Project Report on

Advanced Earthquake resisting Techniques

Submitted by:
Jadeja Krushanrajsinh 20171311033
Chinmoy Atanu Chatterjee 20171311016
Masarirevu Artwell 20171311045
Parjapati Jigarkumar Ranchhodbhai 20291311071

Under the guidance of

Mr. Yash Shah

Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering Department
Institute of Technology
Ganpat University

A Project report submitted to

Ganpat University
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for
The Degree of Diploma Engineering (6th Semester) in
Civil Engineering

April -2023

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

B.S. PATEL POLYTECHNIC / INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
GANPAT UNIVERSITY,
KHERVA
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project work embodied in this semester entitled “Advanced
Earthquake resisting Techniques” was carried out by following students studying at
IOT for partial fulfillment of Diploma Engineering. This Project work has been
carried out under my supervision and is up to my satisfaction.

Jadeja Krushanrajsinh 20171311033

Chinmoy Atanu Chatterjee 20171311016
Masarirevu Artwell 20171311045
Parjapati Jigarkumar Ranchhodbhai 20291311071

Date: ___-April -2023

Place: Kherva

Signature of Guide

Mr. Yash Shah

Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering Department
Institute of Technology
Ganpat University
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Project brings about dramatic changes in the traditional lookout of science &
technology. It has widened our vision, opened newer avenues and lightened the
dark obscure facts of mysterious universe. Behind every success there are lot many
efforts, but efforts are fruitful due to hands making the passage smoother. We
express our deep sense of gratitude for hands, people extended to us during our
work.
We would like to thank to our Guide Mr. Yash Shah, Assistant Professor of Civil
Engineering Department, Institute of Technology, for his moral support, constant
unceasing encouragement, critical evaluation, suggestion, constant untiring
guidance and affection during the entire span of our under-graduation study.

With reverence and gratitude, we would like to thank Mr. V. N. PATEL, Head of
Department of Civil Engineering, B. S. Patel Polytechnic & Institute of
Technology, who has provided us the necessary knowledge and guidance for
enabling our project work successfully at regular interval.

We would like to express our special thanks to all friends who were always stood
by us and provided all the necessary help to complete our work. We are very much
thankful to almighty for giving us chance to have such brilliant and co-operative
friends.
At the occasion of Project submission, we would like to thank from the bottom of
my heart to our parents and Department of Civil Engineering for their endless
love, support and encouragement. Last but not least we pay our reverence to this
institute, Institute Technology. We are proud to be associated with this college.

Place: Kherva.

Jadeja Krushanrajsinh 20171311033

Chinmoy Atanu Chatterjee 20171311016
Masarirevu Artwell 20171311045
Parjapati Jigarkumar Ranchhodbhai 20291311071
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE OF PAGE
CERTIFICATE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Methodology for advanced earthquake-resistant techniques
1.2 Primary goal
1.3 India Seismic zones
1.5 Earthquake measuring instrument
1.4 Earthquake Magnitude Classes
1.6 Scales
1.7 The 5 Largest Base-Isolated Buildings in the World
1.8 Indian standard codes for earthquake design of structures

2. ADVANCED TECHNIQUES USED

2.1 Base Isolation System
2.2 Energy Dissipation Devices
2.3 Steel Braced Frames
2.4 Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls
2.5 Buckling-Restrained Braces

3. LITERATURE REVIEW
4. CASE STUDY
4.1 The Burj Khalifa
4.2 The Mahatma Mandir Convention Centre

5. CONCLUSION
6. REFERENCES
 abstract

For over 35 years now, field of earthquake engineering has existed in our country. There have
been significant contributions to seismic safety of several important structures in our country by
Indian engineers. It is also seen that due to lack of awareness amongst practicing engineers
about provisions that needs to be followed in designing earthquake resistant buildings, the
result has been less satisfactory for normal structures during past Earthquake in India.
To prevent the buildings from earthquake excitations there are several techniques that are used
nowadays such as base isolation, dampers, bracings, etc. This paper is a review on various
researches carried out by various researchers and engineers on such systems. The paper consists
of a short review on the tests and investigations on systems for earthquake resistance in
buildings done by professors, students, etc of various universities from all over the globe and
also focuses on the result they obtained.
 1. Introduction.

Earthquakes are one of the most destructive natural disasters that can have catastrophic effects on
buildings and infrastructure. The loss of life, damage to property, and disruption of essential
services can have a significant impact on communities and economies. In recent years, there has
been a growing interest in developing advanced earthquake resisting techniques to mitigate the
impact of earthquakes on buildings and infrastructure.

Advanced earthquake resisting techniques involve using innovative and cutting-edge

technologies and design principles to improve the performance of buildings and infrastructure
during earthquakes. These techniques are designed to reduce the transfer of seismic energy to
buildings, increase their ability to withstand ground motion, and minimize damage to essential
services such as plumbing, gas lines, and electrical systems.

Some of the advanced earthquake resisting techniques include base isolation, damping systems,
bracing and shear walls, structural reinforcement, flexible piping systems, mass damping, and
advanced materials. These techniques can be used in combination or independently to improve
the resilience of buildings and infrastructure during earthquakes.

The importance of advanced earthquake resisting techniques cannot be overstated. They can
significantly reduce the impact of earthquakes on buildings and infrastructure, and ensure the
safety of people and property. This report aims to provide an overview of the different types of
advanced earthquake resisting techniques. their applications, and their effectiveness. By
understanding these techniques, we can better prepare for earthquakes and minimize their impact
on our communities and economies.
 1.1 Methodology for advanced earthquake-resistant techniques

The methodology for advanced earthquake-resistant techniques involves several steps, including:

 Site evaluation: The first step in the methodology is to evaluate the site where the structure
is to be built. This involves assessing the geology and soil conditions, as well as the
seismicity of the region. This information is used to determine the seismic hazard and the
design earthquake ground motion for the site.

 Structural analysis and design: The next step is to perform structural analysis and design to
ensure that the structure is capable of withstanding the expected seismic forces. Advanced
earthquake-resistant techniques involve the use of innovative materials and structural systems
that can dissipate seismic energy and reduce the risk of structural damage.

 Seismic isolation: Seismic isolation is an advanced technique that involves the use of special
bearings or pads to isolate the structure from the ground motion during an earthquake. This
technique can significantly reduce the seismic forces on the structure and minimize damage.

 Damping systems: Damping systems are another advanced technique that involves the use of
devices such as dampers or shock absorbers to absorb seismic energy and reduce the seismic
forces on the structure. This technique is particularly effective for high-rise buildings and
other tall structures.

 Retrofitting: Retrofitting is the process of strengthening an existing structure to make it more

earthquake-resistant. Advanced retrofitting techniques involve the use of innovative materials
and structural systems that can improve the seismic performance of the structure.

 Quality control and testing: Quality control and testing are critical components of the
methodology for advanced earthquake-resistant techniques. This involves regular inspections
and testing to ensure that the structure is built according to the design specifications and is
capable of withstanding seismic forces.

Overall, the methodology for advanced earthquake-resistant techniques involves a

comprehensive approach to seismic design and construction that integrates the latest
technologies and best practices. By using these techniques, it is possible to design and build
structures that can withstand even the strongest earthquakes and minimize the risk of damage and
loss of life.
 1.2 Primary goal

The primary goals of earthquake resisting techniques are to improve the safety of people and
property during earthquakes, reduce the damage to buildings and infrastructure, and minimize
the disruption of essential services.

1. Safety:

The safety of people is the primary goal of earthquake resisting techniques. These
techniques aim to reduce the risk of injury or loss of life by ensuring that buildings and
infrastructure can withstand the impact of earthquakes.

2. Damage Reduction:

The second goal of earthquake resisting techniques is to minimize the damage to

buildings and infrastructure during earthquakes. By reducing the transfer of seismic
energy to buildings, increasing their ability to withstand ground motion, and minimizing
damage to essential services such as plumbing, gas lines, and electrical systems, these
techniques can minimize the cost of repairs and reduce the downtime of essential
services.

3. Resilience:

Earthquake resisting techniques also aim to improve the resilience of buildings and
infrastructure during earthquakes. Resilience is the ability of buildings and infrastructure
to absorb the impact of earthquakes, recover quickly, and continue to function normally.
By improving the resilience of buildings and infrastructure, we can reduce the impact of
earthquakes on our communities and economies.

4. Sustainability:

The final goal of earthquake resisting techniques is sustainability. Sustainable earthquake

resisting techniques aim to reduce the environmental impact of earthquakes by
minimizing the use of non-renewable resources and reducing waste.
 1.3 India Seismic zones

Earthquake-prone regions of the country have been identified on the basis of scientific inputs
related to seismicity, earthquakes that occurred in the past and the tectonic setup of the region.
On the basis of these inputs, the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has grouped the country into
four seismic zones viz. zones V, IV, III and II. Zone V expects the highest level of seismicity
whereas Zone II is associated with the lowest level of seismicity.

Regions that fall under the Earthquake (seismic) Zones in India

 1.4 Earthquake measuring instruments

Earthquake measuring instruments, also known as seismometers, are devices that measure the
vibrations or ground motion caused by earthquakes. There are several types of earthquakes
measuring instruments -

I. Analog Seismometers:
Analog seismometers are the earliest type of earthquake measuring instruments. They consist of
a weight suspended from a spring or pendulum, which moves with the ground motion during an
earthquake. The movement of the weight is recorded on a rotating drum or paper.

II. Digital Seismometers:

Digital seismometers are the modern version of analog seismometers. They use electronic
sensors to detect ground motion and convert it into digital signals that can be recorded and
analyzed.

III. Accelerometers:
Accelerometers are devices that measure acceleration, including the acceleration caused by
ground motion during an earthquake. They are commonly used in portable devices such as
smartphones and tablets to detect earthquakes.

IV. Strong Motion Sensors:

Strong motion sensors are specialized earthquake measuring instruments that are designed to
measure the strong ground motion that occurs during a large earthquake. They are typically used
in high-risk areas to provide detailed information on the severity and duration of ground motion
during earthquakes.

V. Global Positioning System (GPS):

GPS can also be used to measure the ground motion caused by earthquakes. GPS receivers can
detect small changes in the distance between two points caused by ground motion, providing
accurate measurements of earthquake-induced ground deformation.
 1.5 Earthquake Magnitude Classes

Earthquake magnitude classes are used to measure the strength or size of an earthquake. There
are several magnitude scales, but the two most commonly used scales are the Richter scale and
the moment magnitude scale.
 1.6 Scales
Richter Scale:
The Richter scale is the original magnitude scale developed by Charles Richter in 1935. It
measures the amplitude of seismic waves, which are the waves of energy that travel through the
earth during an earthquake. The Richter scale is a logarithmic scale, meaning that each increase
of one unit represents a tenfold increase in wave amplitude. For example, an earthquake with a
magnitude of 6.0 is ten times stronger than an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.0.

Moment Magnitude Scale:

The moment magnitude scale is a newer magnitude scale that is now widely used. It measures
the total energy released during an earthquake, which is a more accurate measure of earthquake
size than wave amplitude. The moment magnitude scale is also a logarithmic scale, with each
increase of one unit representing a thirty-fold increase in energy released. For example, an
earthquake with a magnitude of 7.0 releases thirty times more energy than an earthquake with a
magnitude of 6.0.

Both the Richter scale and the moment magnitude scale have their strengths and limitations. The
Richter scale is more commonly used for smaller earthquakes, while the moment magnitude
scale is used for larger earthquakes. In general, the moment magnitude scale is considered to be a
more accurate measure of earthquake size and is widely used by seismologists and earthquake
engineers.

In addition to magnitude, other factors that affect the impact of an earthquake include the depth
of the earthquake, the distance from the epicenter, and the local geology and soil conditions. It is
important to consider all of these factors when assessing the risk of earthquakes and designing
earthquake-resistant structures.
 1.7 The 5 Largest Base-Isolated Buildings in the World

1. Apple Park
2. Adana Integrated Health Campus
3. Tokyo Sky tree East Tower
4. Isparta City Hospital
5. Logistics Park Hino

Apple Park 2 is the largest base-isolated structure in the world

• The 2 million square foot complex can withstand a quake of 8 on the Richter scale. And
interestingly, Apple Park 2 in California recently became the largest base-isolated
structure in the world.
• It is a four-story, ring-shaped building,
• Totalled cost of building is $5 billion
 1.8 Indian standard codes for earthquake design of structures

The Indian standard codes for earthquake design of structures are a set of guidelines and
regulations that specify the minimum requirements for earthquake-resistant design and
construction of structures in India. The following are some of the important Indian standard
codes for earthquake design of structures:

1. IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002:

This code provides general provisions for earthquake-resistant design and construction of
buildings and structures in India. It covers seismic zoning, seismic loads, structural
design and detailing, and other requirements for earthquake-resistant design.

2. IS 13920: 1993:

This code provides guidelines for the design and construction of reinforced concrete
structures in seismic zones. It covers seismic design and detailing of beams, columns,
slabs, walls, and other elements of reinforced concrete structures.

3. IS 4326: 1993:

This code provides guidelines for the seismic design of liquid retaining structures, such as
dams and tanks. It covers seismic loads, design criteria, and detailing requirements for
earthquake-resistant design of liquid retaining structures.

4. IS 13935: 1993:

This code provides guidelines for the seismic design and construction of masonry
structures in seismic zones. It covers seismic design and detailing of walls, columns, and
other elements of masonry structures.

5. IS 1893 (Part 4): 2015:

 This code provides guidelines for the seismic design and construction of bridges and
culverts in India. It covers seismic loads, design criteria, and detailing requirements for
earthquake-resistant design of bridges and culverts.

2 Advanced techniques used

Deferent types of advanced techniques used are –

• Base Isolation System

• Energy Dissipation Devices

• Steel Braced Frames

• Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls

• Buckling-Restrained Braces

• Friction Pendulum System

• Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites

2.1 Base Isolation System

The base isolation system is a technique that involves separating the building from the ground by
placing rubber bearings or other damping materials between the building foundation and the
ground. This technique helps to reduce the impact of earthquake vibrations on the building, thus
reducing damage.

Components of Base Isolation System

A base isolation system mainly consists of two components:

1. Isolation Units
An isolation unit is the basic component of the isolation system that performs of decoupling
effect to the building structure or the non-building structure.
 2. Isolation Components
The isolation components are the connection units between the isolation units mentioned before.
These components do not contribute to the decoupling process.

2.2 Energy Dissipation Devices

Energy Dissipation Devices

Energy dissipation devices such as viscoelastic dampers, friction dampers, and tuned mass
dampers are used to absorb the energy generated by earthquake vibrations. These devices are
installed in different parts of the building structure and work by converting the kinetic energy
generated by the earthquake into heat.

Energy dissipation technology is a new technology to improve earthquake resistance of

structures. During an earthquake, a certain amount of energy is transferred to the building. While
buildings can dissipate, or damp, this energy, the capacity to do so before becoming deformed or
damaged is quite limited.

A building dissipates energy either by undergoing large-scale movement or by sustaining

increased strains in key building elements such as columns and beams. Both of these processes
eventually result in some degree of damage. Structural engineers can greatly decrease the seismic
energy entering the building, and thus decrease building damage, by equipping a building with
additional devices that have high damping capacity.

A number of damping devices have been developed. What follows are some representative
examples:

 Metallic Dampers
 Viscoelastic Dampers 
 Viscous Dampers
 2.3 Steel Braced Frames

Steel braced frames are a type of structural system that is designed to resist the lateral loads
caused by an earthquake. They consist of vertical steel members (braces) that are connected to
horizontal steel beams and columns. Steel braced frames are used in tall buildings and other
structures that are subject to strong earthquake vibrations.

the resistance to horizontal forces is provided by two orthogonal bracing systems:

 Vertical bracing. Bracing in vertical planes (between lines of columns) provides load
paths to transfer horizontal forces to ground level and provide lateral stability.

 Horizontal bracing. At each floor level, bracing in a horizontal plane, generally

provided by floor plate action, provides a load path to transfer the horizontal forces
(mainly from the perimeter columns, due to wind) to the planes of vertical bracing.
 2.4 Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls

Reinforced concrete shear walls are vertical walls that are designed to resist the lateral loads
caused by an earthquake. These walls are made of reinforced concrete and are located at strategic
positions in the building structure. Reinforced concrete shear walls are used in high-rise
buildings and other structures that are subject to strong earthquake vibrations.

Limits must be imposed on lateral deflection to prevent:

 Limitations on the use of building,

 Adverse effects on the behaviour of non-load bearing elements,
 Degradation in the appearance of the building,
 Discomfort for the occupants
 2.5 Friction Pendulum System

The friction pendulum system is a type of base isolation system that involves placing a steel
ball on a concave surface that is attached to the building foundation. The steel ball is free to
move in any direction, thus reducing the impact of earthquake vibrations on the building.
 3. Literature Review

Sr. Year of Name of author Name of topic Name of journal

no. publication

1. 2019 Deepesh Earthquake International

Panchal, Haresh Resistant Buildings Journal of
Prajapati and Techniques: A Innovative Science
Viral Panchal Review and Research
Technology
 2. 2018 Katta Recent advances in Second National
Venkataramana earthquake Conference on
Resistant Structural
Engineering and
Construction
Construction
Practices
Management,
SECON’ 2018

3. - Nilanjan IJRET:
Earthquake
Tarafder,SM International
Resistant
ASCE, Journal of
Techiques and
Kamalesh Research in
Analysis of Tall
Bhowmilk Engineering and
Building
Technology

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT TECHNIQUES AND ANALYSIS

OF TALL BUILDINGS

By - Nilanjan Tarafder, SM ASCE, Kamalesh Bhowmik, SM ASCE K. V. Naveen

 The tall buildings are more flexible than  the shorter  buildings  and they  are  sensitive to 
a different  frequency  range in  the earthquake excitation.

 The earthquake success of tall buildings is reinforced by studies using average properties
of earthquake and typical properties of tall buildings and there are no special earthquake
hazards that arise simply as a consequence of height.

 In this article they it has been discussed about different analysis methods, base isolation
and soil structure interaction.

 Analysis method is used for a large variety of tall building configurations comprising
slabs, beams, columns, foundations, walls, etc.

 Base isolation is a collection of structural elements which should substantially separate a

superstructure from its substructure resting on a shaking ground which protects the
integrity of building or non-building structures.
  It is one of the most powerful equipment’s of earthquake engineering which uses the
passive structural vibration control technologies.

 Soil Structure Interaction is the process in which the response of the soil influences the
motion of the structure and the motion of the structure influences the response of the
soil. 

 Motive of the Soil Structure Interaction analysis is to calculate seismic response of

structure bases on seismic response of free field.

RECENT ADVANCES IN EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT

CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES

By - Deepesh Panchal, Haresh Prajapati and Viral Panchal

 The paper aims to create an awareness about the earthquake-safe buildings in various
seismic zones.

 The most common building typologies encountered in the recent years are the moment
resisting frame (RC frame), moment resisting frames with brick infill, and masonry
buildings.

 This study investigates the construction practices adopted for these common building
typologies. Recommendations are made for the local construction practices wherever
found necessary with relevance to the coal provisions. In addition, the possible future
trend in the earthquake resistant technology has also been discussed.

 Earthquakes are the indication of transformation in the earth’s internal structure.

  Seismic activity is common in most parts of the world, though the frequency of its
occurrence is a function of local tectonic setup.

 The past earthquake experiences have demonstrated huge loss of life and building stock,
affecting the social and economic conditions of a country.

 Though it is not possible to prevent an earthquake, the least that can be achieved in
reducing the damage is to make the buildings earthquake resistant.

 With the advancement in our understanding of the earthquakes, most of the countries
have mandated the incorporation of seismic provisions in building design and
architecture.

Modern Techniques for Earthquake Resistant Building

By - Aditya Raj, Anant Kumar Singh, Aayush Goel & Anuj Jeena 

 Earthquake is an unpredictable natural disaster. Its impact is sudden but severe on the
livelihood.
 It is the reason for the catastrophic failures of the structures and hampers the foundation
and stability of the structure.
 The primary challenge for any civil engineer today is to deal with this earthquake and
develop some methods to make the structure of the building earthquake resistant.
 The first and foremost part of the building that is severely affected is the foundation
beneath the ground.
 Many pieces of research and studies are conducted to develop a solution for the resistance
of the earthquake.
 In this study, a rigorous and thorough literature review of studies conducted before is
presented. The main emphasis of this paper is on reviewing different techniques such as
base isolation, provision of aluminium shear locks, elastomeric polymer bearing
technique, usage of fluid viscous dampers, and self-righting technique is presented and
compared.
 This study will develop a base for future researchers to work in this area and will help the
researchers to develop a better and effective method to make the building structure
earthquake resistant.
Some types of Modern Techniques for Earthquake Resistant Building used are –

• Base Isolation System

• Energy Dissipation Devices

• Steel Braced Frames

• Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls

• Buckling-Restrained Braces

• Friction Pendulum System

4. Case study

4.1 The Burj Khalifa

The Burj Khalifa, located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, is the tallest building in the world,
standing at 828 meters tall. The building was designed to withstand earthquakes and high winds,
and it features several advanced earthquake-resistant techniques.

The main two techniques used are –

 Reinforced concrete core
 Damper system

One of the most notable techniques used in the Burj Khalifa is the reinforced concrete core. The
core is made up of high-strength concrete and steel, and it provides the building with its primary
structural support. The core is also designed to act as a giant tuning fork, vibrating at the same
frequency as any seismic waves that hit the building, which helps to reduce the building's
movement during an earthquake.

Another technique used in the Burj Khalifa is the tuned mass damper system. The system
consists of a massive concrete weight that is suspended on cables near the top of the building.
The weight is designed to counteract any swaying caused by wind or earthquakes and helps to
stabilize the building.

The Burj Khalifa also features a unique system of outrigger walls, which are used to transfer
lateral forces to the building's core. The outrigger walls are connected to the core by a series of
steel beams, and they provide additional stiffness and strength to the building.

Overall, the earthquake-resistant techniques used in the Burj Khalifa have proven to be highly
effective in protecting the building from seismic hazards. Despite being located in a region that is
prone to earthquakes, the Burj Khalifa has not suffered any significant damage from seismic
events since its completion in 2010.

4.2 The Mahatma Mandir Convention Centre

The Mahatma Mandir Convention Centre is a state-of-the-art convention Centre located in

Gujarat, India, that was completed in 2013. The building features several advanced earthquake-
resisting techniques, including a unique base isolation system.

The base isolation system used in the Mahatma Mandir Convention Centre involves separating
the building from its foundation using special bearings. These bearings are made of layers of
rubber and steel, which allow the building to move independently of the foundation during an
earthquake. This helps to minimize the impact of seismic waves on the building and reduces the
risk of damage.

In addition to the base isolation system, the Mahatma Mandir Convention Centre also features
several other earthquake-resistant features, including:
  A seismic-resistant steel frame: The building's steel frame is designed to withstand
seismic forces and prevent the building from collapsing during an earthquake.

 Energy-absorbing materials: The building's walls are made of reinforced concrete that is
reinforced with steel fibers, which helps to absorb energy during an earthquake.

 A flexible roof system: The building's roof is designed to move independently of the rest
of the structure during an earthquake, which helps to reduce the risk of damage to the
building's interior.

 A unique "drag strut" system: The building's columns are connected by a series of steel
beams that form a "drag strut" system. This system helps to distribute seismic forces
evenly throughout the building and prevent the building from collapsing.

Overall, the advanced earthquake-resistant techniques used in the Mahatma Mandir Convention
Centre have proven to be highly effective in protecting the building from seismic hazards. The
building has been subjected to several earthquakes since its completion, including a 7.7
magnitude earthquake in 2015, and it has suffered no significant damage. The success of the
Mahatma Mandir Convention Centre serves as an example of how advanced earthquake-resistant
techniques can be incorporated into building design to create safer, more resilient structures.

5. Conclusion

 In conclusion, advanced earthquake-resisting techniques have been developed and

implemented successfully in various buildings and structures worldwide, including India.
These techniques have been developed to minimize the impact of seismic waves and to
provide protection to structures during an earthquake.
 Some of the advanced earthquake-resisting techniques that have been implemented
successfully include base isolation systems, seismic-resistant steel frames, energy-
absorbing materials, flexible roof systems, moment-resisting frame systems, and drag
strut systems. These techniques have proven to be highly effective in protecting buildings
and minimizing damage during earthquakes.
 6. References

1. https://ijisrt.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/IJISRT19MA691.pdf

2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
326081477_RECENT_ADVANCES_IN_EARTHQUAKE_RESISTANT_CONSTR
UCTION_PRACTICES.

3. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-6647-6_2.