chored against unacceptable loads and incidents such as:
lateral axial movements
impacts
corrosion
8.4.1.2 Anchoring/protection of a pipeline system is to be
carried out in accordance with an approved specification. The
specification is at least to include
definition of the final conditions
description of methods and equipment
description of means and instrumentation for control and
inspection
Provisions for corrosion protection are covered in Section 6.
8.5 Jnstallation welding
8.5.J General
8.5.1.1 The schemes for installation welding described in
this section have been based on current recognized practice.
Other methods may also be used. but are then subject to spe-
cial approval.
8.5.1.2 All installation welding is to be performed with
equipment which has been proved reliable and suitable for
field applications. Prequalificaucn testing is to be performed
for welding systems where previous field experience is limit-
ed. or the system will be used under new conditions.
8.5.1.3 Welding may be performed with the manual metal
arc. the flux-cored arc. the gas metal arc or the tungsten inert
gas metal arc process. Higher strength steels are to be welded
with low hydrogen consurnables unless special welding
techniques are used ensuring an equal safety against cold
cracking.
8.5.2 Welding procedure specification
85.2.1 A welding procedure specification is to be prepared
for each procedure giving the following information:
- Pipe material. standard grade and project specification.
- Diameter and wall thickness. R..'";;i;:
- ~preparation and design. 'S~~" v"l-Q...
Welding process.
Welding consumablelsl, trade name and recognized clas-
sification.
ILc>- Shielding gas. mixture and flow rates.
polarity. travel speed etc.
Welding position.
Welding direction. ">
~umber of passes. t.o.~ 0 r£,.. t:.e........ r="
Time ~tween passes. L =...,{.
Preheating and interpass temperatures. ~e....
Post weld heat treatment.
8.5.3 Qualification of the welding equipment and welding
procedure
8.s.3. I The selected type of welding equipment and the
specified welding procedure is to be qualified prior to instal-
lation welding. The qualification test is to be carried out with
the same or equivalent equipment as that to be used during
installation. The test is normally to be performed on the yard
or the vessel where the installation welding is to take place.
and be conducted under representative conditions.
The test joints to be used for qualification testing are to be of
sufficient length to give realistic restraint during welding. Pi-
pes on the high side of the specified chemical composition are
to be selected.
8.5.3.2 When manual welding is to be used. one complete
test joint is to be made. For mechanized welding equipment.
three consecutiv: complete test joints are to be made.
Each test joint is to be subject to visual examination. non-
destructive tests and mechanical testing.
8.5.3.3 Non-destructive testing is normally to' be radio-
graphy tested using Xvrays, When the gas metal arc process
is used. the test joints are also to be ultrasonic tested. Magnet-
ic panicle testing may be required in special cases.
 43

Non-destructive testing is.to be performed in accordance with ration. dilution and solidification panern. i.e. groove type
-.., Section 10 and the soundness of the test welds is to meet the (V. U. Y. X> angles. root gap and root face are to be spe-
I acceptance limits given in this section. cially considered.
I
~8.5.1.4 The type a ber of mechanical tests for each Welding process: Any change.
joint are given in able 8.1. arnpling of test specimens. di-
mensions and meth s ng are described in Appendix C. Welding consumables: Any change of type. classification.
diameter and brand as well as additions/ omissions of
The mechanical properties of the test welds are to meet the powders. hot and cold wires. .
following requirements:
Gas shielding: Any change of specified mixture. compo-
The ultimate tensile strength of the joint is to be at least sition and flow rate range.
equal to the specified ultimate tensile strength of the pipe
material. When different steel grades are joined. the ulti- Welding position: A change to a principal position not be-
mate tensile strength of the joint is to be at least equal to ing qualified according to Table 8.2.
l the minimum specified ultimate tensile strength of the lo-
wer grade. Welding direction: A change from vertical down to verti-
cal up or vice versa.
(- Theguided bend tests are to disclose no defects exceeding
1 rnm, Minor cracks. less than 6 mm. originating at the
specimen edges may be disregarded if not associated with
Currenu Any change beyond ± 15% and from AC to
DC.
i: obvious defects. 'o.t
e..J~ :-r-~
Polarity: Any change.
The fracture surfaces of the nick reak test specimens are
to show complete fusion enetration. Other defects Vollage: Any change beyond ± 10% except ± 5% for
~ exceeding the limits of able I . are not acceptable. gas metal arc welding.
,-'--- ---- «Fish eyes» may be d~!ar unless associated with
unacceptable amount o~ inclusions and porosity. Travel speed: Any change beyond ± 10%.

._-
r- >~~~
The average and single Charpy V-notch toughness at Time lapse between root pass and first filler pass: Any de-
each position is not to be less than specified according to lay significantly increasing the cold cracking risk.
5.2.7. When different steel grades are joined. a series of
impact tests is to be performed in the heat affected zone Preheating: Any decrease;
on each side of the weld. The weld metal is then to meet
·-T
the more -stringent energy requirement. Interpass temperature: Any significant change in the mi-
I nimum and maximum interpass temperature limits.
J The maximum hardness is not to exceed the limits given
in 5.2.10 and 5.2.12 as applicable. ...............'-"-~ . POSI weld hem treatment: Any change significantly affect-
. -f'" -""l!A.s.,. ing mechanical properties. the residual stress level. the

~uo
The macrosection is to show a sound weld = g corrosion resistance. i.e. the heating rate. cooling rate.
temperature level and period. heating band and insulation
J a e 10.
<he pipe without defec ts as pet the
urn ts of
width to be specially considered.
~
8.5.3.5 Failure of a test specimen due to defective prepara-
tion may be disregarded. and is to be replaced by a new test 8.5.5 Qualification of welders and welding operators
specimen. 8.5.5.1 Qualification of wei and welding operators art
generally to be as describ 1 1.2.3. or underwater welding
<', I
8.5.4 Essential parameters for weldIng procedures additional conditions apply. . .. 10. ~
J 8.5.4.1 A qualified welding procedure remains valid as
long as the essential parameters are kept within acceptable li- 8.5.5.2 Under special circumstances. qualification of weI·
mits and production tests are performed regularly. When one ders may be based on visual examination and mechanica
testing only. if so agreed by Veritas, In such cases bend test-
j or more variations outside the acceptable limits occur. the
welding procedure is to be considered invalid. and is to bere-
specified and qualified.
ing and nick-break testing are to be carried out in accordance
with Appendix C. Acceptance criteria for nick-breaks are
however. to be as follows:
8.5.4.2 The essential parameters and the acceptable limits of The fractured surface is to show complete penetration
L J [
variations are normally to be as described below. For special
welding system other essential parameters and acceptable
and fusion. There is to be maximum one - I - gas
pocket per cm-, being less than 1.5 rom in extension. On-
variation limits may have to be imposed. ~r~c1usions. with maximum depth 0.8 nun
]. .
Materials: A change from a lower strength grade to a
/ and with maximum length 3 mm spaced at least 12 rom .
I higher. and any change in type. composition and proces-
i may be accepted. «Fish eyes» may be disregarded unless
not associated with significant number of slag inclusions

I
I
sing significant for the weldability and the mechanical
and properties of the weld. The C-content. alloy content.
carbon equivalent and supply condition is to be specially
l and cluster porosity.
.... <:-<:>~

j considered, 8.5.6 Welding and workmanship

Diameter: A change in diameter from one to another of
the following ranges: 00 <;100 mrn. 100 < 00 <:300
and 00> JOO. ,/
Thickness, A change outside the thickness interval 0.75 (
to 1.5 t where t IS (he norrunal thickness oi the test joint.
Groove configuration: Any changeisr important for penet-
8.5.6.1 All installation welding is to be performed witt
qualified welding equipment. qualified welding procedure
and type oi equipment and by qualified welders/operators
The back lead oi the welding equipment is to be correctly
connected to avoid stray current 'giving arise to corrosion. set
also o.3.~.3. Idenucai welding units. either additional or re-
piacernent Units. may be qualified by non-destrucuve resans
oi production welds.
 44
~"Z..~~~'b:>-,. .

Table 8.1 Quallflcation of 12I~e1din~ procedure.

Type and numbe;:-o(mechanical tests for each joint.

TEST JOINT NUMBER OF EACH SPECIFIED TEST

Wall Outside Transverse Root bend Face bend Side bend Nick break!' Charpy V- Hardness
thickness diameter weld tensile n '? ! -;-v- notch sam- and macro
trnml (rnml r
- . -- ple..,114151l11

<;12.5
,300 2 -, .2 0 2 4 2
> 300 4 4 0 4 11 4 4 .2

,300 .2 0 0 4 .2 4 .2
> 12.5
> 300 4 0 0 8 4 4 .2

"'Oles:
I) Root and face bend tests ma)' be used instead of side bends.
2) Nick break teslS may be omitted for manual metal arc welding 10 be performed above water.
J I Impact lCSting is not required for t <S mm.
4) Each Charpy V·notch sample consists of J specimens.
S) Impact testing is to be carried out with the V'notch positioned in the weld metal. on the fusion line. 2 mm from the fusion line and S mm from the fusion
line.
6) When more welding processes or more welding consumabies are used. impact testing is normally to be carried out in the corresponding weld res:ions if the
resion tesIed cannot be considered representauve for the complete weld.

8.5.6.2 The bevelled pipe ends are to be free from con- pies are to be located in the weld metal. and in the heat affect-
tamination by moisture. oil. grease. rust etc. which might af- ed Zone at the position which showed the lowest average
fect the weld quality. energy absorption during the procedure qualification test. see
8.5.1. '>
.t~"'....
8.5.6.3 Internal or external line-up clamps are normally not
to ~oved before the first two passes are completed.
-...It.l~-Wnen~welds are necessary for alignment. these are only
8.5.8 Repair o~ •
to be made' e weld groove using a qualified welding pro- 8.5.8.1 Pipes and welds containing defects are to be repair-
ed as described in 8.5.8.2 through 8.5.8.9. ........,c..:.....,..'Lc-
--_oJ
cedure. efectiv tack welds are to be completely removed.
~ _+c.ii"oso
8.5.6.4 Welding is not to be discontinued before the joint 8.5.8.2 Defects outside the weld are to be repaired by~
~f"~

has sufficient strength to avoid plastic yielding and cracking ing only. If grinding reduces remaining wall thickness bero'W'
during pulling and handling. Prior to restarting after inter- the minimum specified thickness. the defective pipe section is
ruptions. preheating to the minimum specified preheating to be cut out. Grindung is to be performed in a workman-like
temperature is to be applied, manner. and with smooth transition into the pipe surface.

8.5.6.5 Supports. attachments. lifting devices etc. used for
permanent positioning of risers and pipelines are normally to
be welded to a doubler ring. Doubler rings for temporary use
are to be clamped.
8.5.8.3 Defects in the weld may be repaired by grinding or
welding. Repair welding specifications are to be prepared.
and are to give the following information in addition to that
relevant of 8.5.2.1.
Method for removal of defect.

S
~ Preparation of weld area.
8.5.6.6 Pe entdoubler rings are to be made as fully
. encircling leev nd of materials satisfying the requirements Non-destructive tests for conftrmation of defect removal.
?• _ for pressure parts. see 5.7. Longitudinal welds are to be made
with a backing strip. avoiding penetration into the main pipe.
Permissible minimum and maximum weld repair sizes.

The circumferential welds are to be continuous. and made in 8.5.8.4 The repair welding procedures are to be qualified.
a manner minimizing the risk of root cracking and lamellar The qualification tests are to be made in a realistic manner si-
~~\'tAft~ mulating repair situations likely to occur. e.g.
Through thickness repair: "')
Table 8.2 Qualified principal welding positions External repairs of undercuts with one stringer pass. .a:- (
Inside root repair with one pass only.
Test position Applicable welding positions Repeated weld repairs in same area.
IG IG
The repair tests welds are to be made in the overhead
2G IG.2G
through vertical position. using pipe with a chemical compo-
5G IG.5G
All sition in the upper range of the specification.
2G + 5G
or 6G All
8.5.8.5 The test weld covering through thickness repair is
to be visually inspected. non-destructive tested and mechani-
cal tested as required for the installation welding procedure.
8.5.7 Production test see 8.5.3. The single pass test welds are to be visually inspect-
8.5.7.1 Production tests may be required during installa- ed. magnetic particle examined and mechanical tested with
tion. The test is to be performed in a manner which. as far as two macro/ hardness tests provided there is used the same
possible. reproduces the actual welding. and is to cover weld- welding consumables and parameters as for the major re-
ing of a sufficiently large pipe sector in a relevant position. pairs.

When production testing is required. half the number of tests 8.5.8.6 Preheating is to be performed prior to repair weld-
specified in Table 8.1 are to be carried out. Impact test sam- ing. The minimum specified preheating! interpass tempera-

1111'!lImllllll

ture is to be maintained until the repair has been completed,
85.8.7 Long defects may require repair in several steps to
avoid yielding and cracking. The maximum length of allowa-
ble repair step is to be calculated based on the maximum
stresses in the joint during the repair operation. The repair
length is to be at least approximately 100 mm even if the de-
fect is of less extension.
8.5.8.8 Grinding is to be performed after arc air gouging to
remove any carbon pick-up.
J 8.5.8.9 A joint may be repair welded twice in the same
area. If the joint still contain defects. the complete joint is to
be cut out unless special repair welding procedures simulat-
l ing actual number of weld repairs have been qualified.
8.6 Visual examination and non-destructive testing of
installation welds
8.6.1 General
8.6.1.1 '" Installation welds including repairs made by grind-
ing and welding are to be visual examined and non-destruc-
tive tested.
8.6.1.2 Non-destructive testing is to be performed in ac-
,
cordance with qualified procedures and qualified NOT-opera-
j tors. see Section 10.
8.6.1.3 Inspection and NOT-records are to be made for
each weld including any repair actions. The records are to be
marked and identified in a suitable manner enabling tracebili-
ty to location of welds and the welding proceduretsl being us-
ed.
J 8.6.2 Visual examination
8.6.2.1- Visual examination is to be carried out for all
welds.
8.6.2.2 The finished welds and the pipe surfaces are to the pipeline section are to be used.
comply with the acceptance criteria specified i.n @leIO.r:-::::::>· 7 .
~ 8. .3.3 w elding and mspecnon 0 t e ue-in IS to
8.6.2.3 Welds which do not comply wid([;b!eIOJ re to out in accordance with approved specifications. see 8.5 and
be repaired according to 8.5.8 or cut out.
8.6.3 Non-destructive testing
8.6.3.1 All installation welds are to be radiographed fUll
.J.i length. Ultrasonic testing and magnetic panicle testing may
be required depending on the applied welding method.
1
~2 Defects which exceed the acceptance limits in Table
_ .. ~~~ to be completel~ rem,?ved an.d repaired in accord-
. . .ance Wtth 8.5.8. Magnetic particle tesung IS normally to be
used to ensure complete removal of defects prior to repair
welding.
8.6.3.3 Weld repairs are to be radiographed. This examina-
tion is to cover the repaired area and an additional length of
50 mm at each end of the repair weld.
8.6.3.4 Magnetic panicle testing may replace radiography
when the defect is located at the outside of the pipe. and is re-
moved by grinding only.
8.7 Tie-ins'
I surnables on the suppon vessel and in the welding chamber
J 8.7.1 General
8.7.1.1 Tie-ins between different portions of a pipeline. or
between pipeline and riser. may be carried OUt by one of the
following methods.
- Mechanical connectors.
45
Welded connection on the lay vessel and subsequent lo-
wering.
Underwater welding.
The choice of method is to be based on an evaluation of the
conditions under which the tie-in is to be carried out and the
service conditions under which the tie-in is to operate.
8.7.1.2 The tie-in operation is to be carried out in accord,
ance with an approved tie-in specification.
8.7.1 .3 Tie-in specification is to include:
description and specification of components which will
be introduced as permanent parts of the pipeline.
calculation of stresses occurring during installation and
operation.
procedure specifications covering all tie-in operations.
description and specification of equipment and instru-
mentation essential for the installation.
description and specification of methods of inspection and
testing.
8.7.2 Mechanical connectors
8.7.2.1 Mechanical connectors include flanges. couplings or
other components adapting similar mechanical principles of
Obtaining strength and tightness.
8.7.2.2 An evaluation is to be carried out for loads and re-
sulting stresses to which the components are subjected during
installation and ooeration. Safetv factors to be included to en-
sure an equivalent overall safety to that adopted for the ad-
jacent pipeline.
8.7.3 Welded tie-in on the lay vessel
8.7.3.1 Lifting and lowering of the pipeline during the tie-in
operation are to be carried 'out so that induced stresses are
within the allowable limits for pipeline or riser respectively
during installation.
8.7.3.2 Suitable means for monitoring the configuration of
., . . f h . .. be . d
came
8.6.
8.7.4 Tie-in by underwater welding
8.7.4.1 Welding is to be carried OUt with a low hydrogen
process in a chamber (habitat> from whichthe water has been
displaced.
Other methods are subject to special approval.
8.7.4.2 Sealing devices are to be of a proven design and ma-
nufacture. Sealing@are to be pressure tested prior to in-
stallation into the pipeline sections unless this has been carr-
ied out at an earlier stage.
8.7.4.3 A detailed welding procedure specification is to be
established. and is in addition to that specified in 8.5.2.1 to
contain:
water depth.
pressure inside the chamber.
gas composition inside the chamber.
humidity level.
temperature fluctuations inside the chamber.
g.7.4.4 Storage and handling routines of welding con-
as well as the sealing and the transfer procedures to the weld-
109 chamber are to be specified.
8.74.5 The welding procedure IS to be qualified under re-
presentative conditions in a SUitable testing facility. The qua-

lification test is to consist of minimum one complete joint for
manual welding and minimum three joints for mechanized
welding system.
The qualification program may be increased when the under-
water welding will occur under conditions where previous
experience is limited. or will be undertaken by a company
with limited experience in this field.
8.7.4.6 The qualification test welds are to be inspected and
tested as per 8.5 .3 and comply with the requirements specif-
ied for the pipeline section in question.
,8.7.4.7 Preheating to a suitable temperature is to be applied
~~.I;.. for<€oistu~removal and hydrogen diffusion.
8.7.4.8 The essential parameters for underwater welding
are those specified in 8.5.4.1 plus those given in 8.7.4.3. The
acceptable variation limits are normally those specified in
8.5.4 pius the following:
Pressure inside chamber: any increase
Gas composition inside chamber: any change
Humidity: any increase beyond
specified range may
be required
8.704.9 A confirmanon test weld may be required made on
location prior to starting the tie-in welding. The test weld is
to be made on pipe coupons in the habitat under actual con-
ditions. The coupons are to cover welding from the 6 o'clock
to 9 o'clock region. Subject to acceptable visual inspection
and radiography in accordance with 8.6 the tie-in welding
may commence. Mechanical testing is to be performed as
soon as possible. The number of mechanical tests is half that
required for welding procedure qualification.
When the same welding habitat. equipment and welding pro-
cedure are used for consecutive tie-ins on the same pipeline
under comparable conditions further confirmation test welds
are not required.
8.7.4.10 The tie-in weld is to be non-destructive examined
full length. as per 8.6 and comply with tile applicable accept-
ance standard' in Section IO.
8.7.4.11 Prior to qualification testing for underwater weld-
ing. the welder is to have passed a surface welding tests (see
7.2.3) and have relevant training for welding under pressure.
Qualification for underwater welding is to consist of at least
one test weld made in a-testing facility under representative
conditions in accordance with the qualified underwater weld-
ing procedure. The test weld is to be visual inspected .. radio-
graphed and mechanical tested. see 7.2.3 and Appendix C..
8.8 Final surveys and tests
8.8.1 General
8.8.1.1 A final survey of the installed pipeline system is to
be carried out in order to verify that the condition of the pi-
peline system satisfies the approved specification and the re-
quirements of these Rules.
8.8.1.2 If the pipeline is to be buried or covered by other
protection stabilization methods. surveys are normally requir-
ed both before and after burial <Covering) operations.
8.8.2 Survey of Installed pipeline system
8.8.2.1 The final survey on the pipeline system is at least to
provide the following information:
- Detailed plot of the pipeline position
46
Thickness of cover or depth of trench lif applicable) and
descnption of the stale of rest 'along the route
Verification that the condition of weight coaling or the
anchormg system which provides for on-bouom stability
is in accordance with the approved specification
Description of wreckage. ~or other ObJCCL<; which
may affect the cathodic protection system or otherwise
impair the pipeline
Description and location of damages to the pipeline. its
coaling or cathodic protection system
8.8.2.2 The final survey report of the installed riser is to
verify that the nser, including supports. clamps. anchors. pro-
tection devices te.g, fenders. casings. etc.J and corrosion pro-
tection system. are Installed in accordance with approved
drawings and specifications.
8.8.3 Survey of corrosion protection system
8.8.3.1 Inspection of the external coating of the pipeline
system is required. Special attention should be given to the ri-
ser in the splash zone.
8.8.3.2 Spot measurements of the polarization along the pi-
peline may be required in areas with damaged coating. Spe-
cial attention is to be paid to areas far from sacrificiai anodes
and areas with stress concentrations.
8.8.3.3 In areas where measurements indicate that cathodic
protection has not been attained. some corrective action is to
be arranged. e.g. mounting of additional sacrificial anodes.
increasing current output from rectifiers. or appiication of
protective coating.
8.8.3.4 The possibility of over-protection is to be investigat-
ed at locations where detrimental effects of over-protection
may be suspected.
8.8.3.5 The possibility of stray currents are to be investigat-
ed by measurements and visual observations by qualified per-
sonnel. Provisions according to 6.x.x.x and 6.x.x.x are to be
complied with where detrimental effects may be suspected.
8.8.4 Pressure test
8.8.4.1 The pipeline system is to be pressure tested after in-
stallation. The testing is to be carried out in accordance with
an approved procedure. A pipleine system may be tested in
sections. e.g, between tOP of risers or between tOP of the riser
and shore. When a pipeline is to be buried or covered. the
pressure test is to be performed after such operation.
8.8.4.2 The test is normally to be carried out with liquic!(
test medium. ~
8.8.4.3 The pressure test is to prove the strength and the
thightness of the tested section. The minimum test pressure is
to be 1.25 times the design pressure. Hoop stress in the pipe
during testing is normally not to exceed 90 per cent of the
minimum specified yield strength. Higher stresses will be
considered in each case.
8.8.4.4 During pressurizing. added test liquid versus pres-
sure is to be recorded in order to evaluate the amount of resi-
dual air in the test section.
8.8.4.5 After pressurizing sufficient time has to be allowed
for stabilization of the pressure in the pipe section.
8.8.4.6 The holding time for pipeline sections is normally to
be minimum 24 hours. after the pressure has stabilized. For
short lines and risers 8 hours holding time may be accepted.
For pipeseetion that can be 100 % visually inspected the hold-
ing period is normally to be at least 2 hours.
8.8.4.7 Alternative pressure testing procedures may also be
accepted. For guidance see Appendix E.
 ~$t~..l~ rr: ~<.c 47

8.8.4.8 If the tested section ~r~the failure is to 8.8.6 Testing of alarm and shutdown systems
be corrected and the section retested.
8.8.6.1 It is the Owner's responsibility to protect the pipeli-
ne system against operational conditions for which the sys-
8.8.4.9 Pressure testing of tie-in welds between already test-
tem is not designed.
ed sections may in special cases be exempted provided the re-
gular radiographic examination is extended with ultrasonic
8.8.6.2 Instrumentation for the safe operation of the pipeli-
-1 examination of other suitable methods. Monitoring may be
required. The NDT procedures and operators are to be qualif-
ne system is to be tested according to generally recognized co-
J ied for this testing. see Section 10.
des and the manufacturer's recommendations prior to start of
operation.
'1' 8.8.5 Buckle detection
8.8.6.3 Emergency shutdown systems are to be tested ac-
j 8.8.5.1 Buckle detection is to be carried out by running a cording to generally recognized codes prior to start of opera-
gauge pig (caliper pig) through each pipeline section after in- tion.
stallation. When the pipeline is to be buried. the final buckle
detection is to be performed after trenching.

J'

,
J

SECTION 9
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
9.1 General
9.1.1 Owner's duty
9.1.1.1 The Owner is (0 inform Veritas when inspections
required to retain the certificate is to be carried out.
9.1.1.2 The Owner is to retain files of the running inspec·
tion and the remedial measures taken and make these files
available upon request.
9.1.1 J The Owner is forthwith to notify Veritas if any of
the events occur as given below. so that the need for surveys
can be determined:
the pipeline system is damaged. or is suspected of having
been damaged. in a manner likely to impair its safety or
strength
the pipeline system dernonstate signs of deterioration 9.3.2.1 The objective of the stan up inspection is to observe
likely to impair its safety or strength
the pipeline system is subjected to any alteration. repair haviour of the pipeline system. This may include inspection
or replacement
transportation of new fluids.
9.1.2 Retension of Certificate of Approval
9.1.2.1 The Certificate of Approval will be retained in the
operating phase provided the requirements in these Rules are
satisfied. See also 1.5.2.
9.2 Operation and maintenance of the pipeline system
9.2.1 Operation, inspection and maintenance manual
9.2.1.1 The Owner is to prepare a manual for this opera-
tion. inspection and maintenance of the pipeline system.
9.2.1.2 The operation. inspection and maintenance manual
is to:
describe organization and management of the mainten-
ance and in-service inspection
identify all items to be monitored. inspected and main-
tained
specify the monitoring equipment. inspection method and
frequency for each item to be inspected
specify operation limitations
specify stan up/ shut down procedures
9.2.2 Operation
9.2.2.1 Pressure at delivery and receiving stations along the
pipeline is to be controlled and recorded. It may also be re-
quired that the temperature and dew point of the product is
measured and recorded at various points in the pipeline- sys-
tem at regular intervals.
9.2.2.2 Automatic shut down valves and other safety devi-
ces in the pipeline system is to be tested and inspected. The
inspection should verify that the devices are in good condi-
tion and properly performs the safety function.
9.2.2:3 It is assumed that regulators and pressure relief val-
ves not pan of the pipeline system are subject to regular test-
ing and inspection.
9.2.2.4 Surge pressure is not to exceed 1.1 times the inter-
nal design pressure.
9.2.2.5 The consentration of aggressive and toxic compo-
nents in the product is to be monitored.
48
9.3 In-service inspection
9.3.1 General
9.3.1.1 In-service inspection is to be carried OUI according
to an acceptable program. see 9.2.1.2.
9.3.1.2 Veritas may have free access to
scrutinize in-service inspection reports
carry out survey in connection with in·service inspection
made by the Owner or his contractors
carry out survey.
whenever found necessary in order to retain the Certificate of
Approval.
9.3.2 Start up inspection
during and immediately after stan up any movements or be-
and measurement of the distance between the bend connect-
ing the pipeline and the riser and the installation in order to
detect lateral or axial movement. If necessary these measure-
ments are to be continued until such movements have stabil-
ized.
9.3.2.2 Mechanical couplings including flanges may require
visual inspection during stan up. Leak detection is to be car-
ried out when found necessary.
9.3.3 Periodical inspection
9.3.3.1 The frequency and extent of each periodical inspec-
tion are to be based on factors such as
type of inspection
design and function of the pipeline system
seabed conditions and protection
environmental conditions
corrosion/ erosion conditions
traffic density
condition of the pipeline system as installed and as per
earlier inspections
possible consequences of failure
9.3.3.2 Pipeline systems that are not in operation are also to
be subject to periodical inspection if the Certificate of Ap-
proval is to be retained.
9.3.4 Frequency of periodical inspection
9.3.4.1 A periodical inspection is normally to be carried out
annually if not otherwise agreed upon. The time for annual
inspection may. under normal circumstances. be selected
with due regard to factors such as weather conditions and
operation of the pipeline system.
9.3.4.2 Veritas may. upon request. accept a continuous in-
spection in lieu of regular periodical inspection. Each pan of
the system is to be controlled as frequently as in the case of
regular periodical inspection.
9.3.4.3 The Owner is to notify Veritas on occasions when
such parts of the pipeline system. which are not normally ac-
cessible for inspection. may be examined.
9.3.5 Extent of periodical inspection - pipeline
9.3.5.1 The pipeline is to be surveyed to detect free spans.
and. if specified to be buried. to detect exposed sections.
Length of free spans and exposed sections and degree of ex·
posure is to be quantified.

'1 9.3.5.2 Visual inspection of exposed parts of the pipeline is
to be carried out to determine the general conditions of the
pipeline and locate areas that may be subjected to close visual.
inspection and testing. This is to include detection and mapp-
ing of:
mechanical damages to the pipeline
l coating damages
anode consumption and condition
condition of the seabed with respect to scouring or build-
up of seabed substance
signs of lateral and axial movement
leaks
9.3.5.3 Control of the performance of the corrosion protec-
tion system is to be carried out. If found necessary. potential
~l measurements are to be conducted at the discretion of the
Surveyor and in accordance with 8.8.3.
71 9~3.5.4 Inaccessible parts of the pipeline system are to be re-
motely examined by suitable equipment.
J 9.4.2
9.3.5.5 Thickness measurements may be required where
there is reason to believe that the pipe wall thickness may be
reduced due to external! internal corrosion or erosion (e.g.
J od. The remaining wall thickness is to meet the minimum re-
the effect of sand content in the flow).
Other means for internal corrosion monitoring are also to be
used. see 6.4.5.
9.3.6 Extent of periodical inspection - riser
9.3.6.1 Normally the below specified inspection is to be
carried out in addition to the inspection specified for the pi-
peline. see 9.3.5.
J 9.3.6.2 Close visual inspection of supports, bolts. flanges
and couplings.
9.3.6.3 Thickness measurements at pre-selected reference
J points are to be carried out on a regular basis. see 6.4.5.3.
The measurements are to be carried out according to an ap-
proved procedure which should include information on:
type of equipment
type of probe
evaluation procedure
location of reference points
9.3.6.4 Potential readings are to be performed at a fair dist-
ance from the adjacent anodes.
! 9.4.4.2 Permanent repair of a leak in pipe body or weld
9.3.6.5 Distance between the bend connection the pipeline
I and the rises and the structure is to be measured and record-
ed.
1 For low pressure oil lines repair by properly designed leak
.J
9.3.7 Special inspection
9.3.7.1 If any events occur which impair the safety.
strength or stability of the pipeline system. the Owner is
forthwith to notify Veritas and a special inspection is to be
carried 'out.
Such events are:
the pipeline system is damaged or suspected of having be- 904.5.1 Repair welding procedures and welders are to be
en damaged
the pipeline system demonstrates signs of deterioration
The pipeline system is subjected to alteration. repair or re- 9.4.5.2 Repair welding above water is to be carried out as
placement.
9.J.7.2 Special inspections is normally to be carried out in
the presence of a Surveyor. The Surveyor is 1O be provided
with the facilities needed for first hand evaluation of the
conditions necessitating the inspection.
49
9.4 Repairs
9.4.1 General
9.4.1.1 All repairs are to be carried out by qualified per-
sonnel in accordance with approved specifications and pro-
cedures. and up to the standard defined for the pipeline.
9.4.1.2 Repairs of parts that are subject to certification' are
to be surveyed and approved by Veritas.
9.4.1.3 The Owner is to notify Veritas in advance of any
such action and to submit the necessary plans and specifica-
tions for approval. The exact documentation that is to be sub-
mitted for approval or information purposes is to be decided
in each particular case.
9.4.1.4 Pipeline systems with defects may be operated tem-
porarily at a reduced pressure until the defect has been re-
moved.
Grooves. gouges and notches
9.4.2.1 Sharp defects like grooves. gouges and notches are
to be removed by grinding or by other approved repair meth-
quired for the particular location. see 4.2.2. Deeper defects
are to be removed by cutting out the damaged portion of the
pipe as a cylinder.
9.4.3 Dents
9.4.3.1 A dent is defined as a depression which produces a
gross disturbance in the curvature of the pipe wall.
9.4.3.2 A dent affecting the longitudinal or circumferential
weld is to be removed by cutting out the damaged portion of
the pipe as a cylinder. or by installing a full encirclement
welded split sleeve. see 9.4.5.9.4.6 and 9.4.7.
9.4.3.3 The acceptability of dents are to be evaluated in
each case. Factors to be taken into consideration are:
size and shape of dent
properties oi pipe material
oil or gas
pressure
possible consequences of pipe rupture
pigging possibilities
9.4.4 Leaks
9.4.4.1 Prior to permanent repair of any leak. the rnacha-
nisms causing the leak are to be established.
may be carried Out by cutting OUt the damaged portion of the
pipe as a cylinder or by installing a full encirclement welded
split sleeve. see 9.4.5. 9.4.6 and 9.4.7.
clamps may be accepted.
9.4.4.3 leaking flanges and couplings are to be sealed if
found satisfactory by torquing the bolts or by replacing at
least the sealing devices such as gaskets and seals.
9.4.5 Repair by welding
qualified as described in 8.5.3 and 8.5.5.
described in 8.5.
9.4.5.3 Underwater repair welding is to be carried out in a
dry habitat. see 8.7.4.
9.4.5.4 Repair welding may in special cases be carried out
 50

on pipelines under pressure. Acceptable repair conditions are 9.4.6 Temporary repairs
to depend on:
actual wall thickness 9.4.6.1 If not possible to take the pipeline OUI of operation.
pressure repairs may be made by installing properly designed leak
flow rate clamp over the defect. The strength of the sleeve is to be as
oil or gas required in 4.2.2.
welding procedure
safety procedures

9.4.5.5 All repair welds are to be visually examined and

non-destructive tested. see 8.6. When relevant. pressure test-
ing is to be carried out as described in 8.8.4.

j
11111 illlll 111I Illi III!IIIII_III::!I:
 5\

SECTION 10
NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
10.1 General Image quality indicator sensitivities in per cent of the wall
thickness based on source and film side indicators res-
10.1.1 Selection or method pectively.
10.1.1:1 Methods for non-destructive testing are to be cho- Density. (The density of the radiographs measured on the
sound weld metal image>. .
sen with due regards to the conditions influencing the sensivi-
ty of the methods. Film coverage.

Appropriate methods will be evaluated in each case. 10.2.2 Radiographic procedure qualification
10.2.2.1 Two radiographic exposures are to be made of a
welded joint using pipe of the same diameter and wall thick-
10.2 Radiographic examination of welds ness and of material equal to or similar to that which is to be
l 10.2.1 Radiographic procedure specification
used in the pipeline system.

10..2.2.2 Image qualit~ indicators of the wire type and of re-

10.2.1.1 A procedure specification for the radiographic ex-
quired number Iaecording to the recommendations of docu-
amination is to be established and is at least to include the fol-
ment IIW /IIS-62-60) are to be placed on both the film side
lowing information: and the source side. The image quality indicators are to be
Material quality and dimensions clearly identified. and the sensivity of the source side indi-
--',1
Welding process and groove geometry cator is to be equal to or bener than the requirements given in
Radiation source (X-rays or gamma rays. If gamma rays.
type of isotopl, Fig. 10.1.
.1 Technique. (Equipment rating in voltage or curie. ex-
10.2.2.3 Exposed radiographs are to have an average H&D
ternal or internal equipment>. density at the sound weld metal image of 1.8-2.5. High in-
Geometric relationships. (Source focal spot size. film- tensity illuminators are to be available for radiographs with
focus distance. object-film distance. radiation angle with
density in the upper density range.
respect to weld and filml
0

Film type. (Trade name and designationl.

Intensifying screens. (Front and/ or back. material. thick-
nessl,
j Exposure conditions. (kV. mAmin. Cimin'>
Processing. (Developing time/temperature. stop-bath. fi-
xation. washing. drying. etc>.
T
.1

diameter of the smallest wire still visible 11 100 %

I QI sensitivity = thickness of the weld
j
I ! I I ! I
I I I i I I i !
3,0 ! i
,; ;

I
I
I
I
iI I I I I T
I
I
I
1 i i ,
I
I
I ! I
........ I T' ! I
,
I i_0 i I
i
> ! I I

J I
I
-
I
I 1 :

5 10 15 20 25 35 40 45 50
Material thickness, mm

Note:
For production radiography; sensitivity
readings based on film side penetrarneters
are to be judged as per results from the
procedure qualification.

Fig. 10.1 Required IQJ sensitivity. Source side parameter.

 52

10.2.3 Qualifications of radiographers Surface requirements

10.2.3.1 Radiographers are to be fully capable of perform· Type of couplannsl
ing an operational test using the qualified radiographic pro- Scanning techniques
cedure. Reporting and identification system

10.2.4 Production radiojtraph~'

10.3.3 Ultrasonic procedure qualification
10.2.4.1 Only approved radiographic procedures are to be 10.3.3.1 The ultrasonic examination procedure is to be
used. If the panorama technique is used to include 100 per qualified through a procedure qualification test.
cent of a girth weld in one exposure. a minimum of three pe-
netrameters are to be equally spaced around the circumfer- The test is to be performed under normal working conditions
ence. in the presence of a Surveyor.

If the multiple exposure technique is used. at least two penet- The test pieces are to be available as reference during the in-
rameters are to be recorded on each film and located near spection work.
each end of the fllm.
10.3.3.2 The procedure qualification is to be performed on
For testing of the ends of longitudinal or spiral welded seams. a sample pipe containing artificial defects made as drilled ho-
one penetrameter may be used. les or machined notches. The defects are to be placed both on
the outside and inside of the sample. orientated parallel.
10.2.4.2 The maximum acceptable film lengths are limited transverse and through the weld and in base material. The
by a 6 per cent increase of the wall thickness in the beam di- defect dimensions and locations are subject to agreement.
rection.

10.2.4.3 All films are to be clearly marked to identify the 10.3.4 Calibration of equipment
proper weld and to locate any discontinuities quickly and ac-
curately. Veritas may specify the identification system. 10.3.4.1 Calibration of the Ultrasonic equipment is to be
carried out whenever it has been out of function for any rea-
Processing and storage is to be in a way that enables the films son including on/off. and whenever there is any doubt con-
to maintain their quality throughout the design life of the in· cerning proper functioning of the equipment.
stallation.
10.3.4.2 Calibration is to be performed with the sample pi-
pe described in 10.3.3.2. The equipment is to be set to pro-
10.2.S Evaluation of welds and standards of acceptability duce maximum signal amplitude from the artificial defects.
The trigger level is then to be reduced to an agreed level. Cali-
10.2.5.1 The radiographs are to be interpreted by qualified bration is to be performed at the production speed.
personnel. The report is to show if the weld quality meets the
requirements of Table 10.1. which defects have been judged
unacceptable. and the number of repairs made. 10.3.5 Qualifications of operators
10.2.5.2 Since radiography gives two dimensional results 10.3.5.1 The operators are upon request to be able to de-
only. welds which meet the acceptance criteria may be reject- monstrate the following capabilities:
ed if the density indicates the depth of the defect to be detri- Calibrating the equipment
mental to the integrity of the weld. Performing an operational test under production condi-
tions
10.2.5.3 The Surveyor is to have the right of being final Evaluating size and location of reflectors.
judge in assessment of weld quality.
10.3.6 Production ultrasonic examination
10.3.6.1 The contact surface is to be clean and smooth. i.e.
10.3 Ultrasonic: examination of welds with stationary free from dirt. scale. rust. welding spatter. etc. which may
equipment influence the results of the testing.

10.3.1 Eqilipment
10.3.1.1 The equipment is to 10.3.7 Evaluation of welds and standards of acceptability
be applicable for the pulse echo technique or the double- 10.3.7.1 For stationary equipment the purpose of jhe test-
probe technique ing is normally to detect defects which are to be further
use a frequency of 4 MHz unless otherwise agreed upon evaluated by radiography.
have a sufficient number of fixed, guided probes ensuring
examination of the complete seam for longitudinal and Indications giving signals below the agreed trigger level are
transverse defects and for detection of possible lamination acceptable.
interfering the testing
have a trigger system alerting indications of defects and a Indications grving signals above the trigger level are to be
system -alarrning malfunctioning of the equipment considered injurions unless further investigations by radio-
have a system automatically locating the defect area graphy show that the weld meets the acceptance criteria in
have a continuous monitoring of weld seam centering Table 10.1.

10.3.2 Ultrasonic procedure specification 10.3.7.2 The Surveyor is to have the right of being final
10.3.2.1 A procedure specification is to be established and judge in assessment of weld quality.
is at least to include the following information:
Material quality and dimensions
Welding process and groove geometry 10.4 Ultrasonic examination of welds with portable
Type of instrument equipment
Type(s) of transducers
Frequencies 10.4.1 Equipment
Calibration details 10.4.1.1 The equipment is to
 53

be applicable for the pulse echo technique and for the The test pieces are to be available as reference during the in-
double-probe technique spection work.
cover as a minimum the frequency range from 2- 6
MHz 10.4.3.2 Reference blocks as described under 10.4.4 will
have a calibrated gain regulator with max. 2 dB per step normally be considered satisfactory as test pieces. Whenever
have a Oat screen accessible from the front for direct groove geometry. welding methods or other factors may cau-
plotting of reference curves se special problems in flaw detection. Veritas may require
allow echoes with amplitudes of 5 per cent of full screen special test pieces to be prepared.
height to be clearly detectable under test conditions
include straight beam transducers and angle beam trans-
ducers of 45.°. 70° and 80°. 10.4.4 Calibration of equipment
10.4.4.1 Calibration of the ultrasonic equipment is to be
carried out whenever it has been out of function for any rea-
r -PROBE CONTACT SURFACE son including on/off. and whenever there is any doubt con-
cerning proper functioning of the equipment.
l .l/r- DIAMETER D T
10.4.4.2 The IIW /ISO calibration block is to be used for
calibration of range and for angle determination. The \'2 cali-
bration block according to DIN 54122 may be used for cali-
I-p bration of range only.
.J T
L 10.4.4.3 For evaluation of flaw indications a reference
curvce is to be established. The curve is to be plotted on the
J instrument screen.
.J 10.4.4.4 A reference block is to be used for gain calibration
II B and construction of the reference curves. The reference block
/1 1 lll-lJO rTrn is normallv to be manufactured from the actual material and
.1 /·1 have dime;'sions according to Fig. 10.2.
111
·1 10.4.4.5 The sound path from the probe in postuon A to
'-'I the reflector. Fig. 10.3 is not to be less than 60 per cent of the
j nearfield length of the probe.
L = Length of reference block given by probe angle and
10.4.4.6 The echo height from position A is to be maxim-
material range to be covered.
T = Thickness of reference block. ized and the gain control regulated so that the echo height is
B = Width of reference block. minimum 40 rnm. 75 per cent of full screen height. This gain setting is called the
D = Diameter of drilled hole. primary gain and is to be recorded. Without altering this gain
P = Position of drilled hole. setting the maximized echo heights from point Band C are to
be plotted on the screen. The reference curve is now to be
drawn as a smooth line through the three points. Two curv-
.j Actual wall Thickness of Position of Diameter of es. 20 and 50 per cent of the reference curve are also to be
thickness ref. block drilled hole drilled hole constructed.
tin mm Tin mm Pin mm Din mm
10.4.4.7 The primary gain is to be corrected for difference
t<25 20 or t .. T/2 2.4 in surface character and attenuation between the reference
25 <t<50 38 or t T/4 3.2 block and the actual pipe by means of the double probe
SO < t<lOO 75 or t T/4 4.8 technique. Two Identical angle probes. facing each other one
skip distance apart as shown in Fig. 10.4. are to be used. The
primary gain is to be corrected accordingly and then becomes
Fig. 10.2 Reference block for construction of reference the corrected primary gain.
curve for portable equipment.

10.4.5 Qualifications of operators

10.4.2 Ultrasonic procedure specification 10.4.5.1 The operators performing ultrasonic examination
10.4.2.1 A procedure specification is to be established and are to be certified and upon request to be able to demonstrate
is at least to include the following information: the following capabilities:
Material quality and dimensions Calibrating the equipment
\V elding process and groove geometry Performing an operational test under production condi-
Type of instrument tions
Typas) of transducers Interpreting the screen display
Frequencies Evaluating size and location of reflectors.
Calibration details
Surface requirements 10.4.6 Production ultrasonic examination
I I
Type of couplamtsl
J 10.4.6.1 The contact surface is to be clean and smooth. i.e.
Scanning techniques free from dirt. scale. rust. welding spatter. etc. which may
Reporting and identification system influence the results of the testing.
10.4.3 Ultrasonic procedure qualification IOA.6.2 The weld is to be examined from both sides as
10.4.3.1 The ultrasonic examination procedure is to be shown in Fig. 10.5 and 10.6.
qualified through a procedure qualification test.
10.4.6.3 For defect detecuon, the corrected pnmary gain is
The test is to be performed under normal working conditions to be increased by 6 dB. Defect size evaluation is not to be
in the presence of a Surveyor. performed at this increased gain level.

IIIIIII'P'
 54

AQ CQ
REFERENCE ClJIV[ REFERENCE BLOCK,

100"10

\
\
75"10+-_ _-\
RECEIVEO ECHO
--.---REFERENCE CURVE

\
20·i.
-- .......
-...- FOR THICKNESSES
-10mm
I1ATERIAL TO BE TESTED,

. a ABC

REtEMD EOCI

Fig. ]0.4 Attenuation and surface correction (or portable

equipment. Double probe technique.
BQ

100·/.

\
75·1. \

- - REFERENCE CURVE

FOR THICKNC:c;SC:S
BETWE<=N 10 ANQ 25mm

b A

"' SKIP DISTANCE

,.2"-=-.=-_:""1:)

/ /
/
/ /
'"
,. ,."-
",, , T
~~"- ----
~~=f-~,
...
-+--+--<1 / ,- ---1-"
C
'- ---
,- ---j-i-'
,
'-- --- - .....
i_}
100"10
'- ---CJ I

75"1..-----,.
Fig. ] 0.5 Probe movement (or testing butt welds, portable
equipment.
FOR THICKNESSES - 25mm

20'l'. 10.4.6.4 The defects are to be investigated by maximizing

-- [::-=- the echoes with different angle probes and by rotating the
probes.
e AB c
10.4.6.5 For dimensional evaluation. either the «20
Fie. ] 0.3 Construction o( reference curves (or portable dB-drop" method or the «half-value-drop» method is to be
equipment. used.

li!111I111lI111
 1
I 55
J 10.5.2
~'~I
J The procedure is considered qualified based on approval of
--/
I tion are to be capable of performing and operational test. 'us-
a production.
1 "" MACHINED FLUSH
j any dirt i.e, grease. oil. lint. scale. welding flux etc. which
"'1
J b
Fig. 10.6 Detection of transverse cracks.
10.4.7 Evaluation of welds and standards of acceptability
10.4.7.1 As ultrasonic examination is principle detects «re-
flectors» in the material. all indications are to be considered
as the most dangerous type of defect until otherwise proven.
The report is to show if the weld quality meets the require-
ments. which defects have been judged unacceptable and the
number of repairs made.
10.4.7.2 In general all defect indications exceeding the re-
ference curve are to be repaired and reexamined.
"I
10.4.7.3 All defect indications with length ;oat exceeding
50 per cent of the reference curve are to be repaired and ree-
xamined.
1004.7.4 All defects indications exceeding 20 per cent of the
reference curve are to be investigated to the extent that the
operator can evaluate the shape. identity and locaticn :in
terms of the acceptance criteria in Table 10.1.
..J"
10.4.7.5 If only one side of the weld is accessible for test-
ing. all defect indications exceeding 50 per cent of the refer-
, ence curve with length ;oa t and all defect indications exceed-
I
ing 20 per cent of the reference curve with length ;oa 2t are to
J be repaired and reexamined.
1004.7.6 The Surveyor is to have the right of being final
judge in assessment of weld quality.
J 10.5.5.2 Surface which are shown to have defects exceed-
1 10.5 Magnetic particle examination of welds
I 10.5.1 Magnetic particle procedure specification
10.5.1.1 A procedure specification is to be established and
is at least to include the following information:
Material quality and dimensions
Welding process and groove geometry
Type of magnetization
Type of equipment
I
J
Surface preparation
Wet or dry method
Make and type of magnetic particle and contrast paint
I
I
\1 agnetic field strength
Dernagnetizauon
J
Description of examination technique
Magnetic particle procedure qualification
10.5.2.1 No special procedure qualification test is required.
the testing procedure specification.
10.5.3 Qualifications of operators
10.5.3.1 Operators performing magnetic particle examina-
ing the test method and technique which is to be applied in
10.5.4 Production magnetic particle testing
10.504.1 The testing equipment is to establish a field
strength between 2.4 kA/m 00 Oe.> and 4.0 kA (5{) oa
10.5.4.2 Use of permanent magnetic yokes is not permitted.
10.5.4.3 The pipe surface is to be clean and dry. free from
may interfere with the examination.
10.5.404 To ensure detection of discontinuities having axes
in any direction. the examination is on each area to be per-
fomed with the magnetic field shifted in at least two direc-
tions approximately perpendicular to each other.
10.504.5 Non-fluorescent wet or dry particles are to provide
adequate contrast with the background of the surface being
examined.
10.5.4.6 Examination with flourescent magnetic particles is
to be conducted in a darkened area using filtered ultraviolet
light with wave lengths within the range of 3200-3800 A.
I 0.5 04.7 Magnetic particle examination is not to be per-
formed on parts with surface temeratures exceeding 300°C
(570°F) Between 60°C (140°F) and 300°C. only dry magnetic
particle examination is to be used.
10.5 04.8 Care is to be taken to avoid local heating of the test
surface. Prods tipped with lead. or «soft prods» are recom-
mended. Arc strikes and burn marks are to be ground out
and reinspected with a suitable method.
10.5.4.9 Demagnetization is required if the material due to
the magnetic particle testing has become permanently mag-
netized and this may interfere with the servicability of the
part or installation.
10.5.5 Evaluation of welds and standards of acceptability
10.5.5.1 The magnetic particle examination operators are to
report all surface defects detected. The report is to show if the
weld quality meet the requirements of Table 10.1. and the
number of repairs made.
ing the limits given in Table 10.1 are to be repaired and re-
examined.
10.5.5.3 The Surveyor is to have the right of being final
judge in assessment of weld quality.
10.6 Liquid penetrant examination of welds
10.6.1 Liquid penetrant procedure specification
10.6.1.1 A procedure specification is to be established and
is at least to include the following information:
Material quality and dimensions
Welding process and groove geometry
Surface preparation
Brand name and specific type (number of letter designa-
 tion if available) of penetrant. remover emulsifier and I 0.6.3 Qualifications of operators
developer.
10.6.3.1 Operators performing liquid penetrant exarruna-
Details of the method of pre-examination cleaning and.
tion are to be capable of performing an operational test. using
drying. including cleaning materials used and time allow-
the test method or technique which is to be applied in pro-
ed for drying.
duction.
Details of the method of penetrant application; the length
of time that the penetrant remains on the surface. and the
10.6.4 Production liquid penetrant testing
temperature of the surface and penetrant during the ex-
amination if not within the 15°C- 35°C range 10.6.4.1 Liquid penetrant examination is only to be used on
Details of the method of removing excess penetrant from non ferromagnetic materials and materials with great vana-
the surface and of drying the surface before applying the tion in magnetic permeability.
developer.
Details of the method of applying the developer. and 10.6.5 Evaluation of welds and standards of acceptabllity
length of developing time before examination
10.6.5.1 The liquid penetrant examination operators are to
Method of postexarnination cleaning.
report all surface defects detected. The report is to show if the
surface meets the requirements of Table 10.1 and the number
10.6.2 Liquid penetrant procedure qualification
of repairs made.
10;6.2.1 When the temperature of the surface and the pe-
netrant is within 15°C-'- 35°C range. no special procedure 10.6.5.2 Surfaces which are shown to have defects exceed-
qualification test is required. The procedure is considered ing the limits given in in Table 10.1 are to be repaired and re-
qualified based on approval of the testing procedure specifi- examined.
cation.
10.6.5.3 The surveyor is to have the right of being final
Outside the temperature range 15°C - 35°C a suitable com- judge in assessment of weld quality.
parator block is to be used to compare indications from sur-
face defects examined within and outside the range.

I
I

._----- '- .. _-_...._... ,.' .... __ .,._-~_. ""-,-' .

 57
Table ]0.] Pipeline systems.
Acceptance limits for visual Inspection aDd radlog~phlc examination.

Internal defects Acceptance limits Note

POROSIIT Scattered porosity is to be max. 3 per cent by project area. Largest

pore dim. ti4. max. 4 nun.
Cluster porosity is not to exceed an .area of 12 mm in diameter in any
continuous 300 mm of weld length. Max. dim. of any individual po-
re is not to exceed tl 8. max. 2 min.
Porosity on line is not to penetrate weld surface. largest pore dim.
ti8. max. 2 mrn. 1

SLAG INCLUSIONS Isolated slag: Length <.ti2. width <.tl4. max. 4 nun.

1 Slag lines: Length <.2t. max. 50 nun. width <:2 nun.

For «wagon tracks» width of each parallel slag line is not to exceed
1.5 nun. 2.3.4
.,
LACK OF FUSION OR
INCOMPLETE PENETRAnON Length .<:21. max. 5~. 2.3.4

CRACKS Not acceptable. 5

j Surface defects

MISALIGl'.'MENT OF ADJOINING
PIPE ENDS <:0.15 t, max. 3 rnm. 3
,J --=---
DENTS Depth: Max. 6 mm. Length: Max. 00/2.
r,
COLD FORMED GOUGES.
J GROOVES. NOTCHES A1\TD
ARC BURNS Not acceptable. May be removed by grinding.

EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL For t <:12.5 mm: Max. 3 and 2 mm respectively.

WELD REINFORCEMENT For t> 12.5 mm: Max. 4 and 3 mm respectively.

EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL External concavity not acceptable.

CONCAVIIT Internal concavity acceptable provided that the density of the radio-
graphic image of the concavity does not exceed that of the adjacent
base metal.

lJNDERCUT Depth <:tlIO. max. 0.8 nun.

For girth welds the length'of an undercut in any continuous 300 nun
of weld length is not to be more than:
Max. 50 mm for depth <tI 10. max. 0.8 nun
I
'1
Max. 100 mm for depth <tl20. max. 0.4 mm
. ......"1'
,

For longitudinal or spiral welds the length is not to be more than

max. 115 of the above limits for girth welds.
] .
For depth <:0.3 mm, undercut may be accepted regardless of length
provided its shape and notch effect is not considered detrimental. 2.3.6.7

LACK OF FUSION OR
j INCOMPLETE PENETRATION Length <t 2.3.7

HOLLOW BEAD Length <:tI 2. max. 12 mrn. 2.3.8

BURN THROUGH Max. dim. 6 mm of any single defect. total length max. 12 mm in
any 300 mm weld length. 3.4

CRACKS Not acceptable. 5

Notes to tbe aceeplaocc limits:
II See porosity chan Fig. 10.7. When the exu::nl of porosity or slag inclusi-
ons may mask for detecuon of other defects. supplementary radiographic
or unrasomc examination is required.
~J If elongal.ed defects are snuated on line and the distance between them is
less man the length of the longest Indication. ine dc:fe<:lS are 10 be evaluat-
ed as one conunuous defect.
.ol Any accumulauons OJ slag mclusions. mcornptete penetration. rmsalign-
ment, hollow bead, burn thrOullh or undercut arc LO be Judged as the
mosr serious OJ (he defects In quesuon.
~I :-:01 more lIIan one urne the detect lirnus as per notes 2 :lIld 3 Within any
conunuous length of weld which <:quais live times the length ofthe defect
area.
S) Observeq cracks should initiau:: more extensive non-destrUCtive testing 01
the joint and revision of the welding procedure.
oJ The depth 10 be measured by rnechanical means.
7) Severe corrosive envtronrnent may necessnate more stringent require-
ments La be adopted.
8) The LOla! length of hollow beac In any conunuous 300 mm length 01
weld metal shall nO( exceed SO mm. Indrvicual adjacent hollow bead dIS'
conunuiues, each exceeding 6 mm in length. are 10 be separated by at
lasL 50 mm of sound mew.
 58

Table J 0.2 Pipeline and pipeline risers

Definitions and radiographic' characterization.

POROSITY:
Definition:
Voids due to entrapped gas.
Radiographic characterization:
Sharply defined dark shadows of rounded or elongated sha-
pe.
-
11111 II'
HOLLOW BEAD: "/ 11/11"" J11~...
1111'
Definition: ~/l/ \\~"
,\~
t1
Elongated voids in the root pass. -;'tlo'II.·1 ;:

Radiographic characterization:
,,
'-----_............. ""
,..-------
Sharply defined dark shadows in line of elongated shape.

SLAG INCLUSIONS:
Definition:
Slag entrapped during welding.
Radiographic characterization:
Dark shadows of irregular shape.

SLAG LINES: -
Definition:
Elongated cavities containing slag.
Radiographic characterization:
Dark lines parallel to the weld edges.

LACK OF FUSION:
Definition:
-
Plane defect due to incomplete fusion between beads or be-
tween metal and parent metal.
Radiographic characterization.
Thin dark line with sharply defined edges. The line may tend
,....--~~
/1////1
--....~--~
',/ IlIfttlt/JI/II/I I/ 11
;11'
to be diffuse and wavy depending upon the orientation of the ' 1/ / /
.defect with respect to the x-ray beam. ~'III\II,I~
"i "
"I, ""
INCOMPLETE PENETRATION: "-------~ ~.,.:.;.----_.
Definition:
Gap left by incomplete ruling of the weld root with weld me-
tal. ~

" / 1 1 / \ 1 \ ''
Radiographic characterization: , /I II" II " .111/ III , I , ,'"
Dark continuous or intermittent line following the weld root. " 11I1
~/"/101\1I '1'\'
"
\\\

CRACKS: "~.I" \\"

"" ,\'
Definition: '-------- ~----_-.-.
Fracture in the weld metal or in the heat affected lone.
Radiographic characterization:
Fine dark line. The line may tend to diffuse and wandering in
direction.

UNDERCUT:'
--
I/!!I/ilt 11/111111//I III' .111 \ \ \ \
'1
"I'~
!'"
~ 11'''1&'''\ ~ "
\ \1
"
, "
Definition:
'-------'''''','''"'' "
~..:.";.'-------
A groove in the surface of the pipe following the edge of the
weld.
Radiographic characterization:
Dark line along the edge. of the weld. The line may be more
or less diffuse dependent on the shape of the undercut.
 5-9

l
I
lmm PORE DIAMETER
\0 PER CENT 3 PER CENT '\ PER CENT
• ••••••• • • • • • • •
• •••••••
•••••••• • • • •
• •••••••
•••• • •••
•••••••• • • • •
• ••••••• • • • • • • •
• •••••••
• ••••••• • • • •
•• •••••••
•••••••
• ••••••• • • • •
• ••••••• • • •
• ••• • • • • • • • •
• •••••••
• ••••••• • • • •
• • • • • • •

J
2mm PORE DIAMETER
1
j
10PER CENT 3 PER CENT
• • • • • •
J • • • • •
'""\ • • • • • •
J • • • •
• • • • •
l
' ,,' • • •
• • •
•
•
• •
'1
It • • • • •
• •
I
'. ),

>
I

.J 4mm PORE DIAMETER

'(
J
10 PER CENT
)
J • •
J
I
• •
]
• •
-:

• •
J Fig.tO.7
area.
Typical distribution of porosity by projected
 61

APPENDICES

The purpose of the appendices to the Veritas Rules for sub-

marine pipelines is to provide recommended practice. meth-
ods and procedures for design. construction and inspection of
submarine pipelines.

The appendices give guidance. methods and procedures satis-

fying the Rules' requirements. The engineer is free to use oth-
er methods and procedures than those recommended. provid-
ed an equivalent standard of quality and safetY is obtained.

Each appendix is self-contained and the procedures and

methods given may be used independent of the Rules alt-
hough the content of the appendices is directly related to the
Rules.

In the appendices text reference to specific paragraphs in the

Rules is made by giving the paragraph number marked with
the letter (R>. see 5.4.2 (R>.

... I

I
i
IJ
111111111.111111111111111_ _-
"" ..........
ZCt S!!!W
 63
.,
APPENDIX A
ENVIRONI\1ENTAL LOADS
A.l Wind loads A.I.3.2 In-line excitations may occur when

A.1.1 General 1.7 < v,« 3.2

A.I.I.I The wind loads on pipes may be divided into two ca-
where
tegories: _:,~.} . _"1_-
Static <Constant. quasistatid wind forces. which are as-
= V [t.J /\ ··Te. l
,r-/ \I""
v, f • O £ . j ; . . 1 '- .:.4..
sumed to be constant as long as the wind is constant. j

These forces are assumed to act normal to the pipe axis in V = wind velocity normal to the pipe axis
the plane defined by the pipe axis and the wind direction. fj = natural frequency of the pipe
See A.I.2. o = pipe diameter
1 Cyclic wind forces due to vortex shedding. Also these
forces ar~ assumed to act normal to the pipe axis. They
A.1.3.3 Cross-flow excitations may occur when 4.7
8.0. V r as defined in A.1.3 .2.
< v ;«
.
may act 10 two planes - "parallel» and «normal- to the
wind direction. See A.I.3. A.I.3.4 The amplitudes of the vortex shedding induced m0-
tions due to wind may be derived according to the simplified
approach for vortex shedding in steady current given in A.2.
substituting the mass density of the water with the mass
A.I.2 Static wind loads
density of the air.
A.I .2.1 The «static» wind force per unit length of the pipe
may be determined as:
-; .. )
where
A.2 Vortex shedding due to current
qw = Wind force per unit length of the pipe. acting normal
to pipe axis in Nt m A.2.1 Genera!
C = Shape coefficient according to A.I.2.2 A.2. Ll Fluid flow past a riser or a free span on a pipeline
Vn = Component of the wind velocity normal to the pipe
axIS 10 mt sec. .
may cause unsteady flow patterns due to VOrtex shedding.
This may lead to oscillations of the pipe normal to its axis.
01 = Total outer diameter of pipe. i.e, including coating
.J etc.. in metres. A.2.1.2 Normally two types of oscillations may be encoun-
tered: oscillations in line with the velocity vector (in-line mo-
A.I.2.2 The shape coefficient should. strictly speaking. de- tionl, and oscillations perpendicular to the velocity vector
pend on wind velocity. pipe diameter and surface roughness. [cross-flow motionS>. Such oscillations may be investigated
.J H~wever: in .~f more accurate data. the coef-
ficients given 1 II.A. y be used.
according to A.2.2 and A.2.3.
~ .,*/ . A.2.1.3 For certain critical flow velocities. the vortex shed-
A.I.2.3 As a guidance for the surface roughness used for de- ding frequency may coincide with or be a multiple of the na-
termination of the shape coefficient in Fig. A.I. the following tural frequency of the pipe. resulting in harmonic or sub-
values may be used:
harmonic excitations.
k Irnetersl A.2.1.4 The vortex shedding frequency may be obtained as:
'.J Steel. new uncoated: 5.10- 5
Steel. painted: 5.10- 6 51'\'
3.10- 3 f=--
Steel. highly rusted:
3·\0-3
o
Concrete:
,Marine growth: 5.10- 3-5.\0-1 where

A.L2.4 For several pipes (relatively) close together. group ef- f = vortex shedding frequency (Hz)
. fects may be taken into account. However. if no adequate SI = Strouhaf's number
documc:ntationof group effects for the specific case is avail- V = flow velocity normal to the pipe axis
able. the shape coefficients given in A.1.2.2 may be used for D = pipe diarnter
all the individual pipes in the group.
For pipes~~...~ber is a function of the Reynold's
A.I.2.5 For pipe sections which are sensinve to dynamic number. see,Fig. A.~ ~""'!!!!~::-~ _
wind loading during construction. transportation or opera-
tion. the dynamic behaviour of the wind is to be taken into A.2.1.5 For determination of the velocity ranges where vor-
account when determining the wind loads. This may' either tex shedding induced oscillations may occur. a parameter. V r
I :be done be use of recognized gust loading factors. or by use called the reduced velocity. is used. V r is defined as
J .of a stochastic approach for the wind loading.
\' r - \' .
-
[,·0
A.1.3 Vortex shedding due to wind
i where
:-\.1.3.1 Wind induced cyclic excitations of pipes may occur
In two planes. in-line with or perpendicular to the wind di- v = flow velocity normal to the pipe axis
rection. see A.1.1.1. For a closer descnpuon of the vortex 1", = natural frequency of the Pipe
shedding phenomena. see A.2. o = pipe diameter ..
!1I!11ii111
 ..
A.2.1.6 An other parameter controlling the motions is the A.J Recommended values of hydrodynamic coefficients
stability parameter. KJj • defined as
A.J.I General
A.J.1.l The proper hydrodynamic coefficients to use in each
. case will depend on the flow and pipe conditions character-
............... ~ . 60t -~':I. ized by
~ . . .\,:A._.. . -.:..(,,:~
= logarithmic decrement of structural tlamprng - Reynold's nurnber ifc,= U Dlv)
= mass density of surrounding water "'-..../' - Keulegan-Carpenter numbedKc =
L'm' TID)
= pipe diameter pipe roughness (kID)
distance between the pipe and a fixed boundary (HID)
= effective mass per unit length of the pipe. defined as
L where

Jm[Y(~
0
D
H
= clearance
pipe diameter
= wave period
between the pipe and a fixed boundary
me = T = roughness height
k = flow velocity
J [y(42 U
Um
= maximum orbital particle velocity
= kinematic viscosity of the water
0 1I =
where A.J.t.2 The hydrodynamic coefficients should preferably be
obtained from relevant model test. taking into account the ac-
m = mass per unit length. including structural mass. add- mal values of the different parameters specified in A.J.t. In
ed mass and the mass of any fluid contained within the following some proposed values of the hydrodynamic .
the pipe coe ffiIClents
. are . given. r-.c.t~·\04:i(D
.... '& Jl....c. 't.,-' .'\~~"';.
". L...,......
y (x)= mode shape of the actual pipe span T".1
~Q,,~t- ~ Co ... \1"1l..,c. ..') •. i:~
L = length of the pipe A.3.2 Added mass coefficient 4' It 'V
d =-submerged length of pipe . . .

r
A.3.2.1 The added mass coefficient for a Circular cylinder as
A.2.2 In-line oscillations . fU~!l..<L.Q.( the distance from a fixed boundary is given in
A .2..
2 I Resonant.tn-. line .vortex Sheddi109 10 d uced oscillauons ~ .€~-' . - ...._if-----
may occur when 1.0 < Y r < 3.5 and Ks < 1.8. For definition The figure may be used for both smooth and rough pipe sur'
ofVr and Ks. see A.2.I .6 andA.2.1.7. faces. For a pipe which is not influenced by any Iixed bound-
ary. the recommended added mass coefficient is t.0.
A.2.2.2 Depending on the flow velocity. the vortices will
either be shed symmetrically or alternatively from either side A.J.3 Drag coefficient
....;...
.'
of the pipe. . f 'I
A.3.3.1 The drag coefficient as function 0 the Keu egan-
~
, ~

For 1.0< v,
< 2.2. the shedding will be symmetrical. and ~rpenter numbe:. for smooth .and marine .gro~h ,:over.led

·the necessary flow velocity for onset of motion may bedeter-~for supercnucal Reynold s numbers IS given In. F g.
mined from Fig. A.3. ~ he figure is valid for free field flow without any influ-
ence of a fixed boundarY.' -

U
F or Yr > 2.2. the shedding will be symmetrical.
A.3.3.2 The drag coefficient for steady current is equal to the J
. A.2.2.J T.he maximum amplitude of the motions due to in- asymptotic value for Kc equal to infinity, For combined wa-

-
line vortex shedding may be determined from Fig. A.4. ve and current action the increase of Kc due to the current
may be taken into account.
A.2.3 Cross-flow oscUlations
A.3.3.3 To determine the drag coefficients for pipes close to a

II A.2.3.1 Cross-flow oscillations may occur for Ks < 16 and fixed boundary. the drag coefficients given in A.3.3~be
values ofYr as determined from Fig. A.5.
A.2.3.2 The max~um amplit~e cross-flow oscilla-
multiplied by a correction factor obtained fr~A.9. )

A.J.4 Lift coefficients ~

~ons maybe determined from ~ The mode shape par-
: ameter, y. used in this figure is defined as A.3.4.I The lift coefficient for ipe at a fixed boundary 10 .
oscillatory flow. is given in" Ig. A.I . he figure may be used
\
i
ill
L
J[y2
0
(x) r
dx
both for smooth and rough pi aces. In steady flow. the
al'lift coefficient may be taken equal to 1.0. For combined wave
/~ and current action the increase of Kc due to the current ~ay
be taken into account when determining the lift coefficient
-« ~ = }'max ------- ·from-Fig.--A. roo
A.3.4.2 To determine the lift coefficient for pipes at a cenain
distance from a fixed boundarv. the lift coefficients given in
A.3.~?~ultiplied by
a correction factor obtained
from~
,cJ where

y (x)= mode shape ~ A.4 Wave slammIng

y JIW[ =
maximum value of the mode shape
A.4.1 Wave slamming loads
? ~
For a ~upponed beam in first mode. y is equal to 1.16.
For a~beam in first and second mode. the rvalue is
A.4.1.1 Horizontal pipes in the wave zone may be subjected
to forces caused by wave slamming. The dynamic response
~ual to 1.31 and 1.50 respectively. of the pipe should be accounted for.

I I II I I! III! I
 i
',1 A.4.1.2 The wave slamming force per unit length of the pipe The contribution to fatigue from each wave block is gi-
may be calculated as ven as:

n,
y=R..:.:J..
i=20
r (
- i)K
I Nj i=20-n; 20
?I. = number of waves within blockj
Fs = slamming force per unit length in the direction of the NI = critical number of stress cycles (from relevant
velocity SoN curve>associated with l:J. tlj
@
Cs
= mass density ofthe surrounding water
= slamming coefficient nj = number of stress ranges in excess of the limiting
stress range associated with the cut otT level of
D = member diameter the S-N curve
V = velocity of the water surface normal to the surface of R = reduction factor on number of waves. For a gi-
the pipe. Normally the vertical water surface velocity ven element only, waves within a sector of 10
will apply degrees to each side of the perpendicular to the
member have to be accounted for. In case of an
A.4.L3 The slamming coefficient C s may be determined us-

~
irectiO nal wave distribution. R equals 0_11_
ing theoretical and! or experimental methods. Eor smooth. K = 10 of the SoNcurve (in log-logscale>
circular cylinders the value of C s should not be taken less 1'......'-Ct..""'"~~
than 3.0. A.4.2.2 The calculated contribution to fatigue due to slamm-
ing has to be added to the fatigue contribution from other
A.4.1.4 As the slamming force is impulsive, dynamic amplifi- variable loads.
cation must be considered when calculating the response.
References to Appendix A
For a pipe section fixed at both ends. dynamic amplification
II factors of 1.5 and 2.0 are recommended for the end moments AI. BSI Code of Practice No.3. Chapter 5. Part 2: «Wind
i ) and the midspan moment. respectively. Loads». September 1972.
""'" ~ A2. CIRIA Underwater Engineering Group. Report
A.4.2 Fatigue due to wan slamming UR8: «Dynamics of Marine Structures». London. Ju-
If! ne 1977.
A.4.2..1 The fatigue damage due to wave slamming may be A3. Blevins. R.D.: "Flow-induced Vibration». Van Nos-
determined according to the following procedure: trand Reinhold Company. New York. 1977.
A4. Heideman. Olsen and Johansson. «Local Wave Force
Determine minimum wave height. Hm,n' which can cau- Coefficients». ASCE Civil Engineering in the Oceans
seslamming IV. September 1978. .
Divide the long term distribution of wave heights. in ex- AS. Sarpkaya, T.: «Vortex Shedding .and Resis~n~ in
cess of Hmin. into a reasonable number of blocks Harmonic Flow about Rough Circular Cylinders»,
For each block the stress range may be taken as: BOSS 76-conference. Trondheim, Norway. August
\,. [ ....------...(
)
l:J. O'j= 2 aO's/am-€: O'b + O'w J)1" 19-6
I • . C
,,,,,,,--------,, I . A6. Sarpkaya. T.: «In-line and Transverse Forces .on Y:
'____. O'sIam= stress in the element dueIOthe slam oad given linders near a Wall in Oscillatory Flow at High Re-
-- C!n A.4.1]) ynold's Numbers». OTC Paper No. OTC 2980. May
"'0= stress due to the~bu~ancy force on the ele- 1977.
ment ....t..U\o Ai. Sarpkaya, T.: «Hydrodynamic Drag o~ Bo~o~'
"'. . = Stress due to vertical wave forces on the element mounted Smooth and Rough Cylinder m Periodic
a = fae;Jor: accounting for dynamic amplifications. see Flow». OTC Paper No. OTC 3761. May 1979.
(C4·1.9--. ... ..:: A.~ 02.. A8. King. R.• Prosser. MJ.• John, OJ.: «On Vortex Ex-
- Each slam is associated with 20 approximate linear~0 citation of Model Piles in Water», Journal of Sound
~stress ranges . and Vibrations. Vol. 29. No.2. pp. 169-180. 1973.
Ql..e.~~e....~

J
J
 0 . 2 0 , . . . - - - - - , - - - -.....- - - ' - - , - - _ - ,
------1t------··--- .._-
c +--------t----.---- ----'--"---1
!

,
,---- 1i10 = 1• ..: 0.15 +----3'<----1----+----j-----I

a .10+----~~~--+----r__---_1
0.5,+-----tfl~---_y'--17""7''-----:-_j

o.os +-----:.--~~I-~.... -+---__i

f--------+-------ii .._.

2.0 [
Fig. A.I. Shape coefficient for circular cylinders.
Ref. A.1.
Fig. A.4. Amplitude of in-line motion as a function of Ks
Ref. A.2.

,CRIn-
LAMINAR SUBCRlTICAl CAL! SUPER CRITICAL

0.4
-
I i I: b
I
6.0 +-----""""'====:------j~~j;(u:"'MiiW~
5
0.3
~
A~ v,
5.0.J------..b:=----+-=:::==~
0.2 I- I
I~I I

0.1 !/ I I
I I ,.O+--------r=::::--:::-=::::~:r--:;::=:======l

0.1
I
. 1.0 10 1()2 103 1()4
I
10"
3.0+.------1------+------1
0.0 +-....-'...............-.-...".f--...,...-.--.-......
10
4
1'os
.,..,.....-.r----.---,-....,...,~
I
10' 10
1
Re
Fig. A.2. StrouhalsDumber for circular cylinders as Fig. A.S. Flow speed for onset of cross flo'" metion, Ref. I
fUDdioD of reYDolds Dumber. Ref. A.8. A.2.

2. 5
I 1 I
FIRST INSTABILITY SECOND INSTAB
v, REGION REGION
l
z.z
2.0
t-- - - --7 i"""
I 1.2 CROSS FLOW
MOTION
I
MOTION

I
V ~
y·OIAM.
1.0~~----+_-----~----4

0.8
1.5

1.0

<;>
/ NO MOTION

.
0.6

0.'

0.2

,
o 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2 6 8 10

Fig. A.J. Flow velocity for onset of In-line motion. Ref. Fig. A.6. Amplitude of erossflow motion as a funedon of Ks
A.2. . Ref. A.3.
il
J
67
..
INE"T1A COEFFICIENT, C .. - "ECOWWENoeO VALUES 0

3.0 \
\.
-,
~
~., 1\
~ /J
c. -,
-f f 10
,<:. , <,

----
l 2.29
fr
I r-,
----
'- Z.O
2.0 ~. Jc
.
I
(
: (\

~
1 tI ~ '.0

,
j
f ~"

0......- I l '\ 0.0

010 20.»" ;0" 1lI

l 1.0 I I I
Sc... C,,",.a\AL
..,j.~s.~ .. -",)"'~O""'''Jl.:'o - .... c..
c. e.o~'~~·::"G~S.C.-'A ....:'"',s.~
Fig. A.IO. Lift coefficient for a circular cyllnder at a fixed
boundary In oscillatory flow.
1. ICc
~c.. c~ "':..:. '=a",t:~

Ref. A.S. A.6 and A.7.

~
['
'. ., " "
1.0 10 15 , 1 . O+---~----!---+---io-~-I---i
I N
ii

Fig. A.7. Recommended value of the added mass

coefficient, C. for a circular cylinder. 0.1 ~r----+---t----t--

~I
0.6+-+--+---i---t----i---;---;

_..1
I O. 4 +--+--+---i-~-+----+-----;--;

GROW~H
~,~/~RIHe
........
. ! UGH~ ESS
0.2 +----P""-:----;.---:~--;----+-___1

!\. "-~I I
<,
-
. ST EELR< UGHHE
I
s/ '"
! 1
~~

0. 70
0.0 +-__-+
0.0 0.2
i-_-~---+-----!-.J

0.4

Fig. A.It. Variation of 11ft force coefficient as a function

0.6 0.8
HID
1'0

of the distance from a fixed boundary.

0.0
o Ref. A.S, A.6 and A.7.
10 20 30 40 50 60(K?-\0

Fig. A.S. Drag eeefflcieat.for a circular S)'llnde~ ~

oscillatory flow. --............._
Ref. A.4. - ...........
....
r '.
j =f J..o. ..-\ ('" o,r) .
~oe.:> ~(.. ,~ CQ~~:"_"''-':>.f~
2.0 -E:. f/-q.7i~ d.-~ o -...d.t,. 't..c.oVt'l.~'"

1. 5 -t--".... ---i----;---~--__;---..:-.~
.
I

,.
I
i
I

I
0.0 02 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
.H/O

Fig. A.9. Influence of a fixed boundary on the drag

coefficient of a circular cylinder in oscillatory supercrltica1
flow. ~> 20. R. = 10~- 2 ·10'.
Ref. A.5. A.6 and A.7.
 68

APPENDIX B
BUCKLING CALCULATIONS
B. I Local buckling where
B.I.I In the absence of more accurate information (or 'ha = permissible usage factor Ii.e. permissible value of
methods) the critical combination of longitudinal and hoop ...E.L) when a, = O.
stresses may be expressed as follows: (J xcr .
'hr = permissible usage factor (i.e. permissible value of
...EL) when c, = O.
a yer
(Compressive stress is positive in this formula.I
Other symbols are defined in B.I.I.
c. = (1.N + e. M
The usage factors should depend on whether the critical
(1N N stress is in the elastic or in the plastic range. Therefore nor'
(Compression positive)
• =
A rnally 1],p will be smaller than 'hp Recommended usage factor
(1M M are given in B.I.3.
• = (Compression positive>
\.V
B.I.3 A recommended dependence on the degree of plas-
N = axial force. ticity involved is given for risers during operation in Table
A = t: (D - t) t = cross sectional area. B.1. For pipelines during operation the factors in Table B.I
M = bending moment. may be multiplied by 1.1. For both pipelines and risers dur-
ing installation. the factors in Table B.I may be multiplied by
\.\' = ; (0 - t}2 t = (elastic) section modulus. maximum 1.44. However. no usage factor should exceed 1.0.
See also B.I.4.
D = nominal outer diameter of pipe.
t = nominal wall thickness of pipe.
Table B.I

Loading ~ <; I
condition 1<.2f......<J
aF (1F

C~c:r = critical longitudinal stress when N is acting alone

a> 1]p= 0.52 1]p= 0.48 + 0.04 !!E. l}p= 0.60
(1F
(M = O.p= 0). b) 1]p= 0.68 =0.62 + 0.06 ::
1]r;
= (1F for Dft <;20

= (1{ 1- 0.001 ( ~ - 20)] for 20 < ¥ < 100

N
(1E = critical stress if completely elastic material. «(1.E or ayE)
(1ilc:r
ayE is defined in B.I.I .
= specified yield strength (corresponding to 0.2 % resi- E -t
dual strain>. (1.E ::::: 0.42-0
= critical {maximum> longitudinalstress (when deter- B.l.4 For most pipes buckling due to (1, alone will be nearly
mined as M/W) when M is acting alone (N o. = plastic. and buckling due to a; alone will be nearly elastic.
p=O). For such pipes the recommendations of B.I.3 will lead to the
usage factors given in Table B.2.
= (1F( 1.35 - 0.0045 ~)
Table B.2
300
a = 1+ OfT Installation Operation
D
=(p-p) - Loading Pipelines Pipelines Pipelines
. • 2t and Zone I Zone 2 and
= hoop stress to be considered in buckling analyses. condition
risers risers
(Not necessarily equal to actual hoop stress'>
P. = external pressure. 17.p 1]yp 17.p 17yp 1].p 17yp

Pi = internal pressure. a> 0.86 0.75 0.72 0.62 0.50 0.43

P = P. - Pi =external «overpressure». b) 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.82 0.67 0.56
(1yc:r = critical hoop stress when p is acting alone (N O. =
M=O). Empty (airfJ..Iled> liquid pipes during «operation» may be

~
considered as during "installation».
(1yc:r = (1yE = E ( D t Y 2
for (1yE <;"3 (1F

= (1yc:r= (1F[ I- t· (~ YJ 2
for (1yE > "3 (1F
B.2 Propagation buckling
B.2.1 Theoretically. the probability that a propagating buck-
B.I.2 The permissible combination of (1. and (1y should be le will be initiated is not higher (but may be lowed than the
defined by inserting permissible usage factors in the formula probability that a local buckle will occur. However. due to
of B.I.I for critical combination. The permissible combina- the great economic risk involved in propagation buckling. in-
tion may then be expressed as creased safety. or at least a closer investigation. may be ad·
viceable. For such investigation the available results from the

( as )a later research work should be utilized.

<;1
ThrP.c:r +
B.2.2 A propagation buckle cannot be initiated in. or propa-
gate into. a portion of the pipe where the maximum external J
 I
I
69

overpressure is less than the propagation pressure (pp) of the B.].3 ~or a pipe subjected to an axial force N in !he pipe it-
pipe. A simplified consideration of plastic work involved in self. an IOter~al pressur~ P, and an external pressure P•. the
total collapse gives «effective» axial force WIth respect to «bar buckling» is:

S =N +::..4 (0 - 2tP p - 5.. 0 2 P

'4'
(Compression positive in this formula'>
-1 which may be considered a lower bound. Ppr will most prob-
ably be somewhat higher than given by the above formula. The formula applies to any type of axial restraint. since the
Further . the initiation pressure (P,.) is somewhat higher than restraint is reflected in N.
Ppr
B.].4 If S is positive. 5 should be compared with the critical
B.2.3 A propagation buckle cannot be initiated in. but may axial force with respect to «bar buckling» of the considered
propagate into. a portion of the pipe where the maximum ex- span. If S is zero or negative. buckling is not possible. (Nega-
ternal overpressure is between Ppr and Pin(Ppr < P < Pi.)' If tive 5 has a similar effect as tension in an «ordinary» mem-
buckle, arrestors are installated where p ;> Pin' there is no need ber. even if the real axial force N is compressive'>
installing such arrestors where Ppr < P < Pin'
B.].5 The required minimum critical axial force 5 er in rela-
B.3 Buckling of the pipe as a ..bar.. tion to 5 should depend on axial restraint. If both ends of the
considered span are fixed against axial displacement. 5 need
.'] B.3.1 If there is doubt about the stability of a span against not be less than 5 er Even with 5 exceeding Sc,", the pipe may
«bar buckling». the stability may be checked according to the find a new eqilibrium position after a limited lateral deflec-
following. tion. The possible bending stresses should in such cases be
checked. If the considered span is free to contract axially. the
B.].2 The effect of internal and external pressures may be safety against buckling should be as commonly used in steel
taken into account by introducing an «effective» axial force. construction.
5. which in effect is equivalent to the real axial force in an
".""""l'1I
, «ordinary» compression member in air. Otherwise the pro-
cedure is as for «ordinary» compression members in air.

J
 70

APPENDIX C
QUALITY CONTROL OF MATERIALS.
QUALIFICATION OF \VELDING PROCEDURES AND WELDING PERSONNEL
c.) General C.4.1.2 Wet analyses and spectrochemical analyses are to be
made on materials sampled by e.g. drilling or milling and be·
c.).) Scope representative for the material composition.
CI.I.I This appendix is a guidance to quality control of ma-
terials and defines methods for determination of chemical CA.l.3 Spectrographical analyses are to be made on a clean.
composition. mechanical testing of materials and welds and bright metal surface after grinding to a depth at least 2 mm
schemes for qualification of welding personnel. below the surface. Analyses of semi-killed steel are. however.
to be taken at approximately one quarter thickness position.
Other Standardized testing methods. test specimens and
combination of tests may be used subject to agreement. CA.I.4 Ladle analyses are to be taken prior to and during
steel casting to ensure a uniform composition of each heat.
C.).2 Definitions
CA.I.5 Check analyses are to be taken on the final products.
Cl.l.! Test sample: The part of the material (pipe. plate. sec- The check analyses may. however. optionally be determined
tion. east-on bar. piece cut from forgings etc.l which is select- at an intermediate stage. e.g. on plates. provided the results
ed for testing. are stated on the certificates.

C.I.2.2 Test specimen: The part of the test sample which is CA.I.6 Determination of chemical composition is to include
prepared by machining etc. for carrying out the various tests. all elements listed in Table 5.1 (RJ and other remaining ele-
ments intentionally added to control the material properties.
C.1.3 Testing equipment When the steel is made from scrap. the manufacturer is also
Testing equipment is to be of proven design with adequate to check the content of other residual elements which may
capacity and accuracy. The equipment is to be satisfactorily impair the quality of the product. e.g. Sn, As. Sb.
maintained and kept in accurate condition by regular calibra-
tion and check routines. Endorsed calibration records are to CA.1.7 The chemical composition is to be stated on the certi-
be kept available in the testing facility. ficate by the elements listed in Table 5.1 (R) and any other
elements intentionally added to control the material propert-
Only competent and trained personnel is to carry out testing. ies. Trace elements need. however. not be reported.
CA.I.8 Recheck analysis: Should a check analysis fail to meet
C.2 Steel making the specified composition limits. all other heats within the sa-
me batch are to be subject to a complete chemical analysis.
C.2.l General Only those heats which are within the specification. may be
accepted .
.C2.1.1 Steel may be made from pig iron. sponge iron or re-
cycled scrap. Residual elements are to be kept at a level C4.I.9 Requirements are given in S.2A (Rl.
which will not impair

hot working ability C.S Heat treatment

weldability
mechanical properties C.S.l General
soundness
surface finish CS.I.I Heat treatment is to be carried out in a controlled
manner using calibrated equipment. Accuracy of temperature
C.2.1.2 Ladle treatment is to be performed in a controlled measurement is to be within 5°C
manner taking appropriatepreeautions to prevent humidity
increasement and contamination. CS.I.2 Temperature fluctuations during austenizing are to be
within ± 10°C During tempering. stress relieving or post-
weld heat treatment carried out within the range
500-6S0°C, the fluctuations are to be within ± ISoC
C.3 Steel casting

C.3.1 General
C3.I.I Steel may be ingot cast. continuous cast or mould
cast. Sequence casting is subject to agreement. C.6 Surface defects in base material

C3.I.l The cast ingot. item or slab is to be inspected for sur- c'6.1 General
face defects. Defects are to be removed prior to subsequent
working. c'6.1.1 The steel manufacturer or any other works perform-
ing operations which may influence the surface finish of the
C3.I.3 Spun cast products are to be machined to a depth en- material. are to take precautions and make regular checks
suring removal of impurities and surface defects. with suitable equipment to ensure that the final surface finish
. is acceptable.

C6.1.2 Surface defects are to be removed. Superficial indica-

C.4 Chemical analyses
tions formed at high temperature and without a sharp tip.
CA.) General may be accepted if their maximum depth is less than S 96 of
the nominal wall thickness. however. maximum I mm.
C4.1.1 The chemical composition is to be determined by
either wet analyses. spectrochemical or spectrographical C6.1.3 Local surface defects may be ground out provided the
methods. remaining thickness is within the minimum specified.
 71

C. 7 Mechanical testing C.7.S Charpy Y-notch Impact testing

c.r.i General C7.5.1 Charpy V-notch specimens are to have dimensions as
given in Fig. CA. The provisions of ISO R 148 "Beam impact
C.7.1.1 The material properties are to be determined on the test (V-notch)». are to be applied. When using subsize speci-
product in its final condition. mens II.e. lOx 7.5 and lOx 5 mrn), all the dimensions except
the height are to be in accordance with the said document.
C.7.L2 Samples for testing are normally to be cut from the Full size specimens are to be used unless they can not be rea-
product or provided. as integrally attached coupons. or ex- sonably provided. The impact toughness is the absorbed ener-
tension pieces. gy expressed in Joule (or kpml. and the symbol being KV T
for specimens orientated transverse to the principal rolling/
C.7.1.) Test specimens are to be prepared in a manner which working direction.
does not affect the mechanical properties and the testing.
Wherever possible. tensile and bend test specimens from roll- C.? .5.2 Charpy V-notch specimens sampled from the base
ed material are to retain the as-rolled surface finish, material are normally to have their longitudinal axis transver-
se to the principal rolling/working direction. The notch is to
1 C.7.1.4 The results ofspecified tests are to be stated in the test be perpendicular to the rolled surface.
certificates including reference to the testing temperature if
different from the room temperature (15 - 25°C). When the wall thickness exceeds 50 mm. the Charpy
-::'·~I
V-notch specimens are to be sampled at approximately t/4
C.7.2 Tensile testing position below the outside surface.
C.7.2.1 Tensile test specimens from a product of uniform
thickness are normally to have a rectangular cross section be- C.7.5.3 The scale of the machine is to be calibrated to an ac-
ing of full thickness and with the dimensions as given in Fig. curacy of ± 0.5 % of the machine's maximum striking ener-
C.I. Tensile test specimens from castings and forgings of va- gy.
rying thickness are to have a round cross section.
C.7.5.4 When impact testing is specified to be carried out at a
C.7.2.2 The yield strength is to be taken as the lower yield temperature lower than the room temperature. the test speci-
point or the stress resulting in 0.2 % permanent strain (offset> men is to be cooled down by immersion forI 0 minutes or
or the stress giving 0.5 % total elongation during testing. more in a bath oi a suitable temperature Ie.g. methyl alcohol
cooled by solidified carbon dioxide>. When withdrawing the
C.7.2.3 The ultimate tensile strength is to be determined on test specimen from the bath. the bath temperature is not to be
the basis of the maximum load during testing and the original higher: and not more .than 2°C lower. than the required test
cross sectional area. temperature. The specimen is to be inserted in the machine
and tested within 5 seconds.
C.7.2.4 The elongation of base material is to be measured
over a gauge length of 50 mrn. C7.5.5 Requirements are given in 5.2.7 (R). 5.2.8 (R.I. 7.2.4.2
(R) and 8.5.3.4 (R.I.
C.7.2.5 Requirements are given in 5.2.6 (R). 7.2.4.2 (R) and
8.5.3.4 (R). C.7.6 Macrosection of welded joints
C7.6.1 The width of the macrosection is to be minimum
C.7.2.6 Pipes may be tensile tested by the ring expansion three times the width of the weld. The section is to be prepar-
technique subject to agreement. . ed by grinding and polishing. and etched to clearly reveal the
weld metal and the heat affected lone. The macrosection is to
C.7.2.7 Tensile testing for determination of through thickness be examined using a magnification of at least Sx,
ductility is to be performed in accordance with Veritas' «Ru-
lesfor design. construction and inspection of offshore struc- C.7.7 Hardness testing of welded joints
tures/ Appendix C». latest edition. C. 7.7.1 The prepared macrosection is to be used for hardness
testing using the Vickers method with 50 N (5 kp) load. in-
C.7.3 Bend testing dentations are to be made along traverses. each approximate-
C.7.3.1 Bend test specimens are to have full wall thickness. ly I mm below the surface at either side of the weld. in the
The width of root and face bend specimens are to be approxi- weld metal minimum 6 indentations equally spaced along the
1 mately 25 mrn. The width of side bend specimens are to be traverses are to be made.vln the HAZ indentations are to be
J 12.5 mm, The edges may be rounded off to a radius of 1/10 made along the traverses for approximately each 0.5 mm intO
of the thickness. The weld reinforcement on both faces is to unaffected material. and starting as close to the fusion line as
be removed flush with the original surfaces (Fig. C.2). The possible. Reference is made to Fig. C.S.
weld is to be located symmetrically on each specimen.
C.7.7.2 In case of a single reading slightly higher than the
C.7.3.2 The specimens are to be bent to an angle of 180° us- specified limit further indentations should be made to check if
the «high» value was an isolated case. Then indentations are
ing a fo.r~er.with a diameter of 90 rnrn. After bending. the to be made in the adjacent region as well as on the opposite
welded JOInt IS to be completely within the tensioned region. side of the macrosection along the specified traverses. If these
additional tests give a hardness within the specification limit.
C.7.).), Requirements are given in 704.2 (R) and 8.5.3.4 IRl.
the slightly high value may be accepted.
1
C7.?3 The accuracy of hardness testing with the actual
J C.7.4 Nick break testing
C.7A.I The nick break test specimens are to have full thick-
equipment and method is to be taken into account in the
evaluation of the readings.
ness with the weld reinforcement retained on both faces and
with dimensions as shown in Fig. C3. The specimens are to C.7.7A Requirements are given 10 5.2.10 (RJ. 5.2.12 (RJ.
be hacksaw-notched through the thickness from both sides at 7.2.4.2 (R) and lLS.J.4 (R).
the center of the weld and may be fractured either by pulling.
or reversed bending. or by striking one end while the other is
supported. C. 7.8 Strain ageing testing
C 7.8.1 The specified mechanical properties of a product is
C7.4.2 Requirements are given in 8.5.3.4(R) and 8.5.5.2 (R). guaranteed 10 Its final supply condition. In special siluauons
 subsequent operations may still affect the material properties. e.8.S Cast plpin~ components
e.g. by field bending of pipes to bends. pulling of pipes
through Jvtubes or pipelaying of reeled pipestrings The frac- e.8.5.1 Cast coupons are to be of a size and located in a man-
ture toughness is particularly sensitive to cold deformation. . ner realistically predicting the properties of the casung. The
Strain ageing testing may then be a suitable method to asses coupons are to be heat treated with the casting. and are not to
whether adequate notch toughness does remain
e.7.8.2 When the material is deformed to a fibre strain more
than 3 %. strain ageing testing is considered appropriate for
pipeline systems required to have high resistance against brit-
tle fracture. Base material and weld metal are then to be test-
ed.
C.7.8.3 Procedure: The material is to be cold strained bv eith-
er uniform compression or tensioning to a deformation of
5 %. or to the actual deformation if this is greater. The mate-
rial is to be artifically aged for I hour. The ageing tempera-
ture is to be 100°C. or 250°C for pipeline systems having ma-
ximum design temperature above 100°e.
The deformed and aged material is to be Charpy V-notcb tes-
ted at the impact testing temperature and meet the same re-
quirements as specified for the pipeline system.
C.8 Sampling of test specimens
C.8.1 Seamless pipes
e.8.I.l Tensile test specimens (transverse and longitudinal)
and Charpy V-notch specimens (transverse) may be sampled
from any location within the pipe material. However. if the
pipe has been spun cast. the test specimens are to be taken at
the inside surface of the pipe.
e.8.2 Welded pipe
C.S.2.1 Pipe material: Tensile test specimens (transverse and
longitudinall and Charpy V-notch specimens (transverse). are
to be sampled ISOo from the weld.
e.S.2.2 Weld seam: The test specimens are to be sampled
transverse to the weld. with the weld deposit at the center. as
shown in Fig. e.6. The same applies for jointers which are
produced in the IG principal position (pipes horizontal while
rotating).
C.8.3 Cold formed or forged bends
e.S.3.1 The test specimens are to be cut from an overlength
bend section having received the same deformation and heat
treatments as applied for the bends. Base material test speci-
mens are to be sampled from the area of maximum tensional
deformation. The longitudinal axis of the specimen is to be
orientated transverse to the direction of the principal wor-
king/grain flow. When a bend contains longitudinal weld
seam<s>. test specimens are also to be selected as described for
welded pipe (C.S.2).
C.8.4 Forged seamless piping components other than bends
e.SA.1 The test specimens are to be taken from a portion of
the forging which has received a deformation representative
for the working ratio of the most highly stressed cross' sec-
tion. For components with greatly varying working ratios
and section thicknesses. more test samples may be necessary.
Separately forged test blanks may be used when integrally
forged extension samples can not be reasonably provided.
e.SA.2 The test specimens are to be machined with their
principal axis transverse to the direction of principle grain
flow. and be at least 0.1 t from the as-forged surface. Where
transverse testing can not reasonably be performed due to the
small size of the component. the test specimens may have
longitudinal orientation.
I ·1111!111I111111 111I1111111I11111.'
be detached before completion of all heat treatments.
e.9 Welding procedure qualification
C.9.1 General
e.9.1.1 The position for sampling of test specimens in con-
nection with welding procedures for fabrication and installa-
tion welding are shown by Figs. e.6 and e.7 respectively,
The welding procedure specification and the test results are to
be presented on suitable forms including references to pro-
ject. application. fabrication. installation company and endor-
sernent of witnessing.
C.IO Qualification of welding personnel
C.IO.I General
e.10.1.1 The purpose of qualification testing of welding per-
sonnel is to verify that the welder or welding operator have
the necessary training. skill and understanding to produce
sound welds according to a qualified welding procedure.
e.10.1.2 In order to be qualified. welders and welding opera-
tors are to be at least 18 years of age. and are to have passed a
relevant theoretical and practical training program.
C.10.1.3 The company responsible for the welding opera-
tions is prior to qualification testing. to confirm that each
welder and welding operator have obtained adequate under-
standing of
fundamental welding techniques
significance of welding parameters
relevant materials response to welding
operation of the welding equipment to be used
welding procedure specifications
handling of welding consumables
relevant methods of non-destructive testing
relevant acceptance criteria for weld defects
e.10.1.4 Welding personnel to make bunwelds and fil1et
welds is to have passed qualification testing for single side.
full section bunwelding of pipes in the principal positionis)
required.
e.IO.).S Welding personnel satisfying the above general con-
ditions and having performed an acceptable test weld accord-
ing to e.1 0.2 is thereby qualified.
e.10.1.6 For underwater welding additional conditions will
apply. see C.I 004.
e.10.1.7 An endorsed qualification test record is to be issued
after completion of an acceptable test weld. The record is to
be of a suitable form containing information sufficient to
describe applied welding procedure. testing set up. evaluation
methods and conclusions. scope of application and date of
testing.
e.IO.I.S Where a qualification of recent date is allowed
transferred to a new project. the welding personnel is to be
informed about particular project requirements for which
their welding performance will be specially important.
e.10.1.9 Requalification is to be performed if the welding
personnel has not regularly performed qualified welding
within a period of more than six months.
_
 73

C.IO.2 Test welding doubled. and both the new welds are to be acceptable. No
further retests are permitted until the welder/operator has
CIO.2'.1 Prior to starting the test welding. reasonable time is passed acceptable additional training.
to be permitted to adjust the welding equipment.
If a failure occurred due to conditions beyond the welder's/
C.10.1.2 If the welding procedure involves more than one operator's control. this failure may be disregarded. and a new
operation or more welding units. test welding is to include alI opportunity to qualify given.
l operations and units necessary to complete the weld. Con-
,j sequently the performance test may require welding with dif- C.IO.4 Welder qualtflcanon
ferent welding units and welding parameters.
C.l0.4.1 A welder is qualified for welding when the condi-
CI0.2.3 Two pipe nipples of sufficient length to introduce tions given in.CIO.l. C.l0.2 and CIO.3 have been fulfilled,
realistic restraint are to be joined according to the qualified Qualified welding positions are given in Table C.2.
welding procedure. The pipe diameter. wall thickness and the
principal positionlsl are to be selected in accordance with the c.I0.4.2 A welder qualification is valid within the limits of
range to be qualified. essential variables as described below. If any of the following

l essential variables are changed. a new qualification test is re-

For field installation of transmission pipelines the actual line quired
pipe should be used for qualification testing.
A change of welding process
For welding of pipes with t < 5 mm or 00 < 100 mm, the A change of welding direction
,1 test pipe dimensions are to be agreed upon. A change of welding consumables from basic coated to
cellulosic coated or vice versa
C.10.2.4 For pipe diameters less than 300 mm, the complete A change of pipe diameter from one to another of the fol-
, joint is to be welded. For testing on significantly greater dia- lowing diameter groupings: 00 <:100 mm, 100 < 00 <:
J meter. the welding length is to be at least half the circumfer-
ence such that typical flat. vertical and overhead welds are
300 rnm. and 00 > 300 mm
A change of wall thickness from t> 5 mm to t < 5 mm
made without interruption. A change in principal welding position other than already
qualified. see table C2
C.10.2.5 Minimum one stop and start is to be made during A significant change of joint design e.g. V-groove to
welding of the root and cap pass. Electrodes are to be com- Y-groove
pietely consumed. Light mechanical treatment is permitted
for removal of scale. debris and minor local irregularities, Table C.2
however. not for the intent of removing weld defects due to Qualified welding positions
unsatisfactory performance of welding. Welding is to proce- Principal test position
ed with a speed representative for regular production. IG IG
2G IG.2G
CIO.2.6 Test material may be of semikilled or killed C-Mn 5G IG.5G
steel for welding on pipeline system designed with unalloyed. 2G + 5G All
microalloyed or low alloyed steels with ultimate tensile ! 6G All
strength maximum 620 MPa. Qualification for welding of
J higher strength grades or alloyed steel may require additional C.IO.S Welding operator qualification for mechanized weld-
testing on the actual material type. ing
CIO.5.1 A welding operator is qualified for welding when
C.IO.3 Inspection and testing of qualification test welds the conditions given in CIO.1. CIO.2 and CIO.3 have been
fulfLIled.
CI0.3.1 Each test weld is to be visually inspected and show
a workmanlike appearance satisfying Table 10.1 lIU. If found CI0.5.2 An operator's qualification is valid within the limits
acceptable. the test weld is to be radiographed using a qualif- of essential variables as described for welders. see CI0.4.2.
J , ied procedure based on Xvrays. see section 10 (RI. and comp- Additionally the qualification is limited to the type of welding
ly with Table 10.2 (R). '
equipment qualified for the actual installation welding. Re-
qualification is further to be initiated if there is made a chan-
CI0.3.2 The test weld is also to be destructiveIv tested if it ge in the welding procedure which itself requires requalifica-
has been made with a welding procedure involving the gas tion. and this change is depending on the operator's control
J metal arc welding process or other processes of high potential and skill. and necessitate a different operating technique.
for non-fusion defects. Type and number of mechanical tests
are given in Table Cl . CIO.6 Qualification of welding personnel for underwater
welding
.J Table C.I
CI 0.6.1 QUalification of welding personnel working under-
Pipe [ Wall Nick Face Root Side water is to be based on the scheme given in CI 0 with the ad-
1 diameter I' thickness break bend bend bend ditional conditions specified herein.
.J (mm) Imml test test test test
I 00 <:100
100 < 00 <:300 I t<;12.5
2
4
0
0
2
2
0
0
CI 0.6.2 The test welds are to be produced under actual or si-
mulated conditions for the work. in question.
i 00> 300 8 2 2 0
j CI0.6.3 In addition to the requirements given in CIO.1.3.
I 00 <:100 2 0 0 2 underwater welding personnel is initially to have passed a
1100 < 00 <:300 C> 12.5 0 0 2 relevant welding test above water before beeing permitted to
00> 300 '* 8 0 0 qualify for welding underwater. Prior to the tests. the wel-
'* ders are to be given sufficient training to get familiar with the
Sampling of test specimens is shown in Fig. CS. influence of pressure. temperature. atmosphere etc. on weld-
ing.
C' 0.3.3 If a test weld fails to meet the specified require-
J ments. the welder or welding operator may be permitted im- Cl 0.6.4 Approval of welders/ operators are to be based on
mediate retesting. Then the number of test welds are to be visual. mechanical and radiographic testing.
'0
 74

Type and number of mechanical tests are given in Table CI. is to be examined visually and by radiography. If interrupted
period exceeds 6 months. the performance test is to be as
CI0.6.5 The applicability of a welder's certificate is given in specified for initial qualification.
Table C2 as regards welding positions. Applicability for
welding at greater water depths or other pressure or diving For underwater welders who are on stand-by and without
modes will be decided in each case. necessarily doing regular underwater welding. the conditions
for maintenance of the qualification is to be specially agr~d
C.IO.6.6 For underwater welders any change of coated elec- upon.
trodes will normally require requalification.
C.IO.7 -Extracrdlnary requallfication of welding personnel
CIO.6.7 Renewal of the certificate for underwater welders CIO.7.1 Welding personnel maybe required to 'requalify in
may be required if welding has been interrupted for a period
case of negligence or questionable welding performance. In
of more than 3 months. The retest is then to consist of mak- such cases the welder/ operator in question shall present evid-
ing minimum one test coupon of length approximately
300-400 mm in an agreed welding position. and the coupon ence of further acceptable training. and are. to be requalified
as for initial qualification.
 75

REDUCED SECTION

~ 6Omm-1

L---r-T--:-:i""").---.........J
APPROX
J&mm 11 t t

LENGT.. 25mmRmin.
SOmm.

Hansverse, CH· longitudinal, base material ten:sile

test see ci me n-

Weld tensile test - fabri,ati on

of pipes/piping 'omponents.

SPECI MEN MAY BE MACHINE OR OXYGE

EDGES SHALL BE PARALLEL AND SM

...... ~_====:J_L-..----------~}PPROX INATEL V

I.. APPROXIMATELY225MM------~
WELD REINFORCEMENT SHO LD NOT BE
...L REMOVED ON EITHER SlOE OF SPECIMEN

T
Weld tensile test for field weld pr cce dure
Qualification test.

Fig. c.i. Tensile test specimens

 76

SPECIMEN MAY BE MACHINE OR OXYGEN CUT.

- - - - - - - - 2 0 0 m m (minimum)

*WELD
THICHNESS

I
WELD REINFORCEMENT IS TO BE REMOVED FROM BOTH FACES FLUSH WITH THE SURFACE OF THE SPECI-
MEN. SPECIMEN SHALL NOT BE FLATTENED PRIOR TO TESTING. CUT SURFACES SHALL BE SMOOTH AND
PARALLEL

I FACEBEND/ROOT BEND SPECIMEN I

WELD REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE REMOVED FROM BOTH

FACES FLU1SH WITH THE SURFACE .j1OFTHE

; SPEcrME.N WALL
~

I t-- THICKNESS

'r------ 200mm (minimum) ,

-L
I I
-L
\"" t 110 RADIUS MA
\ CORNERS
I'
A

( I ~r-------, 12.5mm {--J/ I

~/-r------ T I
I-- t
l7Wlon IOF
-1 SPECIMEN
. /WAL L THICKNE-l

SPECIMENS MAY BE MACHINE CUT TO 12,5 MM WIDTH OR THEY MAY BE OXYGEN CUT TO APPROXIMA. E-
LY 20 MM WIDE AND THEN MACHINED OR GROUND SMOOTH TO 12,SMM WIDTH. CUT SURFACES SHALL
BE SMOOTH AND PARALLEL I

SIDE BEND SPECIMEN

I

FIg. C.2. Bend test specimens J

I
j
 77

NOTCH CUT BY HACKSAW.

SPECIMEN MAY BE MACHINE
OR OXYGEN CUT. FACE 5 SHALL
BE REASONABLE PARALLEL
3mm

l.~---------~APPRox.225mm-----------+4
3mm

I DO NOT REMOVE REINFORCEMENT OF WELD OF

...L EITHER SIDE OF SPEcrM(N.~~ :
l ~ ~ ....
C WALL THICI<NESS
T . T

Fig.C.3 Nick break test specimen

55
NOTCH POSITIONS. I
I

'5:2
2IT

5!
CENTER OF WELD
;1
~ I

I
----=..:.---~L.
1--.. 20
I

A
20
!
FUSION LINE It.Ll
I
Q
I
I"
40
2mm FROM f. I.
: s::g,!! I
2mm

i \J{ III
ROOT RADIUS 0,25
5mm FROM f.l. I
\ 5rrm
\

Location of Charpy V-notch samples

of welded joints. I Each sample consists of
three sp e e i rne na.)

DE TAIL "A"

Charpy v- notch
specimen Inotch perpendicular
to rolled s ur t c e e .

Fig. CA. Charpy V-notch Impact testing.

 78

~ 1 MM A.

I
I
.1

HARDNESS TESTING
Bun WELDS

I
J

~ ~
O.5mm

"
I DETAIL A MAGNIFIED I

t'V 1 MM

j
HARDNESS TESTING
HARDNESS TESTING
MULTIPLE PASS SINGLE BEAD REPAIR
INSIDE OR OUTSIDE
J
WELD REPAIR

J
Fig. C.S. Hardness testing welded joints - schematic.

J
I
J
 79

W//~:ZWAo'fcfdiof~
. I g I Tensile test specimens. .

II I~::
I Q I
I
}. Bend test speci mens.
I

~}
IMPACT TESTING:
Center of weld metal
1 speci mens.

~}
Fusion li ne
I specimens.

~} 2mm from fusion line

p A I spe c i mens,

S"J
61 A
A '~
J Smm from fu sian line
a1 A ) speci mens.

~ } Bend test spec i mens.

Tensile test specimen

Macrosection/hardnesstest
~....,.......,....~=;:::::;t~~;:=::;"'_specimen .. ---.....------~--.-~

Fig. C.6. Welding procedure qulaification - fabrication

of pipes! piping components: sampling of test specimens.
 80

TOP OF PI PE

. - - - - - - - Hardness /macrosection
Face or side bend ~4---- Tensile
Root or side bend ~~-- Nick break

OO~ 300mm
--1--- . - Weld me 1al } ~
. . - Fusion line
- + - 2mm from f.!. Ec
iE
Nick break -----~~~ ~ 5mm from f.l_ - ;J)
Tensile -.....L.__~.§~'~--- Root or si de bend
, .
~---- Face or side bend
' - - - - - - - Hardness / macrosection

TOP OF PIPE

~/~--------Hardness/macrosec br
Root or side bend - - - - - - - - Sidebend
~ick break - - - - - - - - . - / 1 Tensile
~·AI'l-....._ - - - - -

fens i Ie - - - - - - - - -......~lo' ~-~ ..._ - - - - Root or side bend

'l\.~---- Nick break

Outer diameter
00 > 300mm
.. --i' \I
e

11
I CC
_\I

~oot or sicfe bend

~ic k break - - - - - - -... ·'Q'11'.
I
Iensile - - - - - - - - - - -
).idebend - - - - - - - - - - - - '
I .L Hardn es 51 macro sec"r n

Note: The indicated locations of the test specimens are to be used for welding positions 2G. 5G and 6G
For qualification of welding in 1G position. sampling positions are optional.

Fig. C.7 Welding procedure qualification test-field joints.

Sampling of test sped mens
 81

TOP OF PIPE

......-:::::::;:::~ / Nick break

Nic k break
Root bend or side bend
Root bend or side bend oJ

TOP OF PIPE

Nick break Root bend or side bend

Root bend or side bend

Root bend or side bend Nick break

Nick break rNick break
Nick break Face bend or side bend

Face bend or side bend Nick break

Nick break Nick break
Nick break Root bend or s ide bend

.Note: At the company's option, the locations may be rotated 45 degrees counterclockwise or they may
be equally spaced around the pipe except specimens shall not include the longitudinal weld. Also.
at the company's option. additional specimens may be taken.

Fig. C.S Wehler and welding operator performance test-

field joints. Sampling of test specimens

t r
 82

APPENDIX D
GUIDELINES ON CORROSION CONTROL
D.] Design of cathodic protection systems For coated pipeline systems. however. the current demand

D.l.1 General
may increase with time as the ~oating deter~Orates. . I
D.I.I.I The purpose of D. I is to provide some general guide- Table D. I presents a general guide for selection of design cur-
lines to the design of cathodic protection systems for sub- rent densities. Three minimum design current densities arc
marine pipeline systems. listed for some major offshore' areas and special enviro I
merits.
Veritas will be open to evaluate cathodic protection systems
based on alternative design methods, The initial current densitv is used to determine the necessary
current output capacity' of new anodes. The final curre "I
D.I.1.2 Cathodic protection for submarine pipelines and ri- density is used to determine the necessary current output c I
sers is generally by sacrificial anodes. pacity of anodes when the anodes are consumed to the utili-
zation factor. The mean current densitv is used to deterrmne
The cathodic protection system is generally applied in com- the weight of the a n o d e s . ' I'
bination with a suitable coating system. The coating will re- i
duce the initial current requirement and improve the current
distribution.

0.1.2 Design basis

Table D.l Guidance on minimum design current densities
D. I .2. I Design life: Normally the design life of the cathodic (mAl m 2) for cathodic protection of bare steel
protection system should be taken as the design life of the pi-

~
peline system.
Initial Mean Final
value value value
D.I.2.2 Environmental conditions: The following parameters
should be taken into account in the design of the cathodic North Sea (nonhem) 160 120 100
protection system: North Sea (southern) 130 100 90 I
Arabian Gulf 120 90 80
Temperature of pipeline system India ]20 90 80
Temperature of seawater/sea bed Australia 120 90 80
Oxygen content of seawater/sea bed Brazil 120 90 80 I
Chemical composition of seawater/sea bed Gulf of Mexico 100 80 70
Resistivity of seawater/sea bed West Africa 120 90 80
Current velocity of seawater Indonesia 100 80 70 I
Biological activity I
Pipelines (burial
specified> 50 40 30
I
If relevant parameters from the same area on these are not
available. measurements along the route may be required. Risers in shafts with
flowing seawater 180 140 120 I
The current output of anodes is dependent on the resistivity. Risers in shafts with
For seawater the resistivity in tropical waters It::::::: 25°C) may stagnant seawater 120 90 80
be taken as 20 ohmcm while in colder waters <t : : : : 5- 10°C)
it may be taken as 33 ohmcm. Sea bed (ambient I
temperature) 25 20 IS
The resistivity of the 1m upper layer of the sea bed may be ta-
ken as 100 ohmcm if no measurements have been carried
out.

D.1.2.3 Potential criteria: The potential criteria for cathodic

protection are given in 6.3.1.3 of the Rules.

0.1.3 Current demands For buried pipelines. higher values are used than for b:O?'f
D.I.3.1 The total current demand is given by the current steel in seabed. This is due to that a higher safety margir ~
density and the area of exposed steel surfaces. The following necessary and the fact that complete burial may not be 4 J-
areas should be considered: tained. '

areas in seawater D.I.3.2 The current density for a coated steel surface is hi: I-
areas below mudline Iy dependent on the quality of the coating materials and _.b
unprotected foreign structures in electrical contact with coating application.
the pipeline system I
Table D.2 gives guidelines on the selection of coating bre I·
The current density is determined by the environmental down criteria for coated structures. The coating breakdo .. h
conditions. The selection of design current densities may be criterion is defined as the ratio: •
based on experiences from similar pipeline systems in the sa-
me environment or measurements. Current density coated steel
·100%
Current density bare steel
The current density is normally not constant with time. For
bare steel surfaces in seawater the current density may dec-
rease due to the formation of calcareous deposit caused by
The presented values are based on satisfactory coating ap t
calion. If the coaling is particularly exposed to wear and J }
the cathodic current chanical damage. higher values must be used.
 83

To establish the current density requirement for coated steel. D.1.4 Anode materials
the values in Table D.I should be multiplied by the percenta-
.....
0.1.4.1 Zinc anodes should conform to the following compo-
~
ges in Table 0.2. sition in order to reduce the susceptibility to intergranular
I
J corrosion.
Table D.2 Guide on coating breakdown criteria (,,) for
some coatings (expected lifetime 25 years) max % min %
I
,I Initial Mean Final Aluminium
Cadmium
0.2
0.06
0.1
0.03
Thick film pipeline Iron 0.002
coatings I 10 20 Copper 0.005
Vinyl systems 2 20 50 Silicon 0.125
Epoxy coal-tar 2 20 50 Lead 0.006
Epoxy {high-build> 2 20 50 Zinc remainder
0.1 .3.3 For pipeline systems in contact with the reinforce-
l ment of concrete structures, allowance should be made for
current drainage to the reinforcement. An average current
density of 0.5- I mA/m~ for the outer reinforcement layer is
0.1.4.2 The following electrochemical properties of alloys
other than given in D.1.4.1 should be documented by ap-
propriate tests:
normally sufficient. Initial values may be somewhat higher
and final values significantly lower. The area of the outer Driving potential (mY) to polarized steel. i.e. the differ-
I:.J reinforcement may be taken as the area of the concrete sur- ence between closed circuit anode potential and the po-
face. tentials given by Table 6.1.
Current capacity (ampere. hours/ kg).
0.1.3.4 The current density may be dependent on the tempe- Susceptibility to passivity.
rature. For pipelines and risers carrying hot oil or gas an in- Susceptibility to intergranular corrosion.
crease in the current density has been observed.
The testing of the above-mentioned properties may be carried
In the temperature range 25°C to 100°C an increase in the out by long term free-running Ii.e. without external power
current density in the order of I m.A../ m 2 per °C as compared source> laboratory testing, or field testing of full scale anodes.
to the values given in Table D.I may be used. The tempera-
ture to be considered is the temperature difference between Table 0.3 gives some guidelines on typical values for es-
'..,. I hydrocarbon and seawater! sea bed. sential parameters for some technical anodes alloys.
J

Table D.3 Electrochemical parameters for some sacrificial anode alloys

Alloy Environment Driving potential Current capacity Consumption rate

J (mV) (Ah/kg) kg! A year
AI-Zn-Hg seawater (5-30°C) 200-500 2600-2800 3.1 - 3.4
AI-Zn-In seawater (5 - 30°C) 250-300 2500-2700 3.2 - 3.5
AI-Zn-In saline mud (5- 30°C) 150-250 1300-2300 3.85- 6.7
AI-Zn-In saline mud (JO- 90°C) 100-200 400-1300 6.7 -22
Zn seawater 200-250 760- 780 11.2 -11.5
Zn saline mud (Q-60°C) 150-200 760- 780 II.2 -11.5
I
-J-

']
 84

D.1.5 Current output capacity of anodes D.l.8 Fabrication of anodes

0.1.5.1 The current output capacity <I.) is given by Ohm's 0.1.8.1 The electrochemical properties arc highly dependent
law. on the content of alloying elements and Impurity clements.
The anode manufacturer should thus prove his capabiluy of
AV delivering anodes which satisfy the specification.
I• =
R
(D.I)
0.1.8.2 The quality control at the anode manufacturing plant
AV = Driving potential should include control systems on the following:
R = Circuit resistance (usually taken as the anodic resist-
ance) Raw materials. i.e. checking of documentation.
Production equipment and process.
The anodic resistance is determined bv the resistivity of the Testing during and after production.
surrounding environment and the geometric conditions of Identification of products,
the anodes. Empirical formulae as shown in Fig. 0.1 may be Chemical analysis of products,
1
used. \\"eight and dimensional tolerances.
Visual check of any surface defects. I
If the anodes are grouped closely in array. interference be- Documentation Itest certificates).
tween the anodes must be taken into account when calculat- .
ing the anodic resistance.

0.15.2 For bare steel surfaces the anode current output ca-
pacity should be calculated in the initial stase when the cur-
rent demand is greatest and at the end of the lifetime when D.2 Standards for coating
the anode is consumed to the utilization factor and the anode
has the lowest current output. D.2.] General
<,
0.2.1.1 Standards or recommendations for coating materials.
0.1.5.3 Installation of additional anodes with smaller dimen- application and testing are listed below. Most test methods
sions for the initial stage (for instance 3 years) to meet the will be found under the first group referring to the most com-
high initial current requirements may be more economical mon generic types of pipeline coatings. The second group
than to find a single anode shape which meets both initial contains more general guidelines for coating application and
and final current demand. inspection.
For coated structures where an increase in the current density D.2.2 Acceptable standards for coating properties and test
may be observed the current output capacity should be methods referring to generic type
checked at the end of the lifetime when the anode is consum-
ed to the utilization factor. 0.2.2.1 Coal tar based coatings:

The total current output capacity should be greater than the British Standard BS 4164. Specification for Coal Tar Based
total current demand. Hot Applied Coating Materials for Protection of Iron & Steel.

American Water Works Association. AWWA C 203. Stand-

D.1.6 Calculation of anode life ard for Coal Tar Protective Coatings and Linings for Steel
Water Pipelines - Enamel and Tape - Hot - Applied.
0.1.6.1 The anode life L may be determined as follows:
National Association of Corrosion Engineers ~ACE 2G 156.
L = W ·u (0.5) Coal Tar Coatings for underground use.
E ·1
·0.2.2.2 Asphalt based coating:
L = effective life of the anodes
W = net mass of the anodes British Standard BS 4147. Specification for Hot Applied Bitu-
u = utilization factor determined by the amount of anode men Based Coating for Ferrous Products.
material consumed when the remaining anode mate-
rial cannot deliver the current required Netherlands Corrosion Committee II. Communication I J.
E = consumption rate of the anode published by T.N.O.
1 = mean current requirement per anode during the life-
time NACE Publication 2H 157. Asphalt Protective Coatings for
Underground Pipelines - Wrapped Systems.
The following values for utilization factor may be used:
The Asphalt Institute. Asphalt Protective Coatings for Pipeli-
Slender anodes: 0.90-0.95 nes - Construction Series No. 96 - Wrapped and Mastic
Bracelet anodes: 0.75-0.80 Systems.
Other shapes: 0.75-0.85
NACE Standard RP-02-76. Extruded Asphalt Mastic Type
Protective Coatings for Underground Pipelines.
I
D.1.7 Current distribution
0.2.2.3 Reinforcing materials for coal tar and asphalt based j
0.1.7.1 The anodes should be evenly distributed over the coatings:
steel surface to achieve a uniform current distribution.
Netherlands Corrosion Committee 11. Communication I J.
For systems with complex geometry model testing may be
necessary. NACE Publication 21 262. Specifications for Fibrous Glass.
Reinforced Type underground Pipe Wrap.
It is recommended that the distance between anodes on a
coated pipeline does not exceed 150 rn. Close to platforms NACE Publication 21 162. Specifications for Biturnous Satu- j
and pipe crossings additional anodes should be installed. rated Glass Pipe Wrap.
 85

AWW A C 203. Standard for Coal Tar Protective Coatings
and Linings for Steel Water Pipelines - Enamel and Tape -
Hot - Applied.
?"ACE Publication 2J 362. Specifications for Asbestos Pipeli-
ne Felt.
0.2.2.4 Epoxy coating:
All surface preparation of pipes for pipelines or risers is nor-
mally to be in accordance with:
Swedish Standard SIS 055900. Pictorial Surface Preparation
Standards Grade Sa 2 1/2. or better (Sa 3).
The following standards for surface preparation are consider-
ed to be equivalent: .

British Gas Standard (preliminary). British Standard BS 4232. Surface Finish of Blast-Cleaned
Steel for Painting. Second Quality. or better (First Quality).
0.2.2,5 Vulcanized rubber coating:
u.s. Steel Structures Painting Council SSPC. Grade SSPC-SP
British Standard Code of Practice CP 3003: Pan I. Rubber. IO. Near- White Blast Cleaning. or better <GradeSSPC-SP 5).

To obtain good bonding the rubber coating should be applied
by extrusion of a continuous rubber stripe under controlled
tension to rotating pipe.
0.2.3 Application and inspection of coatings, general
standards
0.2.3.1 General:
Below are listed some recognized general standards for coat-
ing application including pipe metal surface preparation. in-
spection and testing of final coatings. For application of pipe-
line coatings. the standard listed under 0.2.2 are of primary
interest. The below requirement to surface preparation of mi-
nimum SIS grade Sa 2.5 or equivalent should always be gov-
erning for yard coating of pipes.
NACE No. 2. Near-White Blast Cleaned Surface Finish. or
better (~·ACE :--:0. I).
For field joint coating of weld areas on lay barge or similar.
for coal tar or asphalt based coatings. surface preparation by
wire brushing to remove all weld spatter rust dirt and dust
until a clean uniform grey-white metallic finish is obtained.
0.2.3.3 Application and inspection of coating:
NACE Standard RP-06-75. Recommended Practice. Control
of Corrosion on OITshore Steel Pipelines.
U.S. Steel Structure Painting Council SSPC. Steel Structures
Painting Manual.
British Standard BS 5493. Code of practice for protective
coating of iron and steel structures against corrosion.

0.2.;.2 Surface preparation of pipes: References is also made to the standards given in 0.2.2.

o ( 4·1 \
SLENDER ANODES . In--Ij
l·;7·i, r

= resistivity (ohm cml

= length of anode <CmJ
r = equivalent radius of anode tcml
!a
r = '11-; .
a = cross section of anode tcm-)
Stand off core greater than 30 ern
PLATE ANODES

Ra = .:«:
l·S
(0.3)

S = mean length of anode side <em)

S = ~ b>2c
2

BRACELET ANODES
AND OTHER SHAPES

0.315 .~ (D.4)
yA
:\ = exposed surface area of anode

Fig. D.1 Anodic resistance (ormulae(R.)

 . 60
0zr'",.,.": APPENDIXE
PRESSURE TESTING OF PIPEUNES AND PIPEUNE SECTIONS
" '

E.I GeDeral E.2.3 The minimum test pressure is to be at least 1.25 times
E.l.l This appendix covers Veritas' guidelines with respect to the design pressure. The hoop stress during pressure testing is
pressure testing of pipelines and pipeline sections. normally not to exceed 90 % of SMYS. Higher stresses will,
be considered in each case. During pressurizing, added test li-
The purpose of the pressure testing is to verify that the tested quid versus pressure should be recorded in order to evaluate
sections are leakproof and have the required structural the amount of residual air in the test section.
strength to withstand the design pressure with the anticipated
level of safety. E.2.4 After pressurizing sufficient time for stabilization must
be allowed having in mind that a temperature change during
It is assumed that the separate pipes have been individually the pressure test will greatly influence on the pressure. Signi-
pressure tested in the pipe mill. fieant temperature differences between added test liquid and
surrounding environment might lead to a long stabilization
time (several days). ' .
E.l.2 The Owner is to establish specifIcations for hydrostatic
testing describing procedures and equipment.
E.2.S The holding period should normally be 24 hours. If,
The procedure specification is to cover at least the following: however, a 100% visual inspection of the tested section is
carried out. the holding period could be limited to the time
necessary to carry out this inspection, but not less than 2
Pressure test specification designation and revision num- hours. For short sections as for instance risers 8 hours hold-
ber
Description of the sections to be tested (defining lengths, ing period may be acceptable. During the holding period the
elevations. in-line valves and connectors, branches, con-. pressure is to be recorded every 1/2 hours.
nection for test equipment. e.g. isometric drawings, flow-
sheets and alignment sheets>, ' ,
Test medium (including additives>
E.3 Pressure test method no. 2
Mixing of test medium and additives E.3.1 The testing sequence will be as follows:
Test pressures
Test holding time Caliper pigging (normally included>
Description of all testing equipment Filling of test liquid
Description of all testing instruments Stabilization <long sections>
Method for cleaning and removing of air from the test Pressurizing to strength test pressure
section Stabilization
Sequence of pressurizing Holding
Monitoring and recording of test pressure Reduction to leak test pressure
Depressurizing and discharge of test medium Stabilization
Holding
E.I.3 Instruments and equipment for measuring pressure. vo- Pressure release
lume and/ or temperature is to have an appropriate measur- Reporting
ing range with sufficient accuracy verified by a recognized
test laboratory. The verification should normally not be older E.3.2 With respect to filling of test liquid and stabilization, re-
than one year. ference is made to E.2.2 and E.2.4.

Pressure measuring equipment is to have an accuracy and re- E.3.3 The minimum strength, test pressure is 1.4 times the
peatability of ± 0.1 % . design pressure. The maximum equivalent stress during pres-
sure testing is normally not to exceed the von Mises equiva-
If temperatures are measured during the pressure test, the ac- lent stress during pressure testing in the pipe mill or 0.96
curacy of temperature testing equipment is to be 0.1aC. times SMYS, whatever is the largest. Higher stresses will be
considered in each case. The holding period for this strength
The volume measurement equipment, if used, is to have a test should not be shorter than I hour and not longer than 3
sensitivity of 0.1 % of the added volume of liquid necessary hours. The pressure is to be recorded every '10 minutes.
to produce a hoop stress equal to SMYS.
E.3.4 The leakproof test pressure is to be 1.1 times the design
E.1.4 Below are described two alternative methods of pres- pressure. For a leakproof test the holding period should nor-
sure testing. mally be 24 hours. For test sections where 100% visual in-
spection is carried out, the holding period could be limited to 1
E.2 Pressure test method DO. 1 the time necessary to carry out this inspection, but not less
than 2 hours. During this holding period, the pressure is to be I·
E.2.1 The testing sequence will be as follows: recorded every 1/2 hours. For shorter sections. for instance
risers, 8 hours holding period may be acceptable. I
Caliper pigging (normally included> ,
- Filling of test liquid
Stabilization (long sections>
Pressurizing to test pressure E.4 Acceptance criteria
Stabilization E.4.1 The test will be accepted if during the test all pressure
Holding containing components in the tested section maintain their in-
Pressure release tegrity and no leaks are found. Since it is difficult to judge if
Reporting certain small pressure changes could be caused by for inst-
ance temperature changes, a pressure change of ± 0.2 % of
E.2.2 Filling of test liquid should be carried out in due time the test pressure could be accepted, If greater pressure drops
prior to the actual pressure testing (several days). During fill- occur the test will not be accepted or the holding period
ing, steps should be taken to ensure that the volume of air re- should be extended until a 24 hour period with acceptable
maining in the test section is minimized. pressure change has occurred.
 87
£.4.2 If the temperature is taken into account when interpret- cations along the section to be tested (e.g. one in eacH end of a
ing the test results. then the Owner has. prior to the test. to long section>.
present calculations clearly showing the effect on the pressure
from variations in the following variables: E.6 Hydrostatic test report

Temperature of test liquid when filling £.6.1 The Owner is to provide a test report for each section
tested.
- Temperature of environment
.- Restraints
The report is at least to comprise
During the actual test. the temperature of the environment
test report as per attached form
has to be recorded at several relevant positions along the line.
pressure time diagrams
The readings to be made every hour.
actual pressure volume diagrams plotted versus theoreti-
cal pressure volume diagram
E.5 Witnessing
- if relevant. all temperatures versus time is to be plotted
£.5.1 The pressure testing shall be witnessed by Veritas. If and included
found necessary. Veritas may have surveyors at relevant 10- certificate of pressure measuring equipment
 ,.,..
.:t..::
'4.-
~

", 88
{·f,:
" '

,HYDROSTATIC TEST REPORT

REPORT NO•••••••••

Owner.: ....................................................................•............. , .
Pipeline Description: " : .
Testing Contractor: '" ..............•...............'.. , '" " " '" '" ..'..
Construction Contractors. , " . ,i

Testing Specification: .. " ..•....................................... ; , .

'Section Tested From: To: ..' '" .....•............
Pump Location: " ," ~ ' ~ , .
Pressure Recorder Location <Elevation>: .
Length of Section: , ' ',' Volume of Section: .
Pipe Tested <Size. W.T.• Grade. Type and Manufacturer>: oj
Type and Source of Test Medium: , .
Additive: ' 0 •••••••••• Quantity: 0 ••••• : ••••••••••••••••••

Dye: : ' Quantity: '" .

Inhibitor: Quantity: .

Dead Weight Tester No.: 0 ••• ' •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

I
Strength Test Pressure: bar Start of Test: bar End of Test: bar J
Leakproof Test Pressure: 0 • bar Start of Test: bar End of Test: bar
i
Time and Date Strength Test Started: 0 •••••••••••• 0 •••••••••••••••••• Ended: . 0 •••••••••••••••••••••••• , • J
Time and Date Leakproof Test Started: Ended: 0 ••• '" 1
Remarks: 0.· •• • ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 ••••••

; .

Company Representative: .. 0 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Date: ............................ _J

Contractor Representative: Date:
VERITAS Representative: Date: ............................ ".1
Attachments:
!

Pressure-time diagrams .•.•..........•.....• J

Pressure-volume diagrams •..•...•.........•. \
,J
Temperature-time diagrams ... , ...........•..

Instrumentation calibration sheet

J
I
.J
~n'!' 1·111 I I