Project Report on

Lighting In Building Services

Submitted by:

Jadeja Krushanrajsinh 20171311033

Gala Preet Nilesh 20171311026
Masrireuv Artwell 20171311045

Under the guidance of

Mr. H. A. RAJYAGURU
Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering Department
Institute of Technology
Ganpat University

A Project report submitted to

Ganpat University
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for
The Degree of Diploma Engineering (5th Semester) in
Civil Engineering

April -2023

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

B.S.PATEL POLYTECHNIC / INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
GANPAT UNIVERSITY,
KHERVA

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that project work embodied in this semester entitled “Your Topic” was carried out by
following students studying at B. S. Patel Polytechnic for partial fulfillment of Diploma Engineering.
This Project work has been carried out under my supervision and is up to my satisfaction.

Jadeja Krushanrajsinh 20171311033

Gala Preet Nilesh 20171311026
Masrireuv Artwell 20171311045

Date: 05/04/2023
Place: Kherva

Signature of Guide

Mr. H. A. RAJYAGURU
Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering Department
Institute of Technology
Ganpat University

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Project brings about dramatic changes in the traditional lookout of Science & technology. It has
widened our vision, opened newer avenues and lightened the dark obscure facts of mysterious
universe. Behind every success there are lot many efforts, but efforts are fruitful due to hands
making the passage smoother. We express our deep sense of gratitude for hands, people extended
to us during our work.
We would like to thank to our Guide Mr. H. A. RAJYAGURU , Assistant Professor of Civil
Engineering Department, Institute of Technology, for his moral support, constant unceasing
encouragement, critical evaluation, suggestion, constant untiring guidance and affection during
the entire span of our under-graduation study.

With reverence and gratitude, we would like to thank Mr. V. N. PATEL, Head of Department of
Civil Engineering, B. S. Patel Polytechnic & Institute of Technology, who has provided us the
necessary knowledge and guidance for enabling our project work successfully at regular interval.

We would like to express our special thanks to all friends who were always stood by us and
provided all the necessary help to complete our work. We are very much thankful to almighty for
giving us chance to have such brilliant and co-operative friends.

At the occasion of Project submission, we would like to thank from the bottom of my heart to
our parents and Department of Civil Engineering for their endless love, support and
encouragement. Last but not least we pay our reverence to this institute, Institute Technology.
We are proud to be associated with this college.

Place: Kherva.

Jadeja Krushanrajsinh 20171311033

Gala Preet Nilesh 20171311026
Masrireuv Artwell 20171311045
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE OF PAGE

CERTIFICATE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

1. What are solar plants

1.1 Main uses of solar plants

1.2 Types of solar plants

2. Components of solar power plant

3. Advantages and Disadvantages of solar power plants

4. Annual installations in India

5. Cost of solar panel

6. Brief content of literature

7. Goals
8. Conclusion

REFERENCES

LIST OF FIGURES
 Figure 1 Solar power plant
Figure 2.2 Bhadla Solar Park

Figure 3.1 Solar water heating

Figure 3.2 Solar cooking

Figure 3.4 Photovoltaic solar power system

Figure 3.5 Concentrated solar power flow chat

Figure 3.6 Concentrated solar power real photo

Figure 3.7 Components od solar power plant

Figure 3.8 Annual installations in India pie chat

Figure 3.9 Annual installation in India flow chat

Figure 3.10 Solar panel cost pie chat

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 13

ABSTRACT
Solar farms are large scale solar installations where photovoltaic (PV) panels, referred to as solar
panels, or other means of collecting solar energy, like concentrating solar systems are used to
harvest the suns power. They’re different than rooftop solar systems and even commercial solar
power systems in a number of important ways.

Solar farms are also known as solar parks and solar power stations. They operate as power
plants, just like a natural gas power plant or other sources of energy generation that have
generated electricity for consumers for the last century.

Today, there’s enough solar power on the grid to power 15.7 million homes. Now, that’s a lot of
electricity from sunshine to go around. Let’s talk more about solar farms, the different types of
farms out there and the specifics such as the cost, the power output and more.

Fact
 Bhadla Solar Park

Bhadla Solar Park is thelargest solar park in the world as of 2021, and is spread over a total area
of 5,700 hectares (14,000 acres) in Bhadla, Phalodi tehil, Jodhpur district, Rajasthan, India. 
The park has a total capacity of 2245 MW.] The park had witnessed the lowest bid for solar
power in India as of December 2020 at ₹ 2.44 (3.1¢ US) per kilowatt-hour. In September 2018,
Acme Solar announced that it had commissioned India's cheapest solar power: 200 MW at
Bhadla

1. What are solar plants .

 What is solar framing

Solar energy is the energy obtained by capturing heat and light from the Sun. Energy from the
Sun is referred to as solar energy. Technology has provided a number of ways to utilize this
abundant resource. It is considered a green technology because it does not emit greenhouse
gases. Solar energy is abundantly available and has been utilized since long both as electricity
and as a source of heat.

A solar farm is a large collection of photovoltaic (PV) solar panels that absorb energy from the
sun, convert it into electricity and send that electricity to the power grid for distribution and
consumption by customers like you. Solar farms which you’ll sometimes see being called solar
parks or photovoltaic power stations — are usually mounted to the ground instead of rooftops
and come in all shapes and sizes.

The surface receives about 47% of the total solar energy that reaches the Earth. Only this amount
is usable.
1.1 Main uses of solar energy

The main uses of solar power are :-

1. In solar power plants

2. In water heating

3. In water treatment

4. In cooking

5. solar EV charging

6. Solar lighting

7. Solar charging
 1.2. Types of solar power plants

1. Photovoltaic Solar Power System

2. Concentarting power plant

Photovoltaic Solar Power System

 A photovoltaic power station, also known as a solar park, is a large-scale photovoltaic

system (PV system) designed for the supply of merchant power into the electricity grid.

 Photovoltaic cells will capture the energy which is generated from the sun and converted
into electricity.

 They are sometimes also referred to as solar farms, especially when sited in agricultural
areas.
Concentrated Solar Power

 The method of functioning of these solar power plants is similar to that of the
photovoltaic solar energy parts.

 The extra addition is these concentrating power plants is that they make use of mirrors
and lenses in order to capture energy from the rays of the sun.

 The light from the sun will be directed towards the photovoltaic cells and they will be
converted into head energy.

 As the name suggest, in this type of solar power system, sun rays are concentrated
(focused) on a small area by placing mirrors or lenses over a large area. Due to this, a
huge amount of heat is generated at the focused area. This heat can be used to heat up the
working fluid which can further drive the steam turbine
2. Components of Solar Power Plant

The major components of the solar photovoltaic system are listed below.

 Photovoltaic (PV) panel

 Inverter

 Energy storage devices

 Charge controller

 System balancing component

Photovoltaic (PV) Panel
PV panels or Photovoltaic panel is a most important component of a solar power plant. It is made
up of small solar cells. This is a device that is used to convert solar photon energy into electrical
energy.

Inverter
The output of the solar panel is in the form of DC. The most of load connected to the power
system network is in the form of AC. Therefore, we need to convert DC output power into AC
power. For that, an inverter is used in solar power plants.

Energy storage devices

The batteries are used to store electrical energy generated by the solar power plants. The storage
components are the most important component in a power plant to meet the demand and
variation of the load. This component is used especially when the sunshine is not available for
few days.
There are two types of batteries used in the solar power plant;
 Lead-Acid battery
 Nickel-Cadmium battery

Charge Controller
A charge controller is used to control the charging and discharging of the battery. The charge
controller is used to avoid the overcharging of the battery. The overcharging of a battery may
lead to corrosion and reduce plate growth. And in the worst condition, it may damage the
electrolyte of the battery.

System balancing component

It is a set of components used to control, protect and distribute power in the system. These
devices ensure that the system working in proper condition and utilize energy in the proper
direction. And it ensures maximum output and security of other components of a solar power
plant.
3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Power Plant

Advantages

 Solar energy is a clean and renewable source of energy which is an unexhausted

source of energy.
 After installation, the solar power plant produces electrical energy at almost zero cost.
 The life of a solar plant is very high. The solar panels can work up to 25 years.
 This plant is not causing pollution.
 There are no moving parts in solar cells. So, maintenance is not needed to keep a solar
plant running.
 It does not produce any noise.
 For a bulk generation, this plant can be installed in any land. So, there are no specific
site selection criteria like thermal and hydropower plants.
 The solar plant can be installed on the house or flat. So, it reduces the transmission
cost as it generates energy near the load center.
 In a grid-tied power plant, the electrical generate power can directly transfer to the
grid and this will reduce the burden of conventional power plants.

Disadvantages

 The initial cost of a solar panel is very high.

 It requires large land to produce electrical power in bulk amounts.
 The solar plant is only installed in countries where sunline is available efficiently.
 During a cloudy atmosphere, the solar plant cannot operate efficiently.
 The efficiency of a solar panel is very less.
 This plant generates electrical energy when sunlight is available. During the night, this
plant cannot generate electrical power. Hence, if you need to use electrical power at
night, you have to install a battery and charge controller. That increases the cost and
maintenance of the plant as the life of a battery is very short.
 In a grid-tide power plant, the inverter is required, which is costly and needs skilled
manpower and new technology to make sync with grid power quality.
4. Annual installations in India

India installed 10GW of solar capacity in 2021, a 210% growth compared to 3.2 GW in the
same period the previous year, according to a report by Mercom Communication India.
5. Solar panel cost

Solar panels cost, on average, about Rs. 40,000, or between 36,000 to 44,000 depending on the
type and model. While solar panels can help save you money on energy costs, it’s important to
know the overall startup solar panel costs so you can plan a budget.

Monocrystalline Solar Panels

On average, monocrystalline solar panels (the most energy-efficient option) cost Rs. 43 to Rs. 63
per watt, meaning that outfitting a 3kW solar panel system (also known as a solar system) costs
between Rs. 2,00,000 to Rs. 3,00,000 for grid connected solar system and Rs. 2,50,000 to
3,50,000 for standalone solar system.

Bifacial Solar Panels

On average, bifacial solar panels (the most energy-efficient option) cost Rs. 37 to Rs. 52 per
watt, meaning that outfitting a 3kW solar panel system with Bifacail solar panel (also known as a
solar system) costs between Rs. 2,00,000 and Rs. 2,10,000.

Polycrystalline Solar Panels

Less energy-efficient than monocrystalline solar panels, polycrystalline solar panels cost Rs. 30
to Rs. 36 per watt, so outfitting a 5kW solar panel system would cost between Rs. 2,90,000 and
Rs. 3,00,000 making it a more affordable option.

6. Brief content of literature

Sr. Year of Name of Name of topic Name of journal Relevacy

no. publication author

1 September Khyati Vyas Solar Farming with Solar

06, 2019 Agricultural land framing

2 April 2022 Prof. Vaishali S. Solar powered garbage International Solar

Patil composter Journal of framing
Research
Publication and
Reviews
3 6, June- Patil (Desai) Floating solar power Floating solar SOLAR
2017 Sujay S., Wagh power could FRAMING
M. M., Shinde help fight
N. N climate change
— let’s get it
right

4 Unknown Pavan Raj Solar Irrigation Pumps Perception of Solar

 farmers on framing
Solar Irrigation
Pumps (SIPs) in
Gadag District,
Karnataka,
India

Article-1 Solar Framing with Agricultural land

Name of author- Khyati Vyas (International Solar Business, Fourth Partner Energy Private
Limited, India).

Date published - September 06, 2019

Abstract
Agriculture is the major resource of each country. The agricultural sector provides a living for
most of the population. However, the agricultural sector desires correct irrigation facilities and
alternative amenities to reap correct advantages. Another issue during this sector is said to the
plight of farmers. Since several crops are seasonal, most of the farmers are not getting a regular
supply of financial gain. Farmers don't seem to be having the ability to earn something from
their dry/uncultivated land. Alternative energy may be placed to smart used to handle these vital
problems with the world. Solar development is occurring on an enormous scale as lands are
being born-again from agricultural land or unused land into solar projects, that represents a
tremendous chance to boost our agriculture and improve our food security whereas developing
energy at an equivalent time. In places wherever agricultural land is tight and electricity costs
high, the economics would possibly play go in favor of dual-use farms. However, at most of the
places, farmland remains comparatively plentiful and acres of canopies are unlikely to be
possible unless energy and agricultural markets modify.

Main topics
- Agricultural land utilization for solar power plants
- Poly-house or green-house mounted star plant
- Other advantages of solar energy on farmland

Conclusion
This projected innovation of polyhouses or greenhouses with RTPV and solar farms with
agricultural land has the potential to create the methods for comprehensive growth by linking
solar power with agriculture. However, reckoning on the present land use of the leaseholder,
installation of Solar plant may vary on the location. If current farming operations are favorable
for solar power generation or unused land exists, the idea of dual use of land can be still allowed.
This might even culminate into a particular policy being declared to push this idea.

Article-2 Solar powered garbage composter

Name of author- Prof. Vaishali S. Patil (Guide),Chandan Mhaske, Toshik Jambhorkar,…

Date published- April 2022

Abstract
In developing countries, reducing the amount of waste is one of the major challenges that must
be solved to improve living conditions. Through the application of management in waste
recycling, may contribute to urban development, but we must keep into account that waste
management involves considerable costs. Finally, we specify that in order to adopt management
strategies in the field of waste recycling are necessary debates and discussions nationally and
internationally. In this project we propose to identify and analyze the concepts for waste
recycling with the help of solar energy. The work is accordingly on concept of solar powered
portable garbage composter machine. The objectives is to reduce their negative impact on the
environment and human health, and the natural resources. Currently, the waste is an existential
issue in India, which is why you must identify economic solutions

Topics
- Introduction
- Problem statement
- Objectives
- Modern Composting
- Advantages of composting
- Steps in composting
- Working of Composter
- Working Diagram

Conclusion
In conclusion, the project converts natural waste into organic compost using a solar-powered
composting machine. Experimental studies were performed to test the composting process using
real waste. There are effective outcomes, which means that heavy load can work effectively. The
report contains steps and recommendations; nevertheless, in order for the project to move
forward, subsequent work must be done at a high level. Because they have already taken the
initiative to compost, people must maintain a compost machine. Kitchen garbage and other
organic waste must also be separated before being added to the composting material. Finally,
everyone in the community should be aware of the value of composting and take an active rolein
its advancement.

Article-3 Floating Solar Photovoltaic Power

Plants

Name of author- Patil (Desai) Sujay S., Wagh M. M., Shinde N. N

Date published- 06 June 2017

Abstract
 The limited fossil fuel resources and higher energy demand concentrates on solar energy, which
is free of cost and unlimited source of energy, eco-friendly and sustainable to the environment.
But during the execution of the solar projects on land, problems are faced by the government and
partners of the scheme such as land availability, land development & land acquisition, substation
capacities, evacuation also timely clearances for the project on land and evacuation – these are
hurdles for completion of the project. Most of the locations projected by the government
considering solar radiation data in the country are hot and dry regions. Though at these locations
the radiation appeared to be higher, the energy yield of these points is less due to heating of the
solar panels and higher temperature of the surface of solar cells. To overcome these problems an
innovative idea has come in front for installation of solar power plants on the water that is canal
tops, water bodies, lakes, dam backwater and reservoirs, which generally belongs to the
government. This paper reveals review regarding the floating solar PV power plants installed in
the world.

Topics
- Introduction
- Floating solar PV system
- Components of Floating Solar PV System
- Various floating solar PV Installations

CONCLUSION
The review presented in this paper shows the timeline of concepts and floating solar PV projects
that have been established to date. These systems were either constructed for research purposes
or for commercial use. All grid connected systems are kept afloat using pontoons or floats with
panels rigidly connected to these floats.

Article-4 Perception of farmers on Solar Irrigation Pumps (SIPs) in

Gadag District, Karnataka, India

Name of author- Pavan Raj

Date published-(Unknown)

Abstract:
Solar Irrigation Pumps (SIPs) constitutes for eco-friendly and sustainable agriculture option in
pumping irrigation water in developing economies like India. Studies estimate that India's
potential for harnessing solar energy to be 10 to 70 million solar irrigation pumps, which could
save around 255 billion liters of diesel per year. The market potential for SIPs seems to be great
as prices of PV panels continue to drop significantly in recent years. However, farmers' access to
Solar Irrigation Pumps remains to be limited, especially in the agriculture and rural sectors of
India. Therefore the study focuses on understanding the farmer's point of view; their knowledge
and perception with regards to the usage of SIPs at ground level, to understand the current
challenges in the adoption of new technologies like solar-powered irrigation pumps. The study is
thus based on the 50 in-depth farmers interviews held at five different taluks of Gadag district,
Karnataka, India. This study looks at different opinions of the farmers to understand the possible
perception of farmers who are using such solar pumps for irrigation purposes. It also addresses
the challenges and risks that come along with the adoption of SIPs. Research also stresses the
importance of groundwater management in the region. SIPs can improve access to water for rural
households; however, without a proper policy in check for moderate water consumption, there is
a problem of overexploitation of groundwater in the region. As such, this research is a timely
reflection of the past adopted farmers of SIPs so as to understand the possible perception that
farmers have while using such innovation

Topics
- Introduction
- Objectives of the study
- Components of Solar Irrigation Pump (SIP)
- Methods and Material
- Interviews with farmers
- Findings
- Perceived benefits on the usage of SIPs
- Problems and risks associated with the usage of SIPs
- Comparative analysis of SIPs with conventional/ diesel pumps
- Overall Perception of farmers on using Sips
- Conclusion

7 Goals

Goals one Can Achieve by Going Solar

There are many great reasons to do it. However, the best reason for one person may not be the
same reason for other. Every solar power system is unique. Each is custom-designed by expert
solar engineers to achieve ones goal(s), based on location.
Once goals are identified, a lot can be achieved out of system while also ensuring reduced over-
investment.
Think of it like the classic story of Goldilocks and the Three Bears. If a system is too weak, even
slightly, it won’t meet ones energy production goals. Alternately, one that’s too strong could
hinder the ability to recoup investment. (Most systems reach a break-even point in about 8
years.)
So, why install solar panels? Here are five impressive goals you can achieve by installing solar
panels for your home, farm, or business.
1. Offset Personal Electricity Consumption
By installing solar panels to offset total electricity consumption one becomes less impacted by
future rate changes. Eventually, one can own theuir energy instead of renting it. You may be able
to pay for the initial system investment with the avoided utility bills payments. To achieve this,
it’s important that you install enough panels to match your electrical usage without oversizing
the system.

2. Manage Future Electrical Costs

Are you focused on locking in future energy expenses? Residential electricity rates have
increased a whopping 15 percent over the last 10 years! Offsetting even a portion of
consumption protects you from inevitable energy rate increases. For example, this is valuable for
farms and businesses because it makes financial planning simple and accurate.
In this scenario, it’s all about figuring out what upfront cost you can comfortably incur.

3. Create New Revenue Stream

Installing solar panels can result in a nice little revenue source if you plan your system size right
and take advantage of solar incentives. Solar Renewable Energy Credits (SRECs) are one way to
earn money from solar panels. With a large enough system, you can essentially become your
own energy company! Sell the excess solar energy to the utility companies.

4. Protect the Environment

Everyone knows that installing solar panels is good for the environment, right? Solar results in
the production of clean and renewable energy. It’s good for ourselves and for our planet. For
some, eliminating their consumption of dirty fossil fuel-generated energy is reason enough. For
others, it’s just icing on the cake. Either way, when you install solar you’re directly impacting
the health of our beautiful planet in a positive way.
5. Ensure a Backup Power Source
We depend on electricity. Without power, connections are lost, food goes bad, and lights go out.

8. Conclusion

Solar energy is a resource that is not only sustainable for energy consumption, it is indefinitrly
renewable. Solar power can be used to generate electricity, it is also used in relatively simple
technology to heat water. The use of skylights in construction can also greatly reduce energy
expenditure required to light rooms in homes interior during day.

Investing in a solar panel is the most sensible financial decision you can take to save your
electricity bill along with protecting the environment. You might not be satisfied with the initial
expenditure required for made in India solar panels, but eventually, you will realize how much
money it saves for you.

For centuries, the Indian tradition has worshipped the sun as the source of life, energy and
creation. It is somewhat ironic that after over a millennium of amnesia and destruction, mankind
is returning to the same elements it once revered and worshipped. But it is still not too late to
avail of the opportunity to transform the promise of boundless and clean energy to reality. The
time is apt to rise to the challenge and translate to reality the vision of a better future where every
citizen has access to clean energy, reliably and affordably.

References

electricaltechnology.org - https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2021/07/solar-power-plant.html
Ministry of new and renewable energy -https://mnre.gov.in/solar/current-status/